EMAS as a Tool for Environmental Practices Internalization

The essay delves into the transformative impact of big data analytics on logistics and supply chain management. It emphasizes recent research findings that highlight significant improvements in efficiency and decision-making processes. Furthermore, it outlines the five essential functions of management: planning, organizing, leading, controlling, and staffing, providing a foundational understanding for effective leadership. The essay also explores how expatriate managers' cultural intelligence contributes to enhanced knowledge transfer within multinational companies, offering insights into global business practices. Additionally, it evaluates the EMAS framework as an effective tool for internalizing environmental practices in organizations. Lastly, the concept of Management by Objectives (MBO) is discussed, analyzing its benefits and limitations to provide a balanced perspective on this management approach.

MANAGEMENET
AND
OPERATIONS

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................3
P1. ..........................................................................................................................................3
P2. ..........................................................................................................................................4
P3. ..........................................................................................................................................6
P.4. ........................................................................................................................................9
P5. ........................................................................................................................................11
P6. ........................................................................................................................................12
CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Operational management is a significant part of any organisation. It is an area of
management which is concerned with designing and controlling process of production and
over viewing business operations. It is an act of managing and organising the process of
converting raw material into finished product. Marks & Spencer is a retail outsource
Company, a leading brand in UK deal in clothing, home accessories etc. The present report is
based on the operational management and role played manager and leaders in M&S Ltd. The
report will discuss about the role of manager and leader in different situations in an
organisation. Theories and models of leadership and management will be discussed in present
report. Present report will anticipated about the approaches of operation management in M&S
Ltd. Different impact of eternal factors on organisation will be discussed in present study.
P1.
Marks & Spencers plc is a UK 's leading multinational retailers, its headquarter is in
City of Westminster, London. It specialises in the selling of clothing, home products and
luxury food products. M&S PLC has flat organisational structure which dosnot have much
managenmenet level. Such limited level is between administrative and front-line workers. It
is an important type of managenmenet as employees are also geeting opportunities to be
engaged and partciplates in decion making process. (Jacobs, Chase and Lummus, 2014). It is
an effective way as employees will free to give suggesstions , ideas and feedbacks also which
are essemntial for both workers as well as organisation.
A leader is a person who influences and motivate his employees or follower to
achieve a common goal. He is the one who visions about company's future and inspires its
leaders. Leaders in an organisation makes sterategy to achieve a goal. Leader os very
essential to be at all departmenets of the organisation and will also act as a representatives of
the organisation.
However, a manager is one who manages different activities in the company. They
are the one who get thier work done by others, that is there employees and suvordinates
(Alderton and Saieva, 2013). They are responsible for planning, organising, directing and
controlling different activities in organisation. With the difference in functions the role of
managers also varies like marketting, sales, accounting etc.

Leaders and manager plays a significance role in M&S ltd. Different roles and
characteristics of leaders and manager are as follows:
Leader Manager
Leader in M&S ltd works to create the
future.
Manager of M&S Ltd works for the current
process in organisation.
Leaders are always ready to take risks Managers try to avoid the risk and tries to
control the activities.
Leaders always see problems as an
opportunity and challenges.
Managers analyse the problems and tries to
resolve it soon.
Leaders in M&S ltd creates a vision for
the future achievement of company
(O'Fallon and Rutherford, 2011).
Manager focus on setting, measuring and
achieving goals of M&SLtd.
Leader’s works innovatively, they are not
bound to do in a process manner.
Managers work in a particular manner and
follows a procedure.
Leaders focuses on motivating their
employees and followers and try to build a
healthy relation with them.
Managers of M&S ltd. took decisions and
communicate it to the employees. They
focus on direction.
Leaders aim for the growth and
development of organisation.
Managers oh M&S Ltd works for the
attainment of the required results.
Leaders in a company will works to
promote changes.
Managers will makes steps to remove the
changes on any activity.
A leaders will work to align the people in
organisation.
Manager will focus on the policies and
procedures.
The functions of management in M&S Ltd are as follows:
 Planning is one the main activties of a company that helps in controlling and make
efficient plans that are needed in a compny. It includes setting the mission, goals and
strategies of the M&S ltd (Ahuja, 2017).
 Organising is the controlling the overall organisational structure of M&S ltd, which is
an integral function of M&S ltd. it includes matching and balancing the resources of
organisation.

