Analysis of Management Accounting Principles and Practices

This report provides a comprehensive overview of management accounting, detailing its principles, role, and various techniques. It explores the core principles, including management by expectation, control at source accounting, and accounting for inflation. The report emphasizes the importance of management accounting in decision-making, financial planning, and cost analysis. It also examines the integration of management accounting within an organization, highlighting its benefits such as specialization and improved resource utilization. Furthermore, the report discusses different methods of management accounting reports, including financial statement presentation and cost analysis. The report also includes an analysis of how organizations adapt management accounting systems to address financial issues and concludes with a reflection on the significance of management accounting in achieving organizational goals and maximizing profit.

Management accounting
principle

Table of Contents
Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Principles of management accounting........................................................................................1
Role of management accounting.................................................................................................2
Use of techniques and methods in management accounting.......................................................4
How management accounting is integrated with the organization.............................................4
Benefits of the function to the organization................................................................................5
Critically reflect management accounting system......................................................................5
PART 2............................................................................................................................................5
Illustrate about management accounting and its requriements...................................................5
Different methods of management accounting report.................................................................6
Evaluate cost by using example for analysation to prepare income statement using absorption
costs. ..........................................................................................................................................7
Advantage and disadvantage of different types of planning tools used for budgetary control ..8
How organization are adapting management accounting system for financial issue..................9
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Management accounting principle is responsible for allocating of fund, improve decision
support objectives, internal commercial enterprise process, resource application, customer value
and capacity utilization needed to acquire corporate goals in optimal manner. It involve various
aspects to designing and compiling, management through expectation, control and source
accounting for inflation, utilization of return on investment and integration, absorption of
overhead costs, utilization of resources forward looking approach (Abernethy and Wallis, 2019).
It is the procedure of identification, measurement, analysis and interpretation of accounting
information that assist enterprise leaders develop sound financial decisions, significantly manage
their daily operations, as per the corporate finance institute. The main purpose of this is
maximize the profit and minimize the losses. The major characteristic of this accounting gives
information to higher authorities for use in planning, controlling, operations and decision
making. This report composes of overview of management accounting as well as role, techniques
and method used in management accounting advantage and function in the organization and the
application of management accounting that manage the whole funds of an organization.
MAIN BODY
Principles of management accounting
There is various principle of management accounting system some of them are:
The accounting information involves gathering record about valuable statement that
consist about real physical evidence that helps to meet needs of business about specific business
and issues. It is used for presenting relevant data and it simply means it can be modified to meet
the necessity of administration (Tan, 2019).
Management by expectation
It presenting the important data to management, it consists budgetary for control system
and standard effective costing valuable techniques that involves within management accounting
system. It is systematic based performance which is compared that helps to elaborates deviation.
Control at source accounting : It include the individuals workers, all information used objects to
assorting of services such as machinery, power, repairs and maintenance etc. Many information
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which represent in theoretical and numerical data. This is expressed in terms over employees,
material and service providing devices.
Accounting for inflation: it shows monetary values are not flexible, this is essential to asses
the importance of capital added through the founders of enterprise concerns in terms of exact
value of money (Kapiyangoda and Gooneratne, 2021).
Use of return on investment: it shows the efficiency of concern organization, in terms of capital
employed is measured in relation of exact monetary value.
Utility: Management accounting system is used only for the purpose, that helps to manage fund
in the organization.
Integration: It include the required information of the administration is integrated so that they
can used significantly at the maximum at the same time and the accounting service is provided
the minimum cost.
Absorption of overhead cost: it involves the collaboration about indirect material, labours and
indirect expenses. For chosen method that creates better absorption about better overhead that
enhance desired to generates outcomes in different manner.
Utilization of resources: it should be effectiveness used, the reason that few resources are
available in scarcity throughout the year. The management accounting system should be ensure
proper utilization of available resources.
Adjustable and uncontrolled costs: the cost are divided into two types controllable or
uncontrollable, it simply means there is no meaning of taking steps to control the non-adjustable
costs and management accounting system can give techniques to control the adjustable cost.
