Comprehensive Report: Leadership, Management, and Business Operations

This report delves into the multifaceted world of management and leadership, providing a comprehensive analysis of the roles of leaders and managers within an organizational context. It begins by outlining the key roles of a leader, such as visioning, setting examples, and empowering individuals, contrasting these with the core functions of a manager, including planning, organizing, directing, controlling, and coordinating. The report then explores the practical application of these roles, using Tesco as a case study to illustrate how leadership and management impact organizational effectiveness. Furthermore, it examines various leadership theories and models, including the contingency, systems, and situational approaches, evaluating their strengths and weaknesses. A key aspect of the report is the distinction between the roles of a leader and a manager, clarifying their differing focuses and responsibilities. The analysis extends to operational management, exploring different approaches, its importance, and the factors influencing it. The report concludes by discussing how managers and leaders can enhance operational efficiency and addresses the business environment factors.

Management
Operations
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................4
(A) Role of a leader and manager................................................................................................4
(B) How role of a leader and functions of manager are applied..................................................5
(C) Theories and models of leadership........................................................................................6
(D) Difference between role of a leader and function of a manager...........................................6
(E) Strength and weaknesses of different approaches.................................................................7
(F) Theories and approaches to leadership..................................................................................9
TASK 2..........................................................................................................................................10
(A) Approaches to operation management and role of manager and leader.........................10
(B) Importance of operation management.............................................................................11
(C) Factors impact upon operation management..................................................................12
(D) How manager and leader can increase the efficiency of the operation management.....13
(E)-(F) Factor affect the business environment.........................................................................13
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16
Books and journals....................................................................................................................16
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INTRODUCTION
The entire report will explain about the functions of the manager and what roles a leader plays
into the organization. The report will describe various theories and traits about how the manager
could be effective. Also it will provide a clear understanding about the concept of both managers
and leaders and how they work for the organisation. It will help you to know different types of
theory and their operations. It will provide a clear learning about which theory is the best and
most practical to adopt into your organisation. The report will provide the complete knowledge
and skill regarding the management and its operations.
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TASK 1
(A) Role of a leader and manager
There are various roles which a leader plays in an origination to enhance the effectiveness
of his team as well as into the organisation. Some of the important roles of the leader are
mentioned below to make more clear understanding o the same.
1. Visioning and setting example – This is one of the important roles played by the
leader into the organisation where the leader is required to articulate the vision,
develop corporate vision. As he is the first person to visualize the vision so that he
can lead his team. Under this the leaders see the change as the opportunity and do not
run through or fear it. Moreover, he becomes the great example to lead his team
members and tries to see the change into the organisation.
2. Empower and energize people- This is another role played by him where he is
suppose to carry the positive attitude and pass on the same to his members. To
motivate the people and mobilize them for the single or common goal. Under this the
entire concern of the leader is to bring the inner potential of the person out and let
him work with the best possible way he can do for the organisation as well as for the
team.
Characteristics of a good leader
 They pursue the most positive attitude in the organisation
 He is the one who knows how to deal with problems and set them back
 They take the complete responsibility and accountability for the same.
 They not only develop themselves but also develop those who are around them.
 They are good at delegating the work and powers.
Functions of a manager
 Planning- The first and the foremost function of the manager is to plan each and
everything he wants to achieve. He must plan his objectives and goal here he wants o
reach. Without planning none of the actions can take place.
 Organisation- The second function of the manager is to organise each and every activity
which he planned in the above stage and assign them in the systematic manner.
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 Directing- Under this the manager give directions and guidelines to the people who has
been assigned with the work and also help them in doing and understanding it.
 Controlling- The fourth function of the manager is to keep watch over the activities
which are taking place into the organisation. And keep complete eye over them.
 Coordinating- The last function of the manager is to coordinate between all the activities
together and take the team together as a group and not as an individual.
(B) How role of a leader and functions of manager are applied
Role of a leader plays a very important role in a organisation if we talk about Tesco the consider
the leaders as the most despotic persons of their company. For an instance if the team is not
providing the better result to the organisation even after investing maximum number of output
then the Tesco can check upon the leader , on his working and how a leader is presenting himself
to his group because if a leader is not participative of lacking in any of a quality like bad at
communication, energizing the people in his team or not effective at visioning the future or the
objective then the team might also suffer even after putting lot of effort as every team and the
members of the team needs motivation and inspiration from his leader to achieve the common
end. So basically if the working isn’t fine into the group in the organisation like Tesco then they
could definitely work upon their leader. In such situation a good leader will enhance the
communication of his team, will motivate them to show their inner potential and also he will
make sure to keep his team bind together. And that’s how the roles of the leader could be applied
in the particular situation in the organisation such as Tesco.
