Unit 5: Management Accounting Techniques and Analysis Report

This report provides a comprehensive overview of management accounting principles and their application within Network Critical Solutions. It begins by defining management accounting and exploring various accounting systems, including job costing, batch costing, inventory management, and price optimization. The report then delves into specific management accounting reporting techniques such as budget reporting, accounts receivable aging, inventory and manufacturing reports, and job cost reports. It assesses the benefits of a management accounting system, emphasizing its role in decision-making, cost control, and transparency. The report then examines marginal and absorption costing techniques, break-even analysis, and the application of management accounting in producing and interpreting financial reports. Furthermore, it explores planning tools for budgetary control, analyzing their advantages, disadvantages, and application in forecasting and comparing organizational performance. The report concludes by assessing how management accounting techniques can address financial obstacles and contribute to organizational gains.

UNIT 5 MA

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
A. Explaining concept of management accounting along with types of accounting system.......1
B. Defining some management accounting reporting techniques to be used in business...........3
C. Ascertaining the fruitfulness of management accounting system in operational activities....5
D. Determining the integration of management accounting and system in industrial aspect......5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
A.1 defining the concept of marginal and absorption costing techniques...................................6
2. Preparing the income statement based on costing techniques such as marginal and
absorption....................................................................................................................................6
B. Break even analysis.................................................................................................................8
C. Application of management accounting techniques in accurately producing financial reports
.....................................................................................................................................................9
D. Accurate interpretation of financial reports which is reflecting the appropriate business
reports........................................................................................................................................10
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................10
A. Ascertaining the advantages and disadvantages of several kids of planning tools for
budgetary control techniques.....................................................................................................10
B. Application of planning tools in analyzing the budgets, preparing and forecasting them....12
C. Comparing the organisation with others in context with meeting the financial obstacles....13
D. Analysing the management accounting techniques will respond to meet the financial
obstacles.....................................................................................................................................14
E. Ascertaining the impacts of planning tools in meeting the organisational gains..................14
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
The accounting influences in the work practice is comprised on various concepts, rules and
regulation which have been making adequate records of transactions. In the present report there
will be discussion made on the managerial accounting system and reporting techniques which
will be beneficial to the Network Critical Solutions. There will be discussion based on various
reporting, costing and accounting techniques which will articulate the valid information among
the accounting professionals in decision making.
This report also consisting of various information and details based on management
accounting methods in collecting information, recording in books and then communicating such
information among the organisational personnel. Moreover, there will be calculation relevant
with preparing the income statement by considering the marginal and absorption costing
techniques. Along with this, break even analysis will be based to determine the level of supply
and demand required in the operational practices.
TASK 1
A. Explaining concept of management accounting along with types of accounting system
Management accounting:
To records the generated information in the various books of accounts there will be use of
various techniques and accounting methods. Accounting is itself denoted as the method of
recording transaction based on monetary influences. The income, expenditures as well as assets
and liabilities had been recorded in the various accounts to have a summarised information
regarding the financial stability and ability of a firm in meeting the financial challenges. On the
other side, management is relevant with executing and directing the tasks in a manner which will
enable the firm in attaining the targeted goals before deadline.
However, in relation with the management accounting, there is management of overall
accounts which are being operated in the business in means of recording the reliable information
and summarizing it to have valid outcomes (Shah, Malik and Malik, 2011). Thus, such results
and outputs help the professionals in decisions making and planning for the future operational
practices. On the basis of such detailed analysis there will be formulation of adequate framework
and policies to reduce the costs implied in each activity as well as for the future gains. However,
there have been various benefits and profitability through implication of management accounting
practices in business activities of Network Critical Solutions.