Role of management accounting
It helps to take decisions with in organization to the managers, it includes overall
practises of cost management accounting, as the process of creating organisation goal to
measure, identifying, analysing along with interpreting with manger to clear out doubts for
stabilise management accounting (Chaudhry and Amir, 2020). The main focuses is to proper
execute cash or monetary related management that depicts about effective business metrics. This
is assort to information which is related within costing for product or service purchased through
company. Management accountant through use performance report to measure about their
strength and weakness for particular company. Manager of organisation is reliable for preparing
of financial statement report about business operation that support to manger make for short and
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long term perspective for communicating information to manager. Some of the important role of
management cost such as helping to forecast the future to enhance decision making in terms of
investment purposes and follow future trends business. Buying decision management accounting
insights on cost of production availability are deciding factor in purchasing choices. Through
using of strategical and effective decision making of data conducts within managerial
accounting. The forecasting cash flows is to estimating cash flow statement that having impact
on business essential as to consider for company that generates revenue within coming business
essentials. Management accounting involves to having satisfactory revenue that allocate
resources for generate effective project revenue growth.
Purpose of Management Accounting:
The main objectives of management accounting system are as follows:
 Assistance in planning and formulation of future policies: This accounting assists
management is tend to planning for having activities about business. The planing is
execute for measure about what and when it to done by whom as it is important because
forming of polices needed to construct by potential manpower. This majorly includes
major forecasting within the basis of available information through setting goal and
farming polices. There is an alternatives about certain courses that consist action to
activities undertaken. Facts and findings is based on forecasting in planning to conduct
through process to control budgetary.
 Provide support to interpret of financial information: The accounting is having
technical subject and may not easily understandable by everyone which is having good
knowledge of subject. The work of management which might able to assort accounting
information within lack of knowledge about techniques accounting. This overall helps
management that interpret about financial data, evaluating having action available for
effective guide management within most desired in financial result.
 Help in organising: In this management accountant that recommend about using of
budgeting, responsibility, accounting, cost of techniques to conduct better internal
financial control. The requirement of overall these practises is better rationalise for
organisation structure.
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Cost analysis: It is refers about effective cost analysis that measure to costs that having output
relationship. It further consists that determine about cost that incurred hiring of inputs and how it
well arranged to increase productivity.
Use of techniques and methods in management accounting
It based on financial accounting system, it identify the financial statement through ratio
analysis, also include the comparative statement such as Bar graphs, cash related transication
structure and return on capital investment(Abernethy, and Wallis, 2019).
It involve operation research, linear programming, network analysis, queuing theory and game
theory and simulation theory. It is also depend on future information that involve budget and
budgeting, business forecasting, project appraisal and evaluation. The major tools and techniques
used in financial management accounting some of them are:
Financial planning: According to this aspect, the preparation of this structure is required about
determine about its competition. The formation of polices about financial planning is enhance
about investment and funds allocate for organisation.
Cost accounting: This is form of method that demonstrate to having aim that capture to having
total cost in production where the business on variable measurable costs that creates fixed costs
within effective manner.
Cash flow: It refers about three form that having operating and financing which consist about
operating cash flows that involves overall cash that effectively generates about main business
activities. The financing cash flows is involved all proceeds that gained for issuing debt as well
as final proceeding made by organisation.
Standard costing: It gives yard sticks for measuring actual performance and it used to find the
reason for deviation.
Decision making accounting: In this is defined as choosing a course of action from among
alternatives. If there are no alternatives then there is no decision required. As per the basic
assumption is that the best decision is one of that involve the most revenue and least amount of
cost (Pasch, 2019). How management accounting is integrated with the organization
It is a type of software that combines highest financial accounting information into one
application. Replacing several distinct system or programs eliminate the need of apart books or
records for ordering, costing and other management accounting purposes. It gives major key
importance that having undertakes decision. They have support which decision making within
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their organisation that through wealth about financial and statistical information which usually
guides proper accountability software. It also including third party software that use to operate
manager electronic business, invoicing software, applications that track time management. The
main purpose of this accounting is to explain provide financial capital how organization creates,
values. It contains valuable information both financial and other. The benefit of this integrated
system it enters once and shared with others modules, involving general ledger. Database is used
through all applications, it simply means financials are always up to date that sophisticated
accounting operation in term of job costing and commission calculation are performed
automatically by processing the order. In the prospective of organization, it is designed for
specific industry environments and organization is responsible for define a clear idea of objective
and looking forward to accomplish aims and objectives of the business (Caglio and Ditillo,
2020).
