Management and Operation: Roles, Theories, and Approaches Report

This report delves into the core concepts of leadership and management, exploring the distinct roles and responsibilities of leaders and managers within organizations. It examines various leadership theories, including contingency theory and trait theory, and analyzes their practical application in different business scenarios. The report also covers operational management approaches, emphasizing the importance of effective decision-making and the impact of internal and external factors on operational efficiency. Through a case study of M&S Company, the report illustrates how leadership and management principles are applied in a real-world context, including the management of conflict and the implementation of modern management approaches. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of situational and system-based approaches. The report offers valuable insights into the effective management of organizations.

MANAGEMENT AND
OPERATION

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
LO 1.................................................................................................................................................4
P1. Role and characteristics of a Leader and manager................................................................4
LO 2.................................................................................................................................................5
P2 Role and function of leader and manager in different situation of company.........................5
P3. Theories and approaches of leadership and management.....................................................7
LO 3.................................................................................................................................................8
P4. Approaches of operation management and the role of leader and manager ........................8
P5 Importance and value management.....................................................................................10
LO 4...............................................................................................................................................11
P6- factors that have impact on operational management and decision-making......................11
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Operation management is made by two words operation and management which refer to
operational activities which takes place in an organisation. Operation management cares about
all the activities of operation. Many activities takes place in operation activity as manufacturing,
service activity, cash inflow and out flow activity (Burke, 2013). Every company makes their
own rules and regulation which are followed by all the employees and all management levels. It
is also related with management of finance. They have to use appropriate resources which helps
in providing the best services to their consumers. Company manage their finance with the help of
operational activity. Company analyses about profit with the use of operation management.
Company manages its capital and other funds. Many decisions related to manufacturing is taken
place after getting operation result. Sales forecasting and demand forecasting also affected by the
operation activity. Company also provide services to their customer which aids to manage
company’s goodwill and brand loyalty.
LO 1
P1. Role and characteristics of a Leader and manager
Leader is the person who leads and guides employees to achieve the goals of the organisation.
The main role of the leader is to encourage its team members to increase their efficiency.
Manager is the person who manages employees and give direction to the organisation. It makes
objectives and goals that every worker has to achieve. He establishes tasks and assigns them to
the employees. When a company start their business so it have to need manage market work and
other operation work. So company always hire manager and leader who help to manage
operation work and market work. Leader is a person who follow many market responsibility and
provide all the information of market (Nakayama, and Bucks, eds., 2012). Leader and manager
both are had different role and responsibility which is full fill in every company. As M&S
Company also have leader and manager in their organisation. Company manager help to take
strategic decision and, communication channel between employee and top management level,
investigator and many other work. M&S Company started in 1884 by Michael marks and
Thomas Spencer in Leeds. Robert Swannell is present chairman of company and Steve Rowe is
the present CEO of company. M&S have many mangers and leader in different country and
different stores. It deals with the online retailer store and also with e commerce platform as well.

Company earned £10555.4 million in 2016. M&S Company operating income is £784.9 million
and company earned £404.4 million profit in 2016. Company have very big structure on
multinational level. Manager describe about roles and their responsibility.
Leader:- Leader manage a team and describe about the role of their under employee. Leader
work in market and help to achieve target (White, 2016).
 Leader is a person who make team vision.
 Leader perform as a risk taker in market.
 Leader also work as a communicator between top level and middle level.
 Leader have power to take the decision related to their target.
Manager:- Manager care about the administration work and management work in organisation
and it also provides the roles and responsibility of employee (Hatziargyriou, 2014). He leads a
group of leader.
 Manager decide about the goal for a particular event.
 Manager work as a risk controller in company.
 Manager provide instruction to develop team.
 Manager analyse about the performance of employee which help organisation to improve.
Management theories which use by manger and leader:-
Contingency theory:- A manger have power to take decision related to company and it
is provided same scenario for every employee of company(Johnstone, S., 2016).
Trait theory:- It theory represent about the quality of leader which is use by leader from
their birth. Leader should be mental and physical capable to manage company work.
LO 2
P2 Role and function of leader and manager in different situation of company
Leader and manager both are work for company and they have their different role and
responsibility in company. Company provide power related to their work which help to take
perfect decision related to any topic and event. Manger function refer many managerial and
operation activity in company. A company faces many situations in organisation where a leader
and manager play their different role according to situation. Manger and leader both are start
their research in their field and analyse about the issue a problem of company. Many situations
have power to influence the work of organisation (Johnstone, S., 2016). Manager and leader
make appropriate strategy and take specific decision. This decision should profitable to solve