Whereas the role of the manager is something that comes above all the level and work. The
leader can only guide, give directions or motivate the employees or hi team member but if we
talk about the manager he is someone who is above the leader if we talk in the quantitative or
qualitative work. As manager makes the first and the initial plan for the organisation and decides
the goal which the organisation needs to achieve collectively whereas leader is the one who
follow ups the same plans and then works upon it. For an instance if we take the example of the
organisation Tesco, in case there comes a situation where the employees do not get how the work
actually needs to be performed which has already been planned and organised by the manager
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then he can anytime discuss the same with the concern manager who was or who is responsible
for the planning, organising, directing, controlling and co-ordinating.
(C) Theories and models of leadership
 Contingency theory of leadership- Such of leadership could be applied in the
organisation like Tesco when all the theories and leading style fails then this theory could
be applied which says that this theory is entirely based on the prevailing situation when
the leader does not work according to any such propound techniques but when the leaders
use and applies their own thoughts and vision for dealing with that particular situation. So
ever such situations come in Tesco when none of the theory works the leaders may apply
the contingency theory for solving the situations.
 Systems leadership - If we talk about this type of leaders in the contrast of Tesco this
type of leadership is said to be adopted when the leaders are suppose to cross the
boundaries or when they the organisation is expecting to extend leaders beyond the usual
limits of their responsibilities and authorities. So if the employees are lead with such
leadership they could be transferred or rotate anytime in the top because with the help of
systems leadership they will learn the understanding of the areas which are beyond the
boundary. For an instance if there is any kind of emergency in the organisation for the
employee then they could place any other employee who has been leaded with the
systems leadership.
 Situational leadership - Such type of leadership style could be adopted in Tesco when
they want their employees to make connect with two or more activities or combining two
or more than two activities and behaviour together. Where the major focus is upon
combining supportive behaviour with directive behaviour.
Hence, these are some of the leadership which could be applied in the above mentioned
situations in the Tesco. Being aware of this leadership and applying them into the Tesco
will help Tesco to rise high and achieve the desired targets of the organisation.
(D) Difference between role of a leader and function of a manager
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 A manager focuses on the process and on the entire procedure and how it is done whereas
the leader’s major focus is upon the people as he is the one who leads them.
 The leader is the one who envisions the things and objectives about the future as well
about the present scenario whereas the manger is the one who administrate the functions
and duties.
 The major function of the manager is to maintain the work which has been assigned by
him whereas the leader is the one whose major concern is to develop the people on the
whole and enhance their personality.
 Manager is the one who measures the projection which has been commenced whereas
leader is the one who measures the project which he has lead to his team.
 The manager ensures that the tings have been are right whereas the leader focuses upon
the things should be done rightly.
 The manager see to it that the rules which are made should be implemented and only
those must be followed where the leader brings the innovation and creativity in his way
of leading as well as doing the work.
 The manager is the one who asks for detail all the time and seek information from his
employees about the work done where the leader just go for the possibility he just take
the assumption and does it with a probability of may be success or failure.
 The function of the manager is to focus upon the corporate policies, processes and the
procedures and not beyond that and follow up all the rules whereas s the leader magnifies
the individual person, their capabilities and their individual purpose and judges them on
their individual personality.
 A manager deals with what is probable where the leader deals in what is possible.
 Managers are the rule makers, design makers, implement rules , organizes all the details
and they ensure the compliance whereas the leader is the one who believes in visioning,
define purposes, who brings creativity and innovation into the organisation.
(E) Strength and weaknesses of different approaches
Contingency approach
Strength
 It is the most survived and most valid and reliable approach.
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 It is grounded and the most empirical.
 The contingency approach has broadened the scope of leadership from single
aspect to vast aspect.
 It helps in providing the predicted powers about which leadership would be best
to adopt.
Weakness
 Sometimes the contingency approach becomes inadequate.
 It is a complex phenomenon as very new way is to be finding out for various
situations.
 Difficult empirical testing sometimes.
 It is reactive and proactive most of the time.
Situational approach
Strength
 This situation is very popular and is frequently used for training leaders into the
organisation.
 This is very practical and empirical approach which is applied and easily
understandable and applies at almost across a variety of setting.
 It helps in guiding how leaders should act and achieve the effectiveness of the
leadership.
Weakness
 There are only few research being conducted to justify this approach and only few
questions is been raised about this situation theory.
 The authors are still confused that how the various levels are being combined with
each other and the authors are still unclear about this subject.
 It is very hard to define how commitment is conceptualize in it.
 It is unclear that how the different levels match with other and how the
subordinate’s development level or the prescription models are defined.
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As we could see the above mentioned theories and their description which clearly defines that
every theory or approaches have both strength and weaknesses which they needs to face and also
need to work upon it to become the most effective and more applicable in the practical situation
or scenario.
