Leadership Theory and Management Development Program Analysis

This report delves into the concepts of leadership and management, exploring their differences and interrelations. It defines and discusses the core principles of both leadership and management, highlighting the skills and functions associated with each. The report then analyzes various leadership theories, such as the trait theory, providing a framework for understanding effective leadership styles. Furthermore, it examines a management development program within Marks & Spencer, a leading UK retailer, to illustrate practical applications of leadership and management principles. The analysis includes an overview of the company's leadership, its roles, and functions, providing a comprehensive view of how these concepts are applied in a real-world business setting.

Organisations:
Leadership and
Management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
a) Define and discuss the difference between the concepts of leadership and management. 1
b) Analysing leadership theory...............................................................................................5
c)Analyse a management development program from a chosen organisation in the UK retail
sector.......................................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Leadership is considered as a research area as well as the practical skill that encompasses
capability of people for guiding and leading workers, individuals, groups or firm. It is the method
of social influence where people enlist assistance and support from others for attaining the
objectives (Duignan, 2014). The accountability of leadership are handled by leaders who lead all
workers for the business success. Likewise, management is refers as a process of getting things
done with others. This is also the activities for setting the overall organisational strategy and
coordinate the workers efforts as well as support for the completion of goals with assistance of
various resources application such as financial, technological, human and so on. For this report
the chosen company is Marks and Spencer which is a fastest growing British multinational
retailer and deals in luxury home products, clothing etc. Its headquarters is in Westminster,
London. UK. The purpose of this report is to discuss the concepts of management and leadership
as well as their differences. Analysis of the leadership theory and also management development
program.
MAIN BODY
a) Define and discuss the difference between the concepts of leadership and management
Concepts of Management
Management can be described as a discipline of managing thing sin the best possible
manner. It can be considered as an art or skill of getting work done through and with other
people. However, proper management is required in every field including hospitality, sports,
offices, corporate, education, healthcare and so on. Moreover, manager should have several skills
like interpersonal skills, motivation, organising things, forward planning, strategic thinking,
problem solving, commercial awareness and mentoring. Management is considered as a methods
of preparation arranging, staffing, controlling, guiding as well as coordinating the task into
company. This is utilise for explaining the functions regarding managing individuals. It is also a
practices, knowledge body and disciplines. Few researcher have define it as a decision making
and leadership techniques where as another one explain this as an resources of economy which is
a system authority or productivity factors (Agyapong and Boamah, 2013). The concepts of
management is explained on the basis of various terms like management as discipline, art of
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getting things done and so on. All terms describes the various management concepts that is
mentioned below:
Management as a discipline: Body of knowledge- Management is known as a body of
disciplines, practices as well as knowledge. The task are to be done in effectual way. Managers
are responsible to perform in discipline manner in order to attain the objectives.
Art of getting things done: Human relations- Management is refers as a human
relations, this is a rat through which the activities can be performed from others. Herein, Marks
and Spencer required to perform the function like directing as well as managing work within
firm all these are done with the assistance of motivating and cooperating each others. Whole task
is being carried out by the aids of individuals who are working in firm.
Management as process: Managerial functions- There are various functions which are
required to be performed in Marks and Spencer by their manager for effective utilisation of
human resources and materials for attainment of objectives (Alsudiri, Al-Karaghoul and Eldabi,
2013). Preparing, arranging, staffing, coordinating, controlling as well as directing are the
function that are to be performed. According to Fayol, management is refers as handling for
planning, forecasting, arranging and so on. It is the ongoing process for operating the business
enterprises which aids in accomplishment of objectives.
Managers those who are working in Marks and Spencer have different activities as well
as the responsibilities for obtaining the success in company. As respective firm is a leading
organisation which have various department where there are requirements of many managers for
managing the activities of sections and also perform the work which involves sales manager,
marketing manager, HR manager etc. All of them have their roles and accountability for doing
the task (Macdonald, Burke and Stewart, 2017). There are many functions which should be carry
out by managers like preparing, arranging, controlling and so on. In order to operate the business
and their functions in effectual way, manager should have experience, knowledge and skills that
are needed for formulating budgets and decision making.