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Management accounting system:
This system consisting of accounting details relevant with all the units and areas of
operations had been done in Network Critical Solutions. It helps the managerial professionals in
articulating the business efficiency and encourage them to make innovative as well as accurate
decisions for the future operations. However, management accounting system is costs of various
elements which are to be considered by the accounting professionals such as:
Job costing:
This is a specific accounting methodology which is consisted of information relevant
with activities performed by the organisation. Therefore, there will be analysis over the costs
implicated in each operational activities of the firm. Mostly in the manufacturing units there have
been use of costing techniques which is consists of the information such as cost of material,
labour and overheads implied in producing a unit (Job costing, 2017). Thus, such ascertainment
of costs will define the charges to be levied on the products it also articulates the prices which
are to be charged from consumers. Along with this, it will also help the business in internal
planning and policy making for reducing such costs. It can be through changing the suppliers,
reducing the labour force as well as replacing them with robotic arms etc.
Batch costing:
By considering the concept of job costing technique where batch costing is somehow
similar to them. Therefore, there will ascertainment of costs such as indirect and indirect costs
which are implied in producing the product in the business (Bebbington and Thomson, 2013).
Network Critical Solutions will have effective operational practices as if the professionals
analyse the costs implied in a batch of production. It defines the total expenses which have been
made in such process as well as motivate the professionals for making relevant changes in the
practices.
Inventory management:
In this system there will be use of various techniques and operational analysis over
managing the inventories as per the demands arises in the market. Therefore, there will be proper
records of information such as total number of sales made in a period as well as efficiency of
business in producing the units which will meet the consumer demands in the market. Network
Critical Solutions will have accurate ascertainment of the demands and efficiency as they
manage the accounts for inventory (Gupta, Pevzner and Seethamraju, 2010). Along aside, it will
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also highlight the innovative ideas and policies to be made by the professionals in terms of
developing the techniques to enhance the business sales as well as improving the productivity.
Price Optimisation:
This is the techniques which helps organisational professionals in analysing the consumer
responses towards the products and services they are offering among them. It will be based on
past records and the sales growth over the period. Thus, professionals at Network Critical
Solutions will have appropriate information regarding the preferences and popularity of the
products and services in the market (Saeidi and Othman, 2017). It will bound them in
redesigning the products as well as making innovative changes in the operational practices which
will help them in governing the business tasks.
B. Defining some management accounting reporting techniques to be used in business
By considering the past transactional records and the outcomes which will be planned for
the future operational management. Therefore, the costs implied in the past activities as well as
revenue retained by business will be discussed to have further planning. However, there are
various reporting techniques which are needed to be implicated by professionals such as:
Budget reporting:
This is the most fundamental techniques of analysing the past records and planning for
the upcoming costs implied in the business activities. Therefore, this report will help the manager
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MANAGEMENT
ACCOUNTING
REPORTS
BUDGET REPORT
INVENTORY AND
MANUFCATURING
REPORT
JOB COST REPORT
ACCOUNTS
RECIEVABLE
AGING REPORT

professionals in making accurate analysis over the costs required in the activities on which they
can develop policies and find alternatives to reduce the costs. This will also help the business in
allocating the funds in each task and the surety also attached to it that there will be proper
utilisation of funds (Managerial Accounting Reports, 2014). Thus, the chances of having
manipulation of funds as well as imbalanced expenses will be reduced. Network Critical
Solutions will have better financial control as they make budgets periodically.
Accounts receivable aging:
This is the report which is consists of information regarding debtor collection period of
the organisation. Thus, it determines that the time on which debtors will be recovered by the
business. Network Critical Solutions will have effective operational management as if the
duration of collecting accounts receivables will be shorter (Cooper, Ezzamel and Qu, 2017).
Therefore, it is also a source of revenue on which the firm will have gains based on sold products
among the individuals in the market. Thus, this reporting will help in analysing the potential
debtors of the industry on which the firm could relay and make discounts. It will also help them
in analysing efficiency of business in making qualitative changes in the operational practices.