Benefits of the function to the organization
Advantage of specialization : The whole organization divided into various departments
on the basis of major activities to be performed. Each department have their own mangers that
are responsible to manage the operations and motivate the employee for business can run
effectively and efficiently.
Critically reflect management accounting system
Management accounting system responsible maximize the profit and minimise the cost,
and proper allocation of fund, that organization are able to generate revenue and along with the
profitability. If company have best rotation of money, so business will run smoothly. It also
provide information to those outside the organization such as creditors or stake holders. To start
any business, organization have good management on accounting if they unable to manage, so
company have to face loss. It is very essential in every field and the main aim is to reduce the
cost and make the profit for the company.
PART 2
Illustrate about management accounting and its requriements.
Management accounting define about the concluding and measuring in detail of proper
identification which reflect presentation of accounting information which is obtained on financial
accounting cost. It helps to business managers to formulate terms and conditions and policies and
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decision making process day to day operation of the enterprise. Application of management: it
helps organization in measuring employees performance and efficiency measurement. It includes
a comparison of actual performance with in the standardise performance that set out the
deviation on which necessary steps that can be taken and formulated.
Assessment of risk: it identify the risk factor with in the business that can be minimised through
effective management.
Optimisation of resource: The organisation is able to having acquire about resource based
knowledge to having different department within in business. The role of resource is having
main objective is to proper utilisation of resource by employees which increase competency level
individual for long term sustainable.
Financial statement presentation, management accounting is responsible for give proper
presentation of the financial position of the business to present goods and perciese final outcome
that assist for key decision making (Golyagina and Valuckas, 2020).
Different methods of management accounting report
The main focuses of management accounting is to mapping and associated with
production in which goods and services in an organisation. Traditional management accounting
is using for process costing method (Tashakor, and et. al., 2019). It determines how organization
allocates cost relating to direct material, direct labour, and manufacturing overhead.
There are different method of management accounting are:
 Margin Analysis: It is primarily within increase incremental benefits for optimising
production. This help to analysis for more fundamental and essential techniques within
managerial accounting. This is having proper calculation which consists break even
point that determine towards optimal sales company's product.
 Constraint analysis: The analysis production line which is having business identifies
principles that impact on company abilities to generate better revenue.
 Capital budgeting: This is major concerned with having analysation of information that
required which makes effective decision which related capital expenditure. As per
capital budgeting analysis it comprise about the calculation of net present value and
internal rate of return to support manager decide on new capital at the time of budget
decision.
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As per the above method, organisation which will consist cost of goods with having change of
different department. Each product is having transfer where the various department or process.
The adding of small portion of cost effective product. There are some types of cost, it selects
opportunity costs which represent that demonstrate about potential benefits an individual,
investor or business that helps to selecting alternative within over another. The main idea of
opportunity costs is having major concept in economics.
Evaluate cost by using example for analysation to prepare income statement using absorption
costs.
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When there is production but no sales, the income under absorption costing may reflect
profit though no sales. This is due to the fact that fixed manufacturings overheads have been
above normal capacity than it is actual fixed manufacturing overheads. No sales has been made
but income statement will show gross profit equal to the amount of over absorption of fixed
manufacturing under observation costing in influenced through different factors as quantity of
production selling price, cost of production.
When production is equal to sales, there is no opening or closing stock when the
inventory of finished goods does not fluctuate from period to period net income will be
absorption costing and marginal costing techniques (Phornlaphatrachakorn, 2019).
In third stage, when production is more than sales, it include production exceeds sales,
profit will higher in absorption costing as compared to marginal costing.
Production is less than sales: it include sales exceeds production and marginal cost will
be higher as compared to absorption costing.
Advantage and disadvantage of different types of planning tools used for budgetary control
Budget: This is majorly demonstrate about the estimation about some particular expense
and revenue that regulates on certain period of time. This usually get complied where it evaluate
as per management in term of profit, earning and planning of resources which effectively
required about financial requirement with systematic manner. In this higher level of management
that related with budget amount of allocate for perform task.
