Management and Operation Report

This report discusses the critical roles of management and operation within organizations, particularly focusing on Mark and Spencer. It highlights the differences between leaders and managers, explores various leadership theories, and examines key approaches to operational management. T...Read More

Management and
Operation

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
P1 Role and characteristics difference between leader and manager..........................................3
P2 Role of leaders and manager in different situation................................................................5
P3 Leadership theories................................................................................................................6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
P4 Key approach to operation management................................................................................7
P5 Importance and value of operation management...................................................................8
P6 Factors within the business which impacts operational management and decision making. 9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERANCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Management and operation is a crucial part of an organisation. Operation is related to
manufacturing of the product, supply of the product and quality of raw material used in product
manufacturing. Management is also play a vital role in the organisation. A manager is
responsible for setting objectives for organisation, motivating the staff to work
enthusiastically,establishing targets and yardsticks and organising in the organisation (Adang and
Cuvelier, 2010). In this report main focus is on Mark and Spencer company which is a retail
company established in united kingdom. It mainly deals in cloths selling, home products and
luxurious food. A manger of organisation needs to deal with ant situation in the company as well
as different leadership and managerial theories should be followed to achieve objective and goal
of the organisation. Thus the importance and role of management and operation will be
discussed as well So that their value in the different situation in organisation can be identified.
TASK 1
P1 Role and characteristics difference between leader and manager
Managers and leaders are basic need for successful business. They both seems smilar in
work but there is a lot of difference between the two of them in term of objective, main
focus,role, characteristic (Atkins, 2009). Followings are some of the differences between
managers and leaders:
1. Vision and mission: The leaders plays a crucial part in the term of accomplishing the
vision. The leader of mark and Spencer sees the long term picture of the future and
inspire the employees to work in the team rather than as an individual because the leader
has the view of more quality work is possible together instead of as an individual. While
the manager tries to accomplish or achieve the mission and goal which is a of less long
term than vision. Manager makes efforts to create positive atmosphere in the
organisation.
2. Change and maintain: The leaders are focused mind on innovation. If they they think that
what they are using right now is the best way since long time ,they try to look forward
to new way to accept and implement. While managers try to maintain the or hold the
current way in which they find more benefit. Managers do not look forward to new way
if the current one is best for the organisation.

3. Copy and unique: Leaders have to be followed by their subordinates as they try to build
their personal brand or image through their work (Branch, 2012). So the leaders are
unique in their own way. While most of the managers in any organisation try to maintain
the decoraup of the company, so they can be common in some roles.
4. Risk: As leader are of the view of innovation or creating new things for change,they tend
to take more risk by applying new methods and theories in their performance .Thus the
leaders takes a lot of risk. While the manager do not take risk as leaders as the managers
follows the current theory if it is beneficial for all in the organisation. In fact the
managers controls the risk as long as possible.
5. Long and short term: The leaders are the personality with a view of long term future
results, so they make strategies and tactics which can help the organisation in the long
run. While the managers sees the short term benefits to the organisations as their only
duty is to run the business in a well and healthy manner only.
6. Growth: The leaders of mark and Spencer grow as they experience their decisions,task
and role as a team leader in the organisation. While the managers of the organisation
grow according to the already existed and proven skills and approaches.
7. Things to be built : As leaders of the organisation lead a whole team consisting many
persons, so the leader tries to build the relationship among the team members who follow
the leader (Clements-Croome, 2014). While the manager tries to built a regulated
structure of the organisation to achieve the objective and goals of the company in future.
P2 Role of leaders and manager in different situation
Leaders and mangers have their own individual place in mark and Spencer. They help in
different kind of situation like staff problem,resources shortage,customisation of
production,decision making regarding operations,subordinate conflict,atmosphere making in
company and follow direction in which an appropriate action should be taken. Following are the
points which explains the individual and unique role of leader and mangers:
1. Staff problem: In mark and Spencer there are some situations in which staffing problems
arise. In staffing problem performance of the employee can be included. If the
performance is not up to the mark for leader then he tries to motivate the team member to
improve his performance to achieve the goal of the task they are given (Castellanos and