 Controlling is tracking the ongoing activities nad different functions of the company
as per the plan made. It is the responsibility of the manager to be assured that all the
funnctions and activities in compnay are working properly in M&S ltd overall
profitability.
P2.
The role of a leader in different situations in M&S LTD:
As stated above, the main role of a leader in an organisation is to inpire and
motivate his subordinates oremployees to improve thier performance and productivity level.
It is important to lead a team and make them prepare to face any situational cjhange in M&S
ltd.
Taking as an example, M&S Ltd. Has planned to implemenet digital technology
which will help in increasing the sales and market share of the company. The new chnage
will edas to hire new sk,killed staff who can operate the digital operrations (Slack and
Brandon-Jones, 2018). New training and developmement programmes will be needed in
order to imncrease the skills of employees as per the new technology. Sales team has to work
digitally also.
As per this situation, the role pof a leader will be:
 The leader of the M&S Ltd makes decisions regarding new plan and informing others
employees in the organization regarding new technology and decision make according
to them .
 As the new staff will be hired, there will started resisting regarding thier job security.
A leader will support the employees regarding thier job security.
 A leder will train the emplpoyees and motivate them to adapt the new changed
operations. He will properly communicate to emplpoyees regarding the changs in
organisation.
The main function of a manager in M&S ltd is planning, organising,
controlling and directing. As per the new situation, manager will work according to his
functions:

 The manager will plan to establishe new training programe so as to train the
employees for the new technology (Five Functions of Management & Leading ,
2019). He will make proper plan the process of implementingf the chnage .
 Manager will organise the hiring and selection process of new staffs.
 Manager will effectively controll the procedures of implemenetimng technology. He
will make meeting of employees in order to supervise and instruct them according to
the new change.
P3.
A leader focuses on long term prospective of organisation while manages follows
follows short term prospective. There are different theories and models which will help in
understanding the manager styles and functions of manager in M&S ltd.
1.Contingency theory:
According to this theory, the effectiveness of leadership style is based on how he
deals with different situation. The leader has to find out which style has to adopt while
dealing with the different situation. This theory states that there is no one best style of
leadership and a leader’s work is effective only when he knows which style has to adopt in
different situation. As M&S ltd is facing a new situation of adapting new digital technology.
The leaders should enable to know how to deal with the situation in according with the
change in employee’s reaction and changes (Vlajčić and et.al., 2019). The theory states that
there are three factors that help leadership effectiveness:
Leader-member relations: it helps in understanding leaders perceptions of his
relationship with his employees. Favourable relation will help a leader to easily deal with
changing situation and with employees problems. Where, unfavourable relationship will
require an effective communication and style to cope up with different situation.
Task-culture: This factor relates to whether the structure of the work in company is
highly structured. The task has to be well defined or manageable, or the leader will be in
trouble. In situations changes, tasks are not always well defined or prioritized well.
Power culture: This factor relates if leaders or managers level of authority is based on
punishing or rewarding behaviour.

The combination of leader-member relations, task-culture and power create different
situations in which a leader has to fit his style.
2.System Leadership:
It enables the leader in M&S ltd to create the condition or environment where all
employees at all level in company can work with all their efforts to work productively to their
potential. It uses principles about human behaviours to create theories of good leadership,
organisational strategy, system design and social process (Kandampully, Zhang and Jaakkola,
2018). It helps in providing tools to the leaders that will help leaders to get a tool that will
help that will help leader to predict about people behaviour in the M&S ltd. It also help in
building effective system which help in productive behaviour of employees and lead to more
effective realisation of the organisation’s goals and objectives.
Strengths-
 It is an effective way to identify the inefficiencies in operations abd different ways to
remove this inefficiency.
 Through incresing the productivity of the employees, goals of the organisation can be
achieved easily and within the time.
Weaknesses-
 it leads to affect the morale of the employees as the managenment makes decion
without taking employees to participate. (Testa, Iraldo and Daddi, 2018).
 Another disadvantage of system leadership is that due to autocratic approach of
leader, valued employees leaves organisation.
3.Situational leadership:
As per this theory, there is no single leadership style best for a leader. It depends on
different situations in organisation and which type of leadership and strategies are best suited
with the task. According to this theory, the most effective leaders are those who are capable
to adopt different style of leadership as according to different situations in M&S Ltd .
Telling, selling, participating and delegating are different approaches of leadership styles.
Strengths-
 It helps in identifying the need to adapt flexibility for a leader.