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Budgetary control: It is having procedure to having systematic budget planning that
enhance to developed for future basis. In this actual performance of business is compared with
effective variance on better corrective action that implemented through using of business.
 Cash budget: This is form of budget that basically helps to manage rate of cash inflows
and outflows by which sustainable growth that effective measured on specific period of
time. In this funding is assessed through managing band that streaming on which
performance to managed removal sustained conflicts. In context of company which is
having estimated that enhance better market position. Some of advantages and
disadvantages are as follows:
Advantages : This allows gudienace to management team for handling cash which allows
effective source of resource and expenses to better consisting production. It is easy for
management team for control leveraged.
Disadvantages: This budget can create complex situation on budget monitoring and controlling
payments and having business transication.
 Operating budget: This is framework of budget which is encompassed where it describe
about income flows and expenses as with daily function is recorded. As per the
management to having concentration towards operating expenditure towards cost of
production about cost of good sold and revenue generation get controlled in effective
manner.
Advantages: It is having offer about management company that maintain adequate which is
having estimation of expenditures to having clarity that control monetary capital basis.
Disadvantage: This is having unpredictable that generates about lack of consistency which
refused to demonstrate about real time of cost and expenses.
How organization are adapting management accounting system for financial issue.
Financial problems
Shortages in working capital
Working capital is encompasses about the amount which are used during operation of
company on evert constant days basis. It can be enhance major financial issues as there is enough
expenses to spend on daily requirement to better operate manner.
Good sales but low profit:
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According to this issues arises when cost of production is more incurred and they have
less selling price of product and services offered to company. The problem is occurs when
budgeting is not having properly through finance people and maintaining limit of price is exactly
about how much the production can spend in their material.
Enterprise having different issues and problems with communication so business have
formulate policies such a manner that barrier should be crossed examined, there are no loop
holes at the time of strategy formulation, it ensure the commercial enterprise to conduct
operation in ethical manner and the finance saved can be utilised further in business. There is
also internal indicators that takes into account by the employee complete a task, the average
time, it assist in finding employees those are not doing well as well require training. This report
composes of information about frequently used indicators and give the function of customization
to meet business needs.
CONCLUSION
It is inferred from the above report, about findings such as the management accounting is
an important concept for business organization, it also assist to give different advantage, by using
different types accounting system that collect the required information to take business decisions.
Higher authority use various methods of management accounting. Various planning for
budgetary control for use the company so firm are able to control overall expenses.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Abernethy, M.A. and Wallis, M.S., 2019. Critique on the “manager effects” research and
implications for management accounting research. Journal of Management Accounting
Research, 31(1), pp.3-40.
Caglio, A. and Ditillo, A., 2020. Reviewing interorganizational management accounting and
control literature: a new look. Journal of Management Accounting Research, pp.0000-
0000.
Chaudhry, N.I. and Amir, M., 2020. From institutional pressure to the sustainable development
of firm: Role of environmental management accounting implementation and
environmental proactivity. Business Strategy and the Environment, 29(8), pp.3542-
3554.
Ebrahimi Kahrizsangi, K. and Bekhradi Nasab, V., 2019. The Role of Corporate Governance in
Strategic Management Accounting. Management Accounting, 12(41), pp.69-89.
Golyagina, A. and Valuckas, D., 2020. Boundary-work in management accounting: The case of
hybrid professionalism. The British Accounting Review, 52(2), p.100841.
Jakobsen, M., and et.al., 2019. Educating management accountants as business
partners. Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management.
Kapiyangoda, K. and Gooneratne, T., 2021. Management accounting research in family
businesses: a review of the status quo and future agenda. Journal of Accounting &
Organizational Change.
Nishimura, A., 2019. Management, uncertainty, and accounting. Springer.
Pasch, T., 2019. Organizational lifecycle and strategic management accounting. Journal of
Accounting & Organizational Change.
Phornlaphatrachakorn, K., 2019. Influences of strategic management accounting on firm
profitability of information and communication technology businesses in
Thailand. International Journal of Business Excellence, 17(2), pp.131-153.
Ramachandran, N. and Kakani, R.K., 2020. Financial Accounting For Management|. McGraw-
Hill Education.
Tan, H.C., 2019. Using a structured collaborative learning approach in a case-based management
accounting course. Journal of Accounting education, 49, p.100638.
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