Management and Operations: Efficiency and Effectiveness Report

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of management and operations within an organization, using Tesco as a case study. It begins by defining and comparing the roles and characteristics of leaders and managers, followed by an exploration of how these roles apply in different situational perspectives. The report then delves into operational management, analyzing key approaches such as Six Sigma and their impact on achieving business objectives. It also examines various leadership theories and models, including situational, systems, and contingency leadership. The report emphasizes the importance of effective management and operations for organizational success, highlighting the interplay between leaders and managers in driving efficiency and productivity. The document covers topics like leadership theories, management functions, operational management approaches and their importance in achieving business goals.

Understanding how
management and
operations make a
positive efficient and
effective contribution to
an organisation

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................3
PART 1- Management..........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1 ................................................................................................................................................3
P1 Define and compare the different roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager..............3
TASK 2.................................................................................................................................................5
P2 Briefly discuss examples of how role of a leader & function of a manager apply in different
situational perspectives. ..................................................................................................................5
TASK 3.................................................................................................................................................6
PART 2 – OPERATIONS.....................................................................................................................7
TASK 4.................................................................................................................................................7
P4 Analyse Operational management key approaches and role of leaders & managers.................7
P5 What is operation management and explain the values of operation management for achieving
business objectives ..........................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................................11
REFRENCES.....................................................................................................................................12
Books & Journal:...........................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Managers and leaders both are important part of organisation who are responsible for
achieving goals & objectives. Managers are those are responsible for completing task and
achieving short term objective on time (Fathy, 2018)(.Whereas leaders are those who motivates
others to get the work done. Tesco, largest supermarket chain headquartered in U.K. Firm is located
globally and has number of warehouses, stores, across the globe. This report comprises of roles &
characteristics of leader & manager, applying function & role of leader and manager in different
situational contexts, different theories, approaches of operation management, importance of value
of operation management and factors affecting business environment.
PART 1- Management
TASK 1
P1 Define and compare the different roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager
Manager- A manager refers to a person who is responsible managing and controlling
work & employee within organisation. In an organisation, manager are base of firm because they
manages everything in appropriate way. They perform several functions such as supervising,
organising, controlling etc. In relevance Tesco, they have different managers across different
departments accordingly work is carried out. For example- in marketing department responsibility
of manager is to enhance the sales & promote product of firm in market (Situmorang, 2019).
Leaders- These are those who has ability to influence other decision so that work is done.
They are one who encourages & motivates others to do work. Main responsibility of leader is to
encourage employees in work environment to achieve positive outcome. In reference with Tesco,
they have leaders who motivates staff to increase their productivity level & complete assigned tasks
on time.
Comparison in between the role of manager and leader
BASIS Managers Leaders
Meaning Manager is one who manages, supervise,
plan, control staff of enterprise.
A leader is one who affects
other decision to accomplish a
common desired goal.
Decision
They makes decisions within a firm at
all aspects.
Leaders facilitates decisions in-
between their followers.

Focus
They focuses on process as well as
procedure of management, work etc.
They pay attention on people
behaviour, attitude, thinking
etc.
Traits of managers / leaders
Managers traits -
 Problem solving- It is important characteristics of manager as they are entitled to solve
problems of firm, employees faced by them within a work environment. In context with
Tesco, problems occur during their process & production process which are solved by
managers in most efficient manner (Harrison, 2019).
 Time management- Then, a manager always carry out their work by accessing time
management properly. In context with Tesco, managers of every department make assure
that tasks are completed within a given time interval.
 Identifying risks- It is also an trait of manager as in risk is identified by managers during
work processing. For example- Manager of finance department identifies the financial risk
which occur in several situations.
Leaders traits
 Positive nature- Leaders are positiver in nature as they find a way of opportunity in every
difficult situations. In relation chosen entity, due to this characteristics of leader problems
are examined in appropriate manner.
 Decision making- Another trait of leader is that they make decisions by involving everyone
of their followers. In context of selected enterprise, leaders make decisions by allowing
equal participation of every individual. (Kawamata, 2016).
 Develop goal/ vision- Further trait is that leaders develop vision & set goals of a firm
which are needed top be achieved.
Thus, by analysis of above matter it is seen that roles & characteristics of both leaders as
well as managers are different from each other. It is essential for company to make proper decisions
when assigning roles or responsibility to them so that issue do not occur. So, comparison has been
made of both leader/ manage on different basis. In reference with selected enterprise, HR manager
of company is assign roles accordingly.