 Relationship between workers and leader effectively enhances because goals are
attained by applying solutions to problems in accordance to situations.
Weaknesses-
 Flexibility cannot be achieved as leader relies mainly on “telling” rather than
“listening which is the biggest drawback of such leadership (Akhtar and et.al., 2018).
 The situational leadership is not mainly focused on attaining long-term needs as
immediate needs are emphasised.
4.Chaos theory:
This is the management theory that states that every organisation faces different situations
with different management functions. It states to predict the unpredictable in organisational
functions and operations. There are some natural phenomenon of situations like turbulence,
whether, stock market. this theory is based applied on those organisations where the
management wants to keep their employees always ready to face any kind of critical situation
in market without getting de-motivated.
Strengths-
 Flexibility can be achieved as no particular theory is applied to position which is main
advantage of using it.
 Rigidity is not analysed as in according to contingency, particular theory is
implemented.
Weaknesses-
 No structure is present as leader does not use any of the theory in contingency.
 It lacks credibility as no formal way is used (Sanders and Ganeshan, 2018).
5. Management by Objectives:
It is a model that aims to improve the performance of M&S ltd. by clearly defining
objectives which are agreed to both management and employees. It is a process where the
management and employees of M&S Ltd jointly identify the goals, define each departments
responsibility of employees. It is based on the assumptions that involvement leads to
commitment and with employees taking participating in goal setting of organisation will
leads the enhancement of performance level of employees towards that goal and increase
their motivation also (Management by Objectives - Meaning, Need and its Limitations .,

2019). In that manner it will directly contributes to the achievements of organisational
objectives and goals.
P.4.
Operation management is a process of planning, organizing and supervising the
process of production, manufacturing in M&S Ltd. It is a system that requires planning,
regulating, executing, controlling and supervising the production and manufacturing function
to maintain speed, cost, quality and flexibility of operational activity (Turner, 2014).
Operation Management is about producing and delivering its product and services that satisfy
market requirements and customer satisfaction. Different approaches of operational
management that can help M&S ltd. are:
 Total Quality Management: it an act of management system for a customer focused
organisation with the involvement all employee in continual improvement (Ni and
et.al., 2019). It ensures that all tasks of employees are to accomplish the goals of
M&S ltd. TQM emphasis is put on fact based decision making, with the proper use of
performance metrics to check the progress.
 Just-in-time inventory:- It is a strategy which increases efficiency and decreases
wastes only by receiving goods when they are needed in the production process
which help in reducing inventory costs. Just in inventory in operations management
helps in organisation to reduce the overstock and under stock of inventory.
 Six- sigma: the approach is statistical based, data- driven and continuous
improvement methodology for eliminating defects in a product and process. It is a
method that provides organisation tools to improve the capability of their business
processes (Phadermrod, Crowder and Wills, 2019). This increase in performance and
decrease in process variation lead to defect reduction and improvement in profits,
employee morale and quality of products
The role of operation management is very important for operating activities in
M&S Ltd to ensure that all manufacturing process is efficient to enhance the profitability in
M&S Ltd. An operations manager plays an important role in M&S Ltd. The specific work of
an operation manager depends on the nature and the size of an enterprise, organization or a
company.they required specific skills and ability to deal with any situational changes in
operating activities in organisation.. Meanwhile, an operations leader is someone who sees