(F) Theories and approaches to leadership
Behavioural theory –The behavioural theory of leadership is classified as such because this
theory is entirely based upon the behaviour of the leader. As we know that every leader pursue
different type of behaviour where this theory studies about the individual behaviour that might be
dependent upon how a leader reacts on a particular situation and how he will behave under
certain situation this define as the behaviour of the leader. Apart from the styles of leadership the
theories also plays a vital role in shaping the future of the employees into the organisation.
This type of theory might include the positive behaviour, aggressive behaviour, polite behaviour
or negative behaviour of handling the various situations as well as the team members a leader is
leading.
Great man theory – Are some people born to lead? This theory is entirely based on the great
leaders like Gandhi Ji, Julius Caesar , napoleon, queen Elizabeth I, and Abraham Lincoln we will
find that these all will seem different from rest of the troupe. As they carried a high level of
dedication and spirit of leading the people and it was all voluntary efforts which were made by
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Theories
Behavioura
l theory
Contigency
theory
Great man
theory

them. These people were not trained as a leader but they were born for the same. They had a
different zeal into them which made them such great personality and an inspiration from each
and every person today. This theory possess that some of the leaders are born and they aren’t
made, they are self guided and understandable. They make a difference and carry something in
their mind which is not present in the usual people’s mind. Not only they but some of the
Sportsperson, Top executives and even politicians sets an aura which sets them apart from rest of
the troupe. Such type of theory of leadership is explained as the great man theory.
Contingency theory of leadership – It is an organisation theory which claims that there is no
best way to organise the organisation but a good leader is that only who works according to the
present situation. The one who takes the right decisions considering the present situation as well
as the past experience for the same and applies his own style and way to lead the people and
enhances his leadership. This theory claims that every technique fails if the leader does not
consider the situations. for instance if there comes any such situation which has never happened
into the organisation then the leader needs to create his own decision for solving the problem in
his style in the best possible way he could do.
TASK 2
(A) Approaches to operation management and role of manager and leader
 System approach – The system approach is a wider scope which not only focuses
upon the internal factors of the organisation but also considers the external
environment factor as the crucial part of the organisation like Tesco. The approach
claims that one shouldn’t be only concise to the domestic level but should expand
globally to understand the market scenario and other competitive element of the
environment. Here by external factor it means the stake holders the external parties
or we could say the third party which is involved in trade with us must also be
considered by meeting up to their expectations as being the stake holder of Tesco,
they will expect to get the maximum returns and profit so keeping their desires as the
priority is explained into the system approach. (Clerkin and Ruderman , 2016)
 Total quality management: It has been noticed that by having an application of
total quality management the business firm can easily advance the work
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effectiveness. Overall standards in respect to the operation management can be
advanced in order to lead Tesco towards impressive level of success. Use of six
sigma method and further valuation is also need to be referred so that goals and
objectives can be accomplished.
 Kaizen Approach: It is referred as process that allows to attain long term
development. With an assistance of this businesses can have continuous
development in regard to have systematic work approach. Along with this, Tesco can
also have accomplishment of change management through effective application of
standards under Kaizen approach. It also advances the efficiency and quality of
work. Eliminate the need for inspection on a mass basis by building quality into the
product in the first place.
Role of a leader
A leader plays various roles into the organisation as leader is one of the despotic essences of
the smooth working of the organisation. Some of the roles of the leader are explained below.
 Knowledge sharing- It is one of the important role which must be played by the
leader where he is responsible and must be liable to gain knowledge from various
sources and gather information and pass on the same to his team to make them aware
of each and every thing which is going into the organisation. The leader is the one
who is expected to share his knowledge and skills with his entire team as much as he
can. (Cox,2010)
 Communication- Secondly the leader needs o play the role of a communicator and
not only a communicator but he must be an effective communicator who must be
liable to share and communicate his views as well the views which he get from other
members he must communicates in the team so that no one feels like he is or was
unaware of any such important fact.
 Motivator- This is one of the most important role which every leader is expected to
play where his sole duty is to motivate and influence his team and his members to
work hard and never feel demotivate by any other person or by any other team into
the organisation. Continuous motivation is very much essential for the effective
performance of the individual as well as the team.
Role of the manager
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 Figurehead- The first role of the manager as being the head of the organization he is
require to sigh the legal documentation or provide the approval for the same.
 Liaison officer- The another role of the manager is to bring information from
everywhere and share it with the employees and the people into the organisation as
well as he is also liable to build contacts with the other parties and build the strong
relationship with them for the future requirement.