company problem. As M&S Company also face some problem on global level. Many cultural,
political and other barriers take place on global level. Internal conflict always affect the work of
organisation. These internal conflict can take place between two employees and individual
employee. Company should do research related to conflict and try to remove that conflict from
firm.
Company face some situation which is as follows:-
Individual conflict:- Individual conflict refer about the conflict in individual person mind
which distract individual person from their work. Company always care about the conflict in
employee mind. It creates barriers in employee mind. These barriers stop employee to do work
and influence the work of employee (Handschin, and Petroianu, 2012). This conflict get disturb
to individual person but other employee work also effect these conflict.
Interpersonal conflict:- Interpersonal conflict present conflict between two employees.
It shows the conflict between two employees on same topic. It also creates problem in two
employee work. It also influences the mind of employee and also create problem in their work. It
can create by any reason(Mohammadi, Soleymani, and Mozafari, 2014). Many times company
provide some facility to one employee and neglect another employee so it shows the
interpersonal conflict in company. These issue can be related to employee performance and their
remuneration. Interpersonal conflict also include the cultural issue which create barriers in
company.
Leadership approach:- Leadership approach describe about the leadership style and a
strategy to remove conflict from company and try to achieve company goal and target. Every
company have required about the leadership approach. It helps company to take strategic
decision related to their target and their work (Niknam, Meymand, and Mojarrad, 2011). Manger
and leader both are followed these approach to remove barriers and create working environment
in business. As M&S Company is very big multinational company who manage many online
retailer store on global level. It also uses that approach to take decision and get all the
information from market. This information is helpful to make future company strategy to sell
product. This strategy also helps to identify the market opportunity. This is beneficial to increase
employee productivity.
Every organisation requires the top level management in difficult situation, therefore,
leader plays an important role in the organisation. Leader is considered as representative of the

company. He has to give logical reasons to the public for the policies which they launch in the
market. Changes in the organisation's policy is common and an effective leader is considered as
an advocate during changes in the organisation. He has to act like role model and make effective
decisions in conflict situations.
Manager may be a leader but leader cannot be manager. Manager has to manage the
employees of whole organisation. The manager has to organize plans in every situations. It has
to lead the people and to provide different roles to right people.
P3. Theories and approaches of leadership and management
Traditional approach:- Traditional approach refer old rules and regulation of
management. It refers some specific rules and theories of leader and manager which is used to
complete any specific task. Theories theory provide the instruction and guidance to do any task.
Management is the art and strategic style of manager and leader. Both use that styles to reach any
goal and objective. These roles and objectives decide by the manager and superior level. After
that company make a strategy and try to implement that strategy to get the specific result. Many
researcher give their views related to traditional approach. These approach use according to
special situation in market and company.
Modern approach:- Modern approach refer new rules and regulations and new work
strategy of company. It describes about the new portfolio of work and what kind strategy should
be used to complete any specific task (Bahmani-Firouzi, and Azizipanah-Abarghooee, 2014) .
Company prefer new equipment and technology to remove barriers and take decision are related
to work of company. It refers new management style and different plan for different plan for
different situation. Leader and manager analyse about the condition and situation. After that
decide about the approach use remove issue and manage all the activity of company.
AS M&S company can use both type of approach to manage work on global level.
Company should identify about the condition of global level and take decision which strategy
and approach is useful to manage work. M&S Company should use modern approach of work
because company face many situations and condition on global market. Many competitors are
present on global market. If company use traditional approach so it should be harmful for
company. Modern approach refer new rules, technology, data collection method and other work
related to operational and service department.