et. al., 2015). While the manager tries to analyse the performance and make sure that this
employee is the right person for right task in the organisation.
2. Resource shortage: It is probably happened that there is some shortage on the part of the
resources in the manufacturing and production process,then the leader tries to look for
alternative resources and to resume the work while the manager tries to arrange the same
material and continue the process the way it was in beginning.
3. Customisation of production: The leader customise the product according to the need of
the customer so that customer gets complete satisfaction while the manager manage the
things which are customised by the leader in the organisation.
4. Decision-making regarding operations: the leader plays a straight decision according to
the task or project related to operation for achieving goal while the manager takes the
flexible decision regarding operation as he sees current situation first.
5. Subordinate conflict: If there is any conflict between any employee regarding their task
then the leader try to give priority to the resolving the problem while the manager give
first priority to the structure and decorum of the organisation (Funk and Irwin, 2015).
The leader plays a primary role in the subordinate conflict situation while the manger
plays the secondary role in the subordinate conflict situation.
6. Atmosphere making of company: As main role of the manager of mark and Spencer is to
create and maintain a healthy and motivating atmosphere in the organisation while the
leader focuses on how well his team is performing with quality.
7. Follow direction :In the organisation leaders are followed by the employees .They leads
a number of persons to fulfil the goal of the organisation while the manager has to follow
the rules and regulation.
P3 Leadership theories
As a leader handle the whole team in such way that everybody follows him in completing
a particular task as well as make sure it leads to fulfil the objective of the organisation. There are
mainly three leadership theories which are situational leadership theory ,systems
leadership theory and contingency leadership theory(Gou and et.al., 2013).
These theories help a leader to play his role in an effective and efficient
manner.

1. Situational leadership theory: Situational leadership theory mainly includes the
relationship of leader with his subordinate in the mark and Spencer. This theory has main
focus on what kind of relationship the leader and his subordinates have in personal within
the team to achieve the goals of the organisation in the long term. The situational theory
contains a framework which analyse each particular situation between the leader and his
followers like the amount of directions and the guidance the leader gives to his team
members and The amount of socio emotional support given by the leader to the members.
In situational leadership theory some requirements must be fulfilled like the leader must
diagnose the situation very well (Goyal and Mikkilineni, 2009). He must adjust the
behaviour according to the situation and communicate with other members in a way they
can understand.
2. System leadership theory: System leadership theory is an another tool which benefits the
leader in achieving the objective or goal of the organisation in the long term. In this
theory leader sees the whole organisation as a system while taking decision regarding
operational management. When there is a complex matrix in which one variable is
dependent upon another variable then the system leadership theory helps by providing a
framework. This theory makes the leader aware of many facts or condition of the
organisation in the terms of any complexity or opportunity or scope as a system.
3. Contingency leadership theory: Contingency leadership theory means an efficient
approach in which the results and goals can not be predicted surely rather it is dependent
upon many factors whether within the organisation as well as outside of the organisation.
In this leadership theory many kind of contingencies are included which affect the future
result of the organisation (Kim and Shin 2011). Contingency leadership theory is the
most useful theory to be used by leader as it covers the today world scenario which is
unpredictable in every term. For example if the leader has to achieve the result or
objective of a particular task then the contingency leadership theory helps by explaining
that all the factors which affect the result,only these factors can decide what result will be
achieved in future.
Thus above leadership theories are very useful for leaders in achieving objectives of the
organisation.

TASK 2
P4 Key approach to operation management
Approaches to operation management helps in solving key problematic situation in the
operational matters(Lamm, Ayars and Nakayama, 2009). As operations are crucial part of the
business of mark ans Spencer. To achieve the objective or goal of the organisation key
approaches contributes to a considerable extent. Those three key approaches are business process
redesign (BPR), reconfigurable manufacturing systems, six sigma and lean manufacturing. The
detailed analysis of these three approaches is followings:
1. Business process redesign approach (BPR): Business process redesign approach is very
useful approach to operation management of mark and Spencer. As operation
management is a foundation of any organisation,it requires a key approach to manage its
process at different stages of operations. This business process redesigning approach
helps in designing the workflow in operation management. Business process is analysed
by business process redesign approach. If there is any interruption in the flow of business
process then appropriate actions are taken.
2. Reconfigurable manufacturing systems approaches: Reconfigurable manufacturing
system approach is another an important and useful approach in operation management.
This approach focuses on the production system is designed in such a way that any
change in structure,software and hardware components so that there will be no difficulty
in manufacturing system (Levine, 2010). In this approach is helpful in preparing the
whole system to adjust and perform effectively as well as efficiently in the situation of
market change or change within the organisation.
3. Six sigma: Six sigma is also a crucial approach to operation management. This approach
mostly includes the quality of the product. In the name of six sigma there are six control
limits and six standard deviations. Different organisations have their own different
purpose or objectives in relation to application of six sigma approach in operation
management like increase in manufacturing of the product, increase in profit of the
organisation. The process ans the stages or sequence of steps of process are different in
each individual organisation. This theory includes the use of trend charts and calculation
whether correct or defective.