(B) Importance of operation management
The role of operation management is very important in any type of business organisation for
making a service or a product to more efficient and effective. Also it might affect the
profitability of any kind in the organisation whether it is small or large, public or private,
(Esen, 2015) manufacturer or service it can be any kind. Without the operation management no
business can hope for the success in to the market as it deals with the product and services. It
uses resources approximately to create products that fulfil the market requirement. The operation
management deals with the development of the products and bring creativity into them. The
major function of the operation management is to check upon the quality, speed, cost, and
flexibility of the product or the services. It is the entire responsibility of the operation
management to ensure that the resources are being utilized properly, whether the work is being
done in the right time or not. Also that the raw material is being supplied on the time or not.
Where the customer management provide the best quality product to the customer to satisfy their
market demand. It is entirely concern with each and every detail of the product and services. As
in today’s era of business quality of the product pays very important role in enhancing the
effectiveness as well as the goodwill of the organisation. (Institute, 2008) So on the whole
operation management is very important for the business.
(C) Factors impact upon operation management
Environment factor is one of the major factor which impact upon the operation management
as increase emphasis is going towards reduce waste, recycle and reuse the product parts and
tools as the societies and communities have expressed the need of complete control over the
waste of the products and resources, waste disposals, global warming which has reach to an
extend and other such environment issue are highly expected. Controlling the quality and
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standard of the products and services one of the major concern of the operation management.
Also the physical location impacts on the operation management as location affects the
market and the customers a lot s there are large and small stores both located and the small
stores might get affected by the large stores which might be located near to them and the
entire public traffic may shift to that large store so planning of the perfect physical location
for you business is very important. Then the government policies are the issues which affect
the operation management due to the legal rules and regulations implemented by the
government. Also the taxes which are enforced by the government on different products and
policies. These policies of government somehow affect the working of the operation
management. Supply chain is again another factor which affects the operational management
as there are improper channel through which the product is been transmitted which affects
the quality of the product. For an instance if we export the batteries of the computer they
may catch fire in between which will might result in the big loss of the business so the
medium or the channel is the important factor which might impact upon the operation
management. Schyns,B., and ( Meindl,2005)
(D) How manager and leader can increase the efficiency of the operation management
Manager and leader both play the most important role in enhancing the effectiveness of the
operation management as a manager can forecast the requirement of the future resources and
the production which might be required to attain the goal of the organisation. Secondly the
manager could make the best use of the resources and utilize them in the most effective
manner. Also the manager could remove the work in progress inventory, through put time to
reduce the production cost which could be very efficient in execution of the plan. He can
also reduce the material handling cost, which can be done with the help of efficient material
handling technique which will help in providing the most effective production this could also
be done through plant layouts which must be developed in the correct way. (C and
Shi ,2014)
Leader work is to check upon the entire working going on into the operation research being
enforced by the team members, for increasing the effectiveness of the operation market a
leader can monitors the working and then make a vision out of it for accomplishing the plan
or the objective of the organisation. After that the leader can analysis various techniques or
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methods which can be applied to avoid the same. And then he can make out the process
through which it can be enhanced in the more efficient manner. (Winkler, 2010)
(E)-(F) Factor affect the business environment
There are various factors which affect the business environment like economic factors,
political factors, social factors, technological factors and legal factors which affect the
business in their own way for an instance the economic factor affect the business by the
changes in the gross domestic product of the economy or any changes in the policies and
procedures or government intervention into the business all comes into the category of
economic factor. Secondly there are political factors that are the changes in the political
parties the new policies and schemes which are implemented by the political persons might
affect the business very badly and effectively. Then there comes the technological change
under which the changes in the technology and modernization may affect the working of the
business and it is never easy to adopt the technology over a night as it a long process. Also
then comes the social factor that is the personal income of the person, his family income his
status and respect is very important which also affects the business environment. So these
were the major five factors which affect the working o the business very badly and
drastically changes could be seen.
In addition to this, it can be stated that by having an improved focus on CSR activities the
business firm can have continuous development. It has been noticed that if businesses is not
considering values of CSR then it will impact the overall outcome in negative manner. It
might be possible that strict actions can be taken into account against company if CSR norms
are not fulfilled in desired manner. Along with this, business ethic is also a crucial factor
which might affect the overall outcome. It has been noticed that by having a consideration of
ethics the business operational activities significance can be advanced effectively. If business
ethics are not being followed then it will impact the Tesco brand image in the market in
negative manner. It is necessary to ensure that key means of code conduct are followed
effectively so that long term sustainability can be attained.
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CONCLUSION
The entire report will provide the understanding of the management operations by explaining the
terms leader, management and how they are co related with other in the working of the
organisations. It will help you learn the various roles and characteristics of both the leader and
the manager. Also it will provide and insight about the operation management that is how it is
done, its importance in the business environment, what factors affects the working of the
operation management. Moreover, in the context of operation management it will explain how
managers and leaders help in making the operation management more effective.
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Esen,E., 2015. Leadership Styles in Organizations Participating in the UN Global Compact