Concepts of Leadership
Leadership can be described as a quality of influencing people in order to attain
objectives willingly and enthusiastically. It is not exactly same as management but it can be
known as as one of the major as well as important components in an organisation. However, a
leader must have several skills including effective communication, motivation, delegation,
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positivity, trustworthiness, creativity, responsibility and flexibility. Moreover, leaders inspire
other people to share their vision, motivate employees to work on objectives and encourage &
help then to overcome obstacles in pursuit of the vision. Leadership is considered as a process
which assists to influence another individuals for attaining the targets as well as leading business
organisation for making them more effective and productive. This mostly influence people or
group for accomplishing the common objectives of the company (Barr and Dowding, 2019).
Leaders manage leadership with assistance of its skills and knowledge. For becoming an
effectual leaders within Marks and Spencer, various attributes as well as ability should be
possessed through them. This involves decision making, self confidence, stress tolerance and so
on. Leadership concepts consists clarity, competence, courage for effective performance into
business enterprises. It includes four factors like situations, followers, leaders and
communication. In order to to communicate the information in Marks and Spencer, there should
be appropriate commination channels that are to be understandable for all employees. Decisions
to be taken by leaders as per the situations rises in company so that better outcomes can be
obtained. Followers are the individuals who generally obey their leaders for effective
performance. The newly joined workers require more guidance rather than knowledge. Marks
and Spencer required effectual leadership style for operating business enterprises as well as their
functions in successful manner for accomplishing their objectives. There are many roles and
functions of Marks and Spencer leaders which are mentioned below:
Roles of leader:
 They required to monitor outcomes as well as develop strategy consequently.
 It formulate effective strategy for firm and their operations.
 They understand and analysis surroundings where it is running business (Bush, Bell and
Middlewood, 2019).
Functions of leaders
 They required to set targets for firm.
 They should manage whole work as well as activities in effectual way.
 Leaders required to coordinate with all sections of company.
 Leaders functions is to lead, encourage and guide all the members of organisations.
Difference between management and Leadership:
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The word management consist of a long process which cover all aspect of planning,
organising, staffing, directing and controlling. Leadership is a part of managing a team by which
a desire objective has been fulfilled in an appropriate manner (Beadle‐Brown and et. Al, 2014).
OBJECTIVE MANAGEMENT LEADERSHIP
Term A management has different
manager who works on a given
goal, manager is more than a
leader. It is a wider term which
involves every other aspect of
an organization.
A leader is a part of an
organization which don't need
to be a manger. Leadership
focus on leading a company
which is a narrow term.
Structure A management with a manger
works in an organized manner
which help in achieving
objective in an efficient
manner (Higgs and Dulewicz,
2016).
A leader of team or a group of
people works in a way of
motivating people. It works in
informal structure as it follows
motivation way to inspire
others to work hard.
Function A management function as the
manager plays role into it. A
manger always exercise
different functions of
management to achieve a goal
of a team. Manager perform a
function of management which
help in achieving group goals.
A leader focus on delegating
authority and work with the
team to influence others in
doing it in a more appropriate
manner. A leader performs
only a part of a management
which help in getting goal in
an appropriate manner.
Authority The authority and
responsibility is a feature of
management. It regulates all
work in a way to scatter every
given authority properly. It
A leader has to earn every
single authority in an
appropriate manner. It works
along with every individual
and function with management
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follows all feature of
management as authority and
responsibility is a vital part of
management.
as a great leader. Leader earns
authority which helps in
getting objective done.
Successful To get a proper success in a
management, every manger
has to adopt leadership style in
an appropriate manner. It put
more effort in achieving every
individual a given objective.
In a leadership style, leader has
to focus on its traits. Leaders
don't need to involve in any
managerial part of
management.
b) Analysing leadership theory
Leadership is an art of inspiring a team or a group of people by involving into a work
with a common goal. A leadership defines as a person who lead a group of people to get the
objective in an efficient and effective manner (Bealer and Bhanugopan, 2014). It regulates the
whole team not by giving orders, but by doing it same to inspire others to do it. In an
organization a leader is one who sets goal for a team and work along with them in an appropriate
manner to achieve success in company's growth.