4. Lean manufacturing: Lean manufacturing approach is the most cost effective approaches
to operation management because in this approach maximum elimination of waste is
done. In manufacturing process of the product,An account of waste is prepared so that
minimum waste is in manufacturing process as well as the cost of product can be
controlled by this lean manufacturing approach (Nakayama and Bucks, 2012). Lean
manufacturing in mark and Spencer is one of the frequently used approaches in operation
management to decrease the cost of the product as well increase the profit of the
organisation.
P5 Importance and value of operation management
In any organisation operation management is very crucial part like in mark and Spencer.
Operation management includes strategic management and tactics management. There are many
fields in which operation management contributes on a high level in the organisation as
overseeing, designing,controlling production process,redesigning of business operational,timely
acquisition of raw material,ensuring well skilled worker,maintain equipments. The importance of
operation management is explained as followings:
1. Resource utilisation: Operation management play the most crucial role in utilising the
resources to the optimum level. Resources are the base for manufacturing of
productivenesses like raw material or any other material used in manufacturing of the
main product are well utilised in operation management that leads to benefit of
organisation.
2. Customer service: The main purpose of any business organisation like mark and Spencer
is to make the customer happy and fully satisfied by the quality of the manufacturing
product so that maximum goodwill and profit can be made in the market and capture the
maximum share of the market (Nelson, 2011). Thus operation management makes sure
the quality of the product is up to the need of customer.
3. Controlling production process: Production process of the product is controlled by
operation management as it completely has the responsibility of production process in
mark and Spencer. By controlling the business process at every single stage makes it
profitable by minimising the wastage and maximising the quality of the product.

4. Redesigning of business operation: If there any drawback identified in the business
operation then the operation management plays a vital part in redesigning the whole
process to make it easy and sound for operations of the organisation.
5. Timely acquisition of raw material: As raw material is a main part of the product for
every organisation,it is well maintained by the operational management for
manufacturing (Otley, 2009).
6. Ensuring well skilled worker: The operation management is defined as a filter as it makes
sure that in the manufacturing of the product there are all well skilled worker in the
organisation,so that quality of the product is not compromised.
7. Maintain equipments:Operation management also contributes in maintaining all the
equipments used in manufacturing of the product in the organisation.
Thus operation management is inseparable as well as most useful part of mark and
Spencer.
P6 Factors within the business which impacts operational management and decision making
There are many factors which affects the mark and Spencer to an extent that it can
fluctuate the performance of the business of the organisation by affecting operational
management and decision making which are taken by leaders and the managers of the company.
These factors include PESTLE analysis in which different factors are included like economical
factors, political factors,social factors, technological factors, legal factors and environmental
factors (What is PESTLE Analysis?, 2011). These factors can be explained as followings:
1. Political factors: Political factors includes political government stability, taxation,labour
and employment law,rules regarding environment,restrictions about trades and tariff of
goods and services. Any change in government will affect all companies policies related
to operational management and decision making(Patnaik and et.al., 2009). For example
government increase the tariff then mark and Spencer also must adjust the price value of
product to such extent that it would be in reach of the customers.
2. Economical factors: Economic factors affect most of the operational management and
decision making in the field of operations. These factors includes inflation,recession,
economic growth and interest rate. If there is prediction of recession then the cost of each
variable cost will be deducted and consequently the end price of the product will be
decrease for the customer in market.

3. Social factors: Social factors also play very important part in operational management
and decision making of the organisation because the customer who lives in a society is
the solo dominator of any kind of market. Social factors can include age distribution,
population growth rate, emphasis on safety, career attitudes which affect the operational
management and decision-making of the organisation (Sandelin, 2008). So if the
preference of the society changes then a huge effect will be on the operations of the
organisation.
4. Technological factors: Technological factors mainly involves the rate of technological
change. It also includes research and development activity which creates new inventions
and discoveries in the field of technology used in the business organisation like mark and
Spencer.
5. Legal factors: Legal factors involves any amendments in the law related to the consumer
law,antitrust law,employment law,discrimination law and health and safety law which
can affect the operation management and decision-making of the organisation in a very
drastic way (Adang and Cuvelier, 2010). Any breach of any of the law mentioned above
will put the organisation in trouble as these are the must follow law by legal authorities.
6. Environmental factors:As today global warming is the main and huge problem especially
on the part of business,national and international authorities make the rules regarding
environment safety to save limited natural sources like petrol,water,gases, metals. If these
natural sources or factors are consumed completely there will be a possibility to shut
down down the business dependent upon in any way on these natural sources.
Thus operational management and declension making of mark and Spencer is mostly
dependent on the above mentioned factors which play very crucial role for the success as well as
failure of the business organisation (Leadership Theories, 2016).
CONCLUSION
On the basis of the above report it can be concluded that role of leaders and managers are
different so that each of them can perform their individual duties without confusion. Leaders
uses some crucial approaches which can help him to achieve the objectives of the organisation.
For efficient operation management there are some sort of theories to help in production. In
organisation there are many factors internal as well as external affect the operational
management and decision making. Thus operation and management build the foundation of a

well managed business process related to the product of the organisation so that profit
maximisation and customers can be satisfied with the quality of the product. Every factor
changes time to time , so there should be a regular analysis of PESTLE and SWOT analysis
which includes political,economical,social,environmental and technological factors as well as
threats and opportunities in the market for the organisation. These should be analysed to achieve
the desired goal of the organisation.

REFERANCES
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