Inventory and manufacturing report:
To get the adequate information based on demands and the level of supplied made by the
firm relation with meeting the targets. Therefore, this report will help the manufacturer in terms
of analysing the costs implied in the production process such as material, labour and overhead
costs which will centralize data and summarize is for having the adequate control over the
operational practices and administration of activities (Nitzl, 2018). Network Critical Solutions
can have information regarding opportunities stated in the market which will help them in
making innovative changes in the products as well as redesigning the practices to have
appropriate ascertainment of operations.
Job cost report:
Implication of costs in the activities on which leaders have evaluated the profitability and
specific types for managing the job activities. Therefore, there are analysis based on the costs
such as material, labour and overheads used in the manufacturing or processing period (Ax and
Greve, 2017). To analyse the costs required in such operations as well as the policies of the
professionals in making drastic changes in the operational ascertainment will enable
professionals in decision making and changing the plans for operations. Network Critical
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Solutions have to implicate this reporting technique which will bring the appropriate details
regarding expenses and income generated in a unit.
C. Ascertaining the fruitfulness of management accounting system in operational activities
In consideration with the management accounting techniques which have been analysed to
be implicated in Network Critical Solutions, are associated with several benefits. Therefore,
there can be various gains in the business as well as growth in this process. Along with this, the
importance and fruitfulness of management accounting system can be analysed as:
 It consisting of all information based on income, expenditures, direct or indirect costs
implied in the activities which enables the professionals in accurately analysing it and
decision making.
 The alternative solution and innovative changes will be made the professionals which
affect positively in raising the efficiency of organisation.
 Analysis over the costs implied in tasks will be controlled and administered properly
which will result in increasing the profitability in the firm (Bui and De Villiers, 2017).
 It brings the overall details regarding the industrial efficiency which will be articulating
and simplifies the decisions making process in the financial statement of the business.
 There will be transparency in the accounting reports which is consists of proper
information and details relevant gains and spending.
 There have been fluctuations and changes in the business monetary funds which will
articulate the operational practices as per reaching to the objectives quickly.
D. Determining the integration of management accounting and system in industrial aspect
Network Critical Solutions will have implication of management accounting reporting
techniques which will be assistive and helpful in terms of masking adequate operational
increment and ascertainment of various business operations. However, as per the general
principles and concepts have been awarded by international boards such as International
Accounting Standard Board (IASB), International Financial Reporting standards (IFRS) and
Generally, accepted accounting Principles (GAAP). Howe veer, these are the integrators or
origins through which the concept of complicating the accounting techniques in the business
practices have been determined.
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TASK 2
A.1 defining the concept of marginal and absorption costing techniques
The impact of costing system is for analysing the adequate and accurate outcomes which
will be helpful in developing the strategies and making qualified changes in the operations.
However, there have been use of two techniques of analysing profitability of the firm such as:
Marginal costing:
The marginal costing techniques is being used for analysing the outcomes which
determined as per bifurcating the fixed and variable costs (Shah, Malik and Malik, 2011).
Therefore, there will be use of only variable costs in the operations while fixed costs are
excluded from it and are not being considered in analysing the profit and loss for the period.
Absorption costing:
This technique is known as the all cost system which analysis the profitability through
implicating all costs in the process. Thus, there will be consideration of fixed and variable costs
which have been denoted as the product cost.
2. Preparing the income statement based on costing techniques such as marginal and absorption
Marginal Costing-:
Particulars Details Amount
(in £)
Selling Price 55
Units in numbers 600
Total Revenue 55*600 33000
Total Overheads
Units in numbers 600
Material Per Unit 7
Labour Per Unit 6
Variable manufacturing Overheads 2
Variable revenue Overhead 1
Total Overhead cost 16
Total Cost of Production 9600
Measurement of Contribution
Contribution 23400
Total fixed Costs analysis
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Production Overheads 3200
Administration Overheads 1200
Selling Costs 1500
Total Fixed Costs 5900
Net profit 17500
Interpretation: On the basis of above measured analysis and income statement which have
been prepared with consuming the marginal costing technique which will be adequate and
helpful in terms of meeting the goals at the right time. However, in this technique there have
been use of variable costs in the costs of product while fixed costs were not included in it. Thus,
as per such influences the net profit has been retained by considering such technique is £17500.