TASK 2
P2 Briefly discuss examples of how role of a leader & function of a manager apply in different
situational perspectives.
In business sector, different situations arises according to which decisions are made. It is
crucial to be aware about situations so that there is proper use of skills & knowledge. Role as well
as functions both are important which are required to be performed by leaders & managers
depending upon occur situation. In relation with selected company, they assure that there is proper
assigning of tasks, work & role so that results are achieved in positive manner. Moreover, both these
are well aware about their roles and functions through which they are able to make decisions. So,
concept is further explained below-
Conflicts situations- In organisation, conflicts situations tends to arise because of improper
communication, wrong decisions making, use of wrong strategies etc. These conflicts situations can
be of various types like work style, leadership, task based, personality based, etc. In viewpoint of
selected entity, they also faces these conflicts situations which slow down their work & production
process (Evans, 2019).
Role of leader-
 Decision maker- Leader play role of decision maker because they make decisions in every
type occurred situation so that solutions to problem provided. According to this role, they
use leadership styles. In reference with Tesco, decision-making id one by involving every
individual.
 Motivator- Another role is that they motivates / encourages others to be optimistic in such
situations so that everything is done in correct way. In relation with chosen firm, leader of
organisation encourages their subordinates to get work done within time interval.
Functions of managers-
In an enterprise, managers have several types of functions which are performed by them in
most efficient manner. In context of selected entity, they perform various types of functions which
are described below-
Planning- It is crucial function in which manager do planning in relation with work related
context. It is necessary to do planning so that strategies & decisions are made properly. So,
manager's of Tesco do planning so that goals & objectives are achieved.
Organising- It is function of manager in which work, documents, papers, are well-
organised by manager. Through this, it is easy to identify or find important things within
management which is beneficial for future period of time. In relevance with selected enterprise,
managers keeps all records & data stored in systematic manner.

Directing- In this function, managers guides & directs employees when, what, & how
work will be completed. It is essential which is needed to be performed because it assist
subordinates in understanding their work role. In reference with chosen entity, managers are
focused towards personnel work & responsibilities & guides them through process.
Controlling- In this, managers determine, measure performance of employees, firm so
that improvement areas are examined. Through this, it is easy to implement effective strategies
which help in increasing performance of both management & staff at higher level. So, managers of
selected corporation, determine performance of subordinates by conducting market research &
proper analysis, doing comparison of present & past data etc. (Chen, 2020).
Management by Objective concept-
It is process of making improvement in performance of firm to achieve goals in period of
time. MOB is wider & broader concept which requires proper knowledge of management. It
comprise of several stages which are discussed below-
 In first aspect, set goals, objectives are analysed so that proper & appropriate planning being
carried out properly (Yang, 2020).
 Then, in second aspects guidance & direction is given to employees, staff so that how
analysed objectives are required to be achieved.
 Further in third stage, progress/ performance level is being determined. It helps in analysis
of how standards or strategies can be used within a management to improve performance.
 At last, evaluation & analysis is done by accessing performance & accordingly perks,
benefits, rewards are provided within business to every individual. In relation with Tesco,
they use MOB concept which helps them to accomplish goals.
So, above matter states that function of manager & role of leaders both are necessary to be
examined so that decisions are made accordingly in different situations which occur within a
company. Furthermore, MOB concept is explained through which these both are used effectively.
TASK 3
P3 Examine different theories/ models of approach, including situational leadership, systems
leadership & contingency.
In management, leadership theories are essential to be used so that appropriate level of
strategies are implemented. A leadership refers to process of changing other's decisions so that work
is done within a time period. There are several types of leadership style which are used by leaders
in organisation depending upon several situations. So, leadership styles like supportive,