Leadership has different theories by which a company works along with the given norms,
it regulates under different circumstances as to achieve goal in an appropriate manner. It engage
in many different works and handle it with an appropriate manner to get the business ahead in
market. Marks & Spencer works on a leadership team as to get maximum profit from market.
Archie Norman, Steve Rowe and Humphrey Singer are the famous leaders of Marks & Spencer,
who works along with the team to get maximum profit from market by leading a perfect group of
employees.
Trait Theory
The trait theory of leadership focuses on identifying different personality traits and
characteristics that are connected to successful leadership across variety of situations. Basically,
it is based on characteristics of leaders including both successful and unsuccessful which are
helpful to predict the effectiveness of leadership (Millar, Lockett and Mahon, 2016). However, it
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involves the criteria of determining overall features of an individuals in order to analyse their
success chances of leadership. In addition to this, it consist number of core traits such as
achievement drive, leadership motivation, honesty & integrity, self confidence, cognitive ability,
knowledge or business, emotional maturity and many more. Moreover, evaluation of presence of
these traits in a person is helpful to know about effective leadership quality of them.
Trait theory defines the study on personality of human, or it is a study on different traits
of human behaviour or personality. This theory works on the measurement of different traits
along with the habitual pattern of different kind of behaviour, the way a person think, a way to
handle situations, emotions which a person gets from internally or from others. Trait theory is a
aspect of different personality that works in a different manner while focusing on a particular
job.
Traits are different with the different personality as it reflects a overall person which
changes behaviour with the change of a dynamic atmosphere in a company or in a normal life
(Burke, 2013). Habitual behaviour of a person changes the whole personality of a leader as traits
are of different type with the change in a situation of an organization or a challenge face by an
individual or a group of person. Marks & Spencer focus on leadership style in an appropriate
manner as on the basis of different work along with different product in a company. Clothing and
home managing director has change the leadership team as to get reforms in an appropriate
manner to handle work appropriately.
Trait theory has different characteristics along with the traits of different personalities as
it works more appropriately:-
Eagerness to accept personalities – This feature is a part of trait theory as different
leaders works in a distinct manner. A leader who works with different responsibility along with
an eagerness in mind to accept new responsibilities and do not run away from it. These leaders
are not afraid in taking responsibilities and never gets afraid of being held accountable for the
work which delegates towards the desk. Marks & Spenser has achieve a great success and take
part in every dynamic situation of an organization.
Physical Strength and stamina- working under different situation is a part of leadership.
Leaders are the one who works under big pressure on mind along with stress. Travelling to
different places and handling different situation on nonsuit time with high pressure seminars and
meetings is a part of good leader (Huhtala and et. al., 2013). Person who has low vitality and
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unable to handle different work on a same time can't consider a part of leader. Marks and
Spenser works with enormous situation in an appropriate manner and get maximum market
share.
Confidence- Believe in the style of work and get it finish on a given period of time is a
feature of leadership. Confidence motivate the time of a leader. It is style of work by which a
leader inspire the whole team to get the work done in an efficient and effective manner. Marks
and Spenser has different leaders who handles situation with a confidence which kills all barriers
in an appropriate manner and attracts thousand other people to come along with the decision.
Persuasion skills- The word persuasion has a unique meaning in leadership feature as
without it a leader has no role. Persuasion defines a way of inspiring others, as leaders hold the
whole team to work on a common goal, inspire the team plays a vital role while working all
together towards the same objective. Marks and Spenser has the ability to inspire not even its
own employees, but to inspire market to achieve a goal in an appropriate manner.
Tough-minded- A leader should maintain a balance in between both the situation as
showcasing a care towards team and being logical enough to take all practical decision in
company (Lavender, 2014). Achieving objective in a company is the aim but keeping every
employee in a comfort-zone by showcasing a care towards employee plays a vital role in
company. Marks and Spenser care about employees by giving different insurance and other
benefits. Along with these benefits, a leader also focus on getting everything done by
maintaining a balance in between work and care.