Absorption Costing
Particulars Details Amount
(in £)
Selling Price 55
Units in numbers 600
Total Revenue 55*600 33000
Total Overheads
Units in numbers 600
Material Per Unit 7
Labour Per Unit 6
Variable manufacturing Overheads 2
Variable revenue Overhead 1
Total Overhead cost 16
Cost of Production 9600
Less Closing Inventory Sales Variable Overheads
(200*1)
200
Total Cost of Production 9400
Measurement of Contribution
Contribution 23600
Calculation of Total fixed Costs
Production Overheads 3200
Administration Overheads 1200
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Selling Costs 1500
Total F C 5900
Net profit 17700
Interpretation: By considering the above listed analysis of the income stamen through
influences of absorption costing technique on there have been use of all the costs which are
implied the in business. Therefore, this technique consisting of using all the costs to be analysed
and charge and which have brought the net profit as £17700.
B. Break even analysis
This is the technique which will be helpful in analysing the efficiency of the business in
terms of enhancing the sales or production to meet the profitable level (Bebbington and
Thomson, 2013). Therefore, this indicates a point where the number of units will be produced by
the business which will help them in meeting the official targets at the right time.
1. Break Even Analysis
Particulars Details Amount
(in £)
Selling Price 40
V C 13
Contribution Sales – v c 27
Break Even Point F C/
Contribution per unit
6000/27
Break Even Sales
(in units)
` 222.22
Interpretation: In relation with analyzing the break-even analysis over the analyzed
outcomes on which there have been influences of the fixed and variable costs in the practices.
The selling price is as £40, variable cost as £13 contribution have been analyzed through this as
£27. However, the fixed costs of 6000 have been considered in analyzing the BEP pointy which
is absorbed as 222.22 units.
2. Sales Revenue
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Break Even Units * Selling Price
= £40*222.22
= £8888.88
3. Desired revenue to retain profit of £10000
Desired Profit
= (Fixed Cost + Desired Profits) / Contribution per unit
Particulars Details Amount
(in £)
Amount
(in £)
Fixed Expenses 6000
Desired Profits 10000
Contribution per unit 27
No of Units that are required to achieve
desired profits
(6000+10000)/
27
592.60 units
4. Margin of Safety if 800 units were sold
Margin of Safety
= (Actual Sales- Break Even Point)/Actual Sales
= (800-222.22)/800
= 0.7223
C. Application of management accounting techniques in accurately producing financial reports
In relation with analysing the application of the management accounting techniques which
will be assistive and adequate in terms of making effective decision and changes in the
operational tasks and planning in the organisation (Gupta, Pevzner and Seethamraju, 2010).
However, in an approach towards it can be said that there are various accounting techniques
which are required to be implicated by the professionals at Network Critical Solutions. In
preparing reports there are various financial reports which are to be prepared by the professionals
in relation with meeting the gains. It includes:
Just in time:
This is the reporting techniques which will be used under managing the inventories of the
organisation which is comprised of managing the inflow and outflow of the inventories from the
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stores as well as managing the level of stock as per the demand generated in the market. It helps
in reducing the all kinds of inventory costs such as material, WIP as well as finished goods costs.
Therefore, Network Critical Solutions will produce the number of units which are being
demanded in the market. Moreover, it will help the organisation in having proper allocation of
resources as well as utilization.
Total quality management:
This method considers techniques to improve the quality of the product and services which
are being offered by the firm among consumers (Saeidi and Othman, 2017). Therefore, the
motive of firm is for retaining the consumers for the longer period as well as they are must
conscious regarding the brand image. Network Critical Solutions has to make implication of such
techniques which will help them in managing the quality level of the products and services
which are being used by them in manufacturing the products.