participative, achievement oriented are used by leaders. There are various types of leadership
theories which are used by leaders. In relevance with Tesco, leaders uses approaches as well as
leaderships models which are explained as follows-
 Situational theory- It is a theory which states that leaders adopts different type of style
depending upon situations. Leaders adopts leadership style according to which they use
their leadership style. This theory is highly effective and is used by enterprise in most
effective manner. By focusing on this, it is easy for entity to be aware about different
situations so that decision making is done properly. In relevance with selected entity, leaders
also use this theory which help them to apply their styles in most effective way (Pekkanen,
2020).
 System leadership- It is another theory which is adopted by Tesco leaders. In this,
enterprise is considered as a whole system rather than a sub system. It is also being viewed
as crucial one because through this subordinate work with mutual corporation. It is most
used leadership approach as it helps in understanding organisation structure properly.
 Contingency theory- According to this theory, it states that there is no particular best way
to manage subordinates or work in enterprise. In relevance with chosen entity, leaders uses
this theory as it assists them in managing employees in effective manner (Fourné, 2019).
So, discussed paragraph shows that appropriate theories are needed to be used by leaders so
that goals are accomplished. Furthermore, it is duty of HR to ensure that these are applied at all
aspects. Therefore, it is crucial to be aware about such models approaches so that decisions are
mad properly.
PART 2 – OPERATIONS
TASK 4
P4 Analyse Operational management key approaches and role of leaders & managers
Operation management can be define as function which can be use by enterprise in relation
to amangi9ng its function and achieving business objectives by utilising available resource. This is
important function as it is related to current and future productivity of organisation. In relation to
TESCO, it is performing its function at international level. This make it essential for organisation to
use effective operational manager which can coordinated to manager and leader in function. Some
of these approaches are discussed below:
Six Sigma- Six sigma is that approach of operation management in organisation which is

based on system to minimise the defects in organization and managing quality of work. This is
functions which is helpful to TESCO in managing operations where organisation can set standards
for future performance. This function will help TESCO in managing its operation in relation to
reducing variable overhead cost. Here manger and leader in organisational important roles.
Manager helps in identification of area in organisation where this function can be implemented to
achieve better productivity. In relation to this leader helps in motivation and implementing the
function on respective area which is identified by manger in organisation.
Lean production- It can be define as that approach in operational management which is
related to reducing wastage in organisation by maintaining quality of product and services offered
by organisation. This is helpful for TESCO as it helps organisation in reducing waste of resource for
making organization favourable to market needs (Ikumapayi, 2020). Herein, leader in organisation
ensure that there should be a same standard of maintenance even after reduction of waste. On the
other side, manager helps to define product before implementation of theory to analyse it further.
Queuing theory- To improve efficiency and working system of company there is system
approach which named as queuing theory. This theory is useful in Tesco for various business
decision-making process. This can also use by Tesco for management of employee working time
and supply chain management. Herein, manager in organisation play roles in managing employing
and leader tries to motivate employee to perform there job in effective manger by providing various
roles and responsibility (de Mattos Nascimento, 2019).
Management approaches
Principles of total quality management- This can be define as that approach which is by
organisation to improve there performance. Under this approach, organisations focus on improving
the management in firm by using quality function and identification of needs and requires of custom
to perform function in effective way. Here manager in firm play important function in which they
has to identify internal and external functions which will leads to successful management of quality
and achieving business objectives. Along with this, leader helps the employing in performing
function by guiding the path and motivating towards particular path which can be followed by
employees.
Just-in-Time Inventory- This can be define as an approach which is use by manager in
organisation to manage operations in effective way. This is helpful to organisation like TESCO in
managing fluctuant of staff and stock levels so that it can take effective decisions related to it. In
relation to this function manager in organisation play roles by fulfilling demands of customer and
identification of stock level according to requirements. Here leader helps in keeping regular check
on inventory level and use this function to achieve business objectives by managing prices of
inventory in business enterprise.