Contingency theory:- It is the expansion of trait theory. This theory also refer trait theory rules
and regulation and some other additional rules also (Expósito, A.G et. al., 2016). This theory
refer any situation which take place in company and try to influence the work of organisation. So
company manager and leader use this theory to take decision on any specific event.
System based approach:- System based approach refer a specific system and procedure to any
specific or particular situation. System based approach analyse about the condition and manager
make a procedure step by step which require some data, tools and technique to get exact result
from data.
As M&S Company use their system based approach. Company manage their store layout,
manage their inventor and many other system based approach use by company to do business.
This approach provides a platform to company to deal with any particular task. Company can
analyse about any country condition with the use this modern technique.
Situational approach:- Situational approach use on any special situation which have direct
impact on company work(Holmes, and et al., 2011). Company manager and leader use that
strategy to complete any situational task.
M&S company have option to use any approach according to their task and situation.
These approaches are necessary term to every business unit.
Traditional approach provide online options for the employees which are taking training.
This approach helps in replacing complex training design with self -paced activities.
Traditional approach is not flexible as all the workers have to complete their goals and
expectations of the instructor. Another issue with this approach is geographical access. It lacks
cost prohibitive issue and requires regular training to fulfil diverse requirements. While
situational approaches are mainly used for training leaders. This approach is very easy and
applicable to various situations. It increases the flexibility of leaders which assist the
organisation to achieve their objectives. The negative effect of situational approach is that
manager has to ensure workers perception and examine their limitations.
Contingency theory helps to achieve leadership in effective manner and it focuses on best
trait approach in order to improve leadership style. This theory provides information on
leadership styles which are important for the company in promoting leadership profiles. On the
other hand, this theory is difficult in understanding, requires inappropriate literature and testing

is also complex. The limitation of this theory is that it is reactive in nature. It guides the manager
and tells them how to react in given situation.
LO 3
P4. Approaches of operation management and the role of leader and manager
When a company start their business so it always care about the employee role and
responsibility which help organisation to complete their task in particular time. Company
describe about their work in company. Operational activity is the important part of organisation.
Company manage their cash inflow and cash out flow with the help of this activity. Company
manufacturing activity, sales activity and other production activity include in operational
activity. Company make their strategy and follow that strategy to complete any task.
Production process
Every company use their particular procedure to product any product. Company make
their own policy and strategy to produce any product. Production department require many thing
to product new product (Bahn, 2013). Company use input things and get the output thing after
follow a procedure. Company use their different process to produce product. As M&S Company
also use product process to manufacturing. Production have a process which is full fill by
manufacturing department and create a new product. This process refer some input thing which
is helpful to transform input to output. Input term refer raw material of product, equipment to
make product, labour and a property to produce new product. These all are the necessary term to
production department. After complete input process company use their equipment and
machinery to produce product and transform input to output. Transformation need fully
knowledge about the product process and what is necessary term for products. Company use
many ingredients to make their product. Production department get output from this process and
sale that output in market.

Lean production:- Lean production refers a systematic approach which help production
department to reduce wastage on production place(Sedaghati, and Kavousi-Fard, 2014). Lean
production main motive is reduce wastage without any harm of production and productivity.
Total quality management:- Total quality management prefer about quality management and a
systematic process which help organisation to manage the quality of production. It describe
about some rules and regulation of operation department. Operational management use the
principle and rules of total quality management.
Just in time:- It is the strategic process of company which is use in production department. It
follow the concept of time saving and also deal with to reduce cost of product and make
production less time (Sedaghati, and Kavousi-Fard, 2014). It help company to increase
productivity and recycle wastage product or raw material.
Continuous improvement:- Company use their different strategy and process to development of
business and it also help company to increase productivity. Company use many plan and theories
to continue improvement. Company need internal and external analysis to fine out opportunity in
company or in market also.
As M&S Company use their own strategy and process to get improvement in production
and their product. Manager use that function to reduce cost of production (Nong, and et. al.,
2013), reduce production time and increase profit and productivity.
P5 Importance and value management
Every company manage their operation activity in organisation. These operation activity
help company to produce product and also help to make effective plan in company. It is the