D. Accurate interpretation of financial reports which is reflecting the appropriate business
reports.
There have been implication two methods of costing in analysing the profitability of
Network Critical Solutions. Therefore, accuracy of methods has been determined as per the
variations in the outcomes of marginal and absorption cost. On the basis of above measured
analysis and income statement which have been prepared with consuming the marginal costing
technique which will be adequate and helpful in terms of meeting the goals at the right time.
However, in this technique there have been use of variable costs in the costs of product while
fixed costs were not included in it (Cooper, Ezzamel and Qu, 2017). Thus, as per such influences
the net profit has been retained by considering such technique is £17500. By considering the
above listed analysis of the income stamen through influences of absorption costing technique on
there have been use of all the costs which are implied the in business. Therefore, this technique is
consisting of using all the costs to be analysed and charge and which have brought the net profit
as £17700.
TASK 3
A. Ascertaining the advantages and disadvantages of several kids of planning tools for budgetary
control techniques
Activity based budgeting:
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This is the technique of measuring costs implied in each activity on which professionals
make plans with respect to make alteration and changes in expenses incurred in each business
activities. There have been operational enhancement and increment in the goals of entity.
However, it consists of considering the past records and the costs implemented in each activity
which helps the professionals in governing the adequate tasks (Nitzl, 2018). Therefore,
professionals at Network Critical Solutions have to make implication of such techniques which
will assist them in allocating the accurate amount of funds in each business activity.
Advantages:
 Proper information regarding the costs implicated in each task of business.
 It suggests the professionals in making alternative changes to reduce the costs and
making proper quality management.
Disadvantages:
 It requires time and effort by accounting professionals in analysing the costs.
 There have been changes in the volume of activities which are the cost drivers in the
business.
Zero based budgeting:
These are the budgets which starts from zero base. There will be no consideration of past
records which would affect the operations. therefore, due to such impacts all the budgets have
been start from the zero base on which each activity in the business will have appropriate amount
of funds.
Advantages:
 It does not consist of past records each account has been budgeted from the zero level.
 There has been accuracy in analysing the outcomes which have been based on operating
costs and cash flows of the business.
Disadvantages:
 There will be higher chances of manipulating the accounting professionals as they can
meet their personal motives.
 There will be lack of expertise in determining the budgets at the end of period to
articulate the costs implied in each business tasks.
Incremental budgeting:
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This is the budget which is consist of analysing the past records on the basis of which the
accounting professionals will make further planning (Bui and De Villiers, 2017). They estimate
the cost of each activities will be more than the past records.
Advantages:
 This is the easiest and simple techniques in determining the further costs in the
operations.
 It encourages the stability in funding on which professionals have strong planning and
policy making tactics which will be assistive and helpful to make future plans.
Disadvantages:
 It required time and efforts of accounting professionals.
 There will be lack of accuracy in estimating the costs for the future time. Therefore, it
does not mean that there will be regular increment in the costs of each tasks.
Cash Budget:
To analyse the inflows and outflows of the cash on which there had been ascertainment
of effective cash balance (Shah, Malik and Malik, 2011). Therefore, these are the budget which
have been made on the basis of consisting the budget made in each period.
Advantages:
 Proper estimation of the costs in each operating activity which have been analysed to
have appropriate future expenses.
 It guides the managerial professional in making appropriate estimation over the required
amount of funds for the operation.
Disadvantages:
 There have been lack of flexibility which involves in making effective planning for
budgets.
 It requires time to analyse the transactional costs incorporated in each activity.
B. Application of planning tools in analyzing the budgets, preparing and forecasting them
There have been implication of various plans and policies which will be helpful in defining
the adequate targets and managing the operations of firm (Bebbington and Thomson, 2013).
Professionals st Network Critical Solutions must make implication of the planning tools such as
cash budget, sales and production which will help them in analysing the costs as well as
efficiency of firm in meeting the targets in the required time.