Kaizen- This approach is based on system where manager in organisation tries to maintain
quality of improvement on regular basis. This is function which is based on internal and external
environment in each department of Tesco. Herein, manager and leader play important role as they
try to ensure that each and every function in firm will be performed in effective way so that
implementation of function can be done in appropriate manner.
P5 What is operation management and explain the values of operation management for achieving
business objectives
This can be define as an function which is use by organisation to manage its functioning in
relation to improving its administration efficiency. This involve various kind of efforts from
manager and leader which are in form of approachers to manager operations and achieve business
objectives. This approach is essential for Tesco because it helps organisation in achieving its
business objectives. All these approaches and techniques are discussed below:
 Production- This is is that process which is use by organisation to achieve business
objectives by converting raw material into finished goods. This function essential for
organisation to ensure effective supply choosing which can be use to achieve business
objectives. Managing quality in this process is important for Tesco because It helps in
managing quality of products (Fathy, 2018).
 Research & process design- This is also use by organisation as this help firm in managing
operations. Under this, thee is use of technique several areas are to focused which are
customer value, constant involvement of management during process. This is helpful to
organization in managing its decision making process stages where it can take effective
decision according to current requirements. For example- In viewpoint of firm, they can
adopt for flexible manufacturing system which will enhance their effectiveness of overall
looks (Situmorang, 2019).
 Logistic and inventory- This is valuable function which is related to those tools and
techniques used by organization support functions and achieving objectives in tie related
manner. This function induces moving goods and services of organisation from one place to
another so that it can sale them by managing function. In relation to Tesco, this assist
organisation logistic management assist in managing of elements like storage function,
shipping activities , tracking of delivery process etc.
Importance of operation management for Sainsbury's-
 Enhances quality of goods- This is important function for organisation a it helps in
boosting the production process by ensuring and boosting quality products. This is helpful to

organisation in reducing quality of product and services which will impact on profitable
courses. This helps organisation in achieving business objectives as good quality products
attract customers.
 Customer satisfaction- This also increase customer satisfaction as there are many function
which are related to customer satisfaction. This is because these function helps in managing
operation management and using these operation in matching needs and requirements By
providing with high quality of product to customer, positive relationship is established
between both parties. (Kawamata, 2016).
This can be evaluated from above mentioned information that organisation has various
options which can be use by firm to achieve there business objectives. This will also helps in
managing operations and concluding the bets option for performance operational management.
Above staged information also helps in identification of those rational which will help in
determining profitability (Harrison, 2019).

CONCLUSION
After analysis of above report, it is seen that understand leaders and manager is important
for organisation so that work is done in proper manner. This report covers detailed comparison
between leaders, managers. Then, discussions has been made about operation management,
importance & approaches. IT has been examined that it is crucial for managers & leaders to perform
their roles, characteristics,functions according to their capabilities. Therefore, by properly
examining of these difference, it is easy to assign work &b make decisions in most efficient manner.

REFRENCES
Books & Journal:
Fathy, 2018. Single and multi-objective operation management of micro-grid using krill herd
optimization and ant lion optimizer algorithms.International Journal of Energy and
Environmental Engineering,9(3), pp.257-271.
Situmorang, 2019. Foreign versus local managers: Finding the perfect leaders for multinational
hotel subsidiaries.International Journal of Hospitality Management,78, pp.68-77.
Harrison, 2019. What qualities are required for globally-relevant health service managers? An
exploratory analysis of health systems internationally.Globalization and health,15(1), pp.1-
8.
Kawamata, 2016. Hitachi Construction Machinery Co Ltd, Fleet operation management system.
U.S. Patent 9,418,557.
Evans, 2019.From Talent Management to Talent Liberation: A Practical Guide for Professionals,
Managers and Leaders. Routledge.
Chen, 2020. Progress in hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma and peri-operation
management.Genes & Diseases.
Yang, 2020. Operations management of wind farms integrating multiple impacts of wind
conditions and resource constraints.Energy Conversion and Management,205, p.112162.
Pekkanen, 2020. Building integration skills in supply chain and operations management study
programs.International Journal of Production Economics,225, p.107593.
Fourné, 2019. Structural and contextual approaches to ambidexterity: A meta-analysis of
organizational and environmental contingencies.European Management Journal,37(5),
pp.564-576.
Ikumapayi, 2020. Six sigma versus lean manufacturing–An overview.Materials Today:
Proceedings.
de Mattos Nascimento, 2019. A lean six sigma framework for continuous and incremental
improvement in the oil and gas sector.International Journal of Lean Six Sigma.