important part of company. It is a measure key to check about the performance level of
employee. Employee performance is necessary to complete all operational activity. Operational
activity need some specification data and it also need about some practical skills and knowledge
to make charts and reports related to sales, revenue, profit and other things (Cloudt, and Willems,
2011). Operational activity is the necessary term for every company without use of operational
activity company unable to manage their production process.
Leader and manager both are play crucial role in organisation both use operational
activity to get estimate about production and raw material. Sales forecasting also manage on the
basis of operational activity. Company should analyse about sales in future and provide
information to operation department. Leader provide information from the market and manager
take response on that information (Holmes, and et al., 2011). Manager is a person who work
manage all type of activity in company manager have power to manage the quantity of raw
material and produce better product according to market demand. Operational activity also
provide information about the cash inflow and cash outflow. Leader and manager both are have
their different roles and responsibility related to operational.
 Operational management helps to measure about the work efficiency of company and
company's employee.
 It helps to estimate about the sales and demand forecast.
 It cares about the cash inflow and outflow of company.
 It helps to reduce cost of product. It is important to management of finance.
 Operational activities needs some specific knowledge to perform on task.
M&S company use all the facility of operational management and create a working environment
in company. Company get many result and take many estimate about any task. M&S Company
can use operational activity to get result related to operational activity (Burke, 2013). Manager
and leader both have their different role related to business. Both are use different kind of
strategy to take decision. Manager is the senior level person who give instruction, provide
information and work as communicator between upper and lower level management. So
Manager and leader both are necessary to every company.
Leaders and managers plays an important role in maintaining well-functioning of the
Marks and Spencer. Leaders lead and motivates their employees to achieve their target on time.
They act as a representative of every meetings, seminars, conferences of the employees. The

helps employees to understand the task so that they can give higher productivity to the
organisation. On the other hand, managers organises plans, create task and manages employees
of the organisation. They provide right task to right people. Managers make effective decisions
and organize plans for regular changing trends of the market in order to withstand in competitive
market. Evaluating the role of leader and manager, it can be said that leader has to look after
internal operations of the company whereas, manager has to look after both internal and external
operations. Managers has to take responsibilities of the managers as well as leaders. Supervisors
has to make more efforts to influence its employees so that its followers listens him and follow
his instructions. Managers has to make effective decisions to achieve different objectives of the
organisation.
LO 4
P6- factors that have impact on operational management and decision-making
Company face many factor which have impact on organisation. Company face many
internal and external factor which have power to influence the work of organisation and help to
work in organisation. Government and many other corporate theory refer about these theory.
Company should manage their internal and external factor in business.
Corporate social responsibility:- It define about the corporate responsibility towards
community and social. Every company have to follow the rules and regulation of corporate
social responsibility (Johnstone, 2016). CSR is very important to every company. CSR help to
increase company brand name and company brand loyalty. As M&S Company establish many
social program and event which help in social responsibility.
Business Ethics:- Business ethics describe about the ethical issue and other terms which
have power to influence the work of organisation. Business provide some rules and regulation to
solve issue. Every company use ethical principle to take effective decision. Decision making also
refer business ethics process and principle.
Stake holder:- Stake holder are the necessary term of company which help to manage
operational and other activity in business. Competitors, customer, shareholder, employee,
company agent and other agent are the main stake holder of company. These stake holder are the
key factor of company (Niknam, Meymand, and Mojarrad, 2011). They all are have different
role in take any decision. Many decision affected by the stake holder.

As M&S Company use all the factor because these factor are useful to increase sale and these
factor provide many types of data. Manager and leader use that data to get estimate about future
sales and future market demand. M&S company use business ethics principle to do any work as
company want to open their store in front of orphanage or hospital so business ethics said that
provide cheap and that thing is which is necessary in hospital and orphanage. M&S company
manager and leader always do research and practical which help company to manage their store
on global level. Stake holder provide better platform to business unit for improvement and also
achievement in market growth.
CONCLUSION
Company deals with many employee in organisation. Every employee has their different
role and responsibility in company. Company always hire Managers and Leaders to do
operational and other work in organisation. Company provide different role and responsibility to
manager and leader. They have power to take effective decision related to particular event or
task. Company face many different situation. These situation influence the work of organisation.
Manager and leader both get understand about situation and take appropriate decision on event.
Leader and manager use some theories to take action on situation and perform on situation.
Operational activities are most important to every company. Company should manage all
operational activity. Operational activity also provide help to leader and manager in their work.
Company have to face many influences due to internal and external factor of company. Leader
and manager always make plan to stop these influences and complete organisation work on time.