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Cash Budget: It will be the best source and budgeting techniques which will help the
professionals in developing policies and making changes in the plans of the organisation(Gupta,
Pevzner and Seethamraju, 2010). Professionals at Network Critical Solutions will have reliable
information based on costs such as fixed, variables and overheads which will be analysed and
necessary changes have been made to improve the efficiency of the firm.
Example:
Particulars January February March April May June
Cash inflows
Opening balance of cash
inflow 4000 7300 10488 13764.8 17131.2 20587.9
Sales 8000 8160 8323.2 8490 8659 8833
Other sources of income 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
Total cash inflows 13500 16960 20311.2 23754.5 27290.6 30920.5
Cash outflows
Direct Material 1000 1224 1248.48 1273.45 1298.92 1324.9
Direct Labour 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
Other expenses 1200 1248 1298 1350 1404 1460
Administration expenses 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000
Total cash outflows 6200 6472 6546.4 6623.29 6702.75 6784.88
Cash deficit / surplus or
closing cash balance 7300 10488 13765 17131 20588 24136
C. Comparing the organisation with others in context with meeting the financial obstacles
Particulars Network Critical Solutions Freestyle IT
Financial governance It has been helpful in
managing the costs implied in
each activity
Proper allocation of funds in
each department
Variance analysis It has been analysed through
determining the gap between
actual and budgeted costs
Variance between actual and
budgeted costs will be used
for decision making and
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further ascertainment of costs
Key performance indicators It helps in motivating the
workforce in encouraging
them to make qualitative
efforts in the operational
practices.
It helps in attaining the
business targets on the right
time.
D. Analysing the management accounting techniques will respond to meet the financial obstacles
To manage the operational activities which will be assistive in making appropriate
planning for meeting the financial obstacles at the right time. Professionals at Network Critical
Solutions will have proper detail relevant with the costs in each activity such as cash, sales and
productivity budgets.
E. Ascertaining the impacts of planning tools in meeting the organisational gains
The planning tools will be helpful in making strong decisions which will bring innovative
changes in the operational gains of the firm.
CONCLUSION
On the basis of above report, it can be concluded that, management accounting will be
helpful in making records of all the transactions in summarized way. Network Critical Solutions
have been suggested various budgeting technique planning tools and the methods of making
development in the policies of organisation.
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REFERENCES
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Boundary crossing. Management Accounting Research. 4(24). pp.277-283.
Gupta, M., Pevzner, M. and Seethamraju, C., 2010. The implications of absorption cost
accounting and production decisions for future firm performance and valuation.
Contemporary Accounting Research. 27(3). pp.889-922.
Saeidi, S. P. and Othman, M. S. H., 2017. The mediating role of process and product innovation
in the relationship between environmental management accounting and firm's financial
performance. International Journal of Business Innovation and Research. 14(4). pp.421-
438.
Cooper, D. J., Ezzamel, M. and Qu, S. Q., 2017. Popularizing a management accounting idea:
The case of the balanced scorecard. Contemporary Accounting Research. 34(2). pp.991-
1025.
Nitzl, C., 2018. Management Accounting and Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation
Modelling (PLS-SEM): Some Illustrative Examples. In Partial Least Squares Structural
Equation Modeling (pp. 211-229). Springer, Cham.
Ax, C. and Greve, J., 2017. Adoption of management accounting innovations: Organizational
culture compatibility and perceived outcomes. Management Accounting Research. 34.
pp.59-74.
Bui, B. and De Villiers, C., 2017. Business strategies and management accounting in response to
climate change risk exposure and regulatory uncertainty. The British Accounting
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Online
Job costing. 2017. [Online]. Available through :<
https://www.accountingtools.com/articles/2017/5/14/job-costing >. i
Managerial Accounting Reports. 2014. [Online]. Available through :<
https://www.ignitespot.com/managerial-accounting-reports>.
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