Emotional Stability- The time when a leader focus in managing a team or a group of
people gives a stressful situation. A leader should get stability in maintaining its emotion and
work along with it as to handle every situation in an appropriate manner. A leader should be well
adjusted and work on every psychological level of maturity of human brain to handle situation
gracefully. Marks and Spenser works along with every situation in a way to get future stability in
a business and cover the maximum profit from market to get ahead of the pack.
Dominance- A leader hold leadership with power and authority to delegate work in a
team as to get maximum output from every team member. Dominance play a vital role while
framing such authority as to get work done on time and maintain a discipline in team. Marks and
Spenser has that superiority to hold the leaders which work with a little dominance nature as to
get success by achieving giving objective on a given period of time.
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Charisma- Charisma defines the compelling attractiveness or a charm on a way of
working of a leader which influence thousand others to follow a person in future. Successful
leaders attracts thousands and maintain a group of followers in life (Maitland, Hills and Rhind,
2015). This helps in changing every individual in a way to tackle situations as following a
successful leader gives lessons to get work done in an appropriate manner. Marks and Spenser
has different charisma in company who plays a role in inspiring people to get an appropriate root
for success in future. It handle all barriers and keeps an on every situation which make a
leadership style more charismatic.
Empathy- It is the main important feature of a leadership. Empathy is a situation when a
leader showcase its personality and come-up with an ability to understand the situation of a
second person. It is tough to build a trust while framing a situation of empathy. Marks and
Spenser focus on every situation and maintain an ability to understand everyone in a team.
Difficulties are many but when it comes to a genuine problem then a leader leads a team in
empathy manner.
Intuitiveness- Logics are important while taking decisions and a leaders always posses
on intuitiveness. It regulates all the authority in an appropriate manner to know the dynamic
atmosphere of market (Yahaya and Ebrahim, 2016). Marks and Spenser has has different new
leaders who works with an aim of getting things done with logically thinking in mind.
Trait theory works on different advantage and disadvantage of various trait approaches
when it explain about leadership. Leadership has a vital role, but when it comes to follow all
factors then leaders are more focus on getting thing done by applying any of its strategies either
its suit on leadership style or not.
Disadvantage of Trait Leadership
Leaders focus on traits of leadership but doesn't follow all because of which completion
of work may get delay and somewhere ruin the customer relationship management. Marks and
Spenser has a ability to work on leadership style in an appropriate manner but sometimes it
ignore feature of motivating which turns every individual work in background proportion.
Leaders are not so focused on following every agreement in an appropriate manner, it
works within an organization as to get objective fulfilled. Fulfilling objective is one part but a
there is no uniform agreement about the desirable traits of a leadership (Mittal and Dhar, 2015).
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Marks and Spenser has ability to work uni formally, but following every agreement in an
appropriate manner is lacking behind.
Advantage of Trait Leadership
Trait Leadership has a vital role in getting success by putting minimum amount of time in
a work as it leads thousand other people to work along with it. Leadership has an advantage of
getting success by inspiring team in a way to get boost-up a confidence in an appropriate
manner. Marks and Spenser has a leadership with full of motivation and a way of working thing
which inspire thousand other employees to achieve a desire objective.
Trait Leadership which focuses on getting an objective in a way of finding different
behaviour personality which delegates authority to a team in a way of getting objective in an
appropriate manner. Marks and Spenser has ability to work along with every individual as to get
an effective and efficient working condition and achieve a desire objective properly.
c)Analyse a management development program from a chosen organisation in the UK retail
sector
Management development programme is refers as a dynamic system wide training
program that is created to enhance and strengthen the leadership capabilities as well as assures
that people have skills, experience to successfully guide and build its group. This one is the huge
contribution for the managers and senior authorities (Mowles, 2016). For example, manager of
Marks and Spencer plays crucial role in handling and coordinating process and work that impact
their growth. Programmes related to management development aids and support manager as well
as link up with its peers across from many locations. For example, Marks and Spencer
management development programme concentrates upon leadership development programme
which aids in improving and enhancing the people skills and quality to increase opportunities for
business. As well as work and challenges are shared for facilitating its contribution by finding
out effective solution. It is considered as the one of the strategic training program for leaders and
manager through which it can capable to guide and develop effectual groups for accomplishing
the organisational goals. This can be completed by adapting four significant measures in order to
adopts better leadership style in the Marks and Spencer case that are explained below:
Exercising influence: It is one of the crucial aspects that are the contribution and great
work of leaders as well as manager. Due to their affects activities and task of their staff members
by inspiring them through its views and persuasion. For example, leaders and managers of Marks
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and Spencer encourages its subordinates or peers as well as do effectively for accomplishing the
organisational targets.