how the specific components of an organization fit together and work to create the larger
outcome. Role and responsibilities of operational manager and leaders in M&S Ltd are :
1.Sensible:
An able operations manager comprehends that employees are a valuable resource and
can efficiently communicate with operations staff. That not only includes providing basic
facts and feedback but also listening to the authorized employees of the same team.
2. Manages Resources:
An operations manager role is to efficiently managing both raw materials and
personnel (Laguna and Marklund, 2018). Supervision of inventory, purchasing and supplies
is the central job for raw materials and personnel includes determining needs, hiring
employees, inspecting assignments of employees and planning staff development.
3.Focuses On Quality:
In today’s market, the main focus of an organization is on quality of its product. As
getting an rejection based on the quality by the supplier it is better to get the lower rate of
rejection by ensuring the quality of the product. And when operations manager focuses on the
quality, it helps to inspire the employees to try to meet leader’s expectations.
4.Productive At Supply Chain Management:
Supply chain management plays a vital role in the success of any company. An
effective operations leader in any organization works to create and execute supply chain
strategies which maximizes productivity, can handle fluctuations in demand and minimizes
risk. For effective supply chain management an operations leader requires knowledge of
manufacturing, transportation, warehouse, logistics as well as customers.
5.Operations Leader Lead thier team:
Strong operations leaders work to make sure that goals are met and no further
problem arise. They feel the need to maintain a close eye on certain operations, arranging
periodic meeting with various departments and managers to meet the goals and addressing
sensitive issues. One of the hardest task for an operations leader is finding when a team
member is struggling to meet performance goals (Hugos, 2018). It is important for the
operations leader to identify and inform the management team about employees who are

excelling and those who are falling behind. So as to remedy the situation by encouraging the
top performers to keep performing their best and to find a solution to bring underperformers
to standards.
P5.
It can be defines as the process which includes to plan, organise, manage , control and
suopervises all the activities includes in the production and manufacturing process. One of
the main task of an operationsal manager is to be ensures that the product has been dilivered
on time of of the products of M&S ltd and to ensures the successfully turning the raw
material into finished products and accomplishing the objectives of M&S Ltd.
The importance and value operations management in M&S Ltd:
 Operational management is important for M&S Ltd. to manage the daily activity
smoothly. It is useful for making good use for its resources like labour, raw material,
money and other resources.
 It is essential to increse the perfotrmance level to achieve the profitability of the
compny. The ratio turned input of resources in best outcomes can be termed as
productivity. It gives measures of the efficiency of the manager as well as to the
employees of the M&S Ltd. the approaches of OM gives emphasis on utilizing the
resources of the company in more efficient way which assist in achieving the
organisational goals
 OM helps in the efficient uses of the resources availble which assist in incresing the
poroit of the organisation. It helps the employees of organisation to use raw materials
in more effective manner which helps in proper utilization of resources and
sufficient production of the goods trequired by the organisation.
It can be suggested to the manager regarding the interna;l conflict that should be
resolves in an approprite manner that create a positive working atmosphere. Increasinhg in
the conflict in an organbisation, leader and manager shoiuld take approprite step in order to
maintain the employees conflicts. Manager or leader of the organisation must identify and
analyse the facts regarding the reson for the confliuct and should make approprite steps to
improve it (Pheng and Meng, 2018). The reson behind the conflict canb be a greatsource to
manage the employee in more an effective way with thier different roles nad responsibilities
in M&S Ltd. Which also assist in achieving profits and desired goals

P6.
An organisational can get impacted through several factors that can leads to affect the
functions of company and results to change in the decsion making process of the M&S Ltd
(Wang and et.al., 2016). these factors can also affect the decisions of manager and leaders of
organisational management of M&S Ltd. some of the external factors are:
 Globalization: it can be termed as a process through which individial, organisations
and government of numerous nation on a single platform (Christopher, 2016).
Operation managers face competition from many other companies because of
globalisation. So quality decisions have to be taken by leaders and manager to
improve the quality of production by enhancing the procedure of operations activity
of M&S lts.
 Sustainability: It is the process in order to evaluate weather a company is efficient
enough to operate its present activities without harming its resources. It depends on
the factors of social, environmental, and economic. Operations manager must concern
themselves with the outcomes of these factors and ensures the works affects safety,
and sustainability. Manager and leaders must implement best practices with all
concern of these factors of sustainability.
 Ethical conducts: It plays an important role in ethics plays in production. M&S ltd
should consider the effects of new technology, business deals have on people, and
environments (Monczka and et.al., 2015). It influence the decision making of leaders
and managers, as they need to analyse the impact of new technology on soviety they
works.
The leader and manager should make the effective decision to face any external factor that
can influence the operational activity. Proper strategies should be made, proper budget has to
be made to maintain the fund resources in operational activity. Proper motivation and training
will be given to employees fot the future benefit of the organisation.
CONCLUSION
By summing up the above report, it can be analysed that the role of leaders and
manager in operational management is integral in M&S Ltd. leaders and manager helps in
improving and increasing the productivity of both employees and operational activities of