Employees Engagement: In management development programme, this is important
aspects as it engage staff members and its departments to attain organisational goals and assert
them to utilise its potential, knowledge for task completion (Swailes, 2013). For example, Marks
and Spencer spends many amounts in occupying its staff with each others. Employee
engagement can be increased by effective leaders and manager guidance. Also, through
facilitating rewards as well as other benefits can also maximise their satisfaction level.
Manager redefined: it is one of the crucial work of leaders as well as manager and its
responsibility to attain that training program which is refers as a MDP that redefine roles and
responsibilities of manager as well as leaders for achieving its goals. After evaluating the staff
members wants and needs, company's management states the duties and responsibilities
accordingly it have to perform it for accomplishing expected objectives. Also, redirection is
necessary for manager as per the situations as well as the time so that it can give its best
contribution as suitable.
The above mentioned training program are advantageous for middle manager at which
leaders and manager of sections task at functional units, huge projects as well as its times
durations in different areas or sections. For example, Marks and Spencer management
development program concentrates on facilitating effectual information as well as knowledge of
adapting strategic practices of management. With collaborative improvement and learning at
which staff members get knowledge from each others and also obey the guidance of leaders and
manager for accomplishing the goals (Van Wart, 2014). The other objectives are to aids the
candidates of development program for transforming the learnings into actions to achieve the
expected goals. In the organisation such as Marks and Spencer utilise management development
programmes into many areas that are useful into the growth of all firm and monitor the section
where improvements is more required. In which the management of finance, logistic and supply
chain management etc. are included within company management strategy as well as
technological advancement.
While participating in these development program, it is analysed that all these are
beneficial for both managers and leaders for facilitating strategic knowledge and skills and
obtaining the innovative concepts as well as creative ideas. It is tested that this is good in
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improving healthy relationships with another departments. Each departments manager have to be
upgraded with suitable knowledge as well as skills. In Marks and Spencer, management
development program is helpful for developing the overall performance to bring effectualness in
their existing position as well as prepare them for promotions and make them ready for further
responsibilities. These training programs are useful in competitive country as quality
development is need by managers. Other important concern is training issues to managers are
timing taking as well as unsuitable sources. There are basically two ways by which management
development programmes is facilitated are given below:
On the job method: This method is considered for the management development
program. Herein, teaching is deliver into workplace. Also, for this few process are adopted by
the firm such as training position, job rotation and many more (Tung, Baird and Schoch, 2014).
For example, within Marks and Spencer, methods of job rotation is adopted to trained all staff
members in every areas of work and activities.
Off the job methods: In this methods development should be facilitated to trained
employees as well as obviate the stress of individuals and carry out the requirements at
workplace. It enables in focusing on learning experiences of people. This aids organisation to
develop the leadership style at the time of meeting another department people. Herein,
employees explore their innovative ideas as well as concepts then they meet with other
individuals. For example, this process should be developed in house classroom instructions and
organising the training program through Marks and Spencer. It is the program that are not
changeable in nature as well as some classroom instructions are considered by both experts of
company that are insider and outsider. With the help of role play, many business games and so
on enables organisation to facilitate few learnings to its staff. Thus, it aids Marks and Spencer to
develop leaders and management potential according to organisational requirements.
CONCLUSION
As per the above report it is concluded that firm required effective leadership as well as
management skills for operating the business activities in successful manner in order to gain the
growth and profitability. The activities of management are handled through manager and work of
leadership are performed by leaders. Both required the skills, experience and knowledge for
doing their activities and functions. Trait theory of leadership facilitates a guidance for becoming
effective leaders in company with its knowledge, skills which are needed in all organisations
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either small or large. For performing leadership, management development program is made.
This assists as well as support managers to connect with workers from different areas and share
challenges and task to provide great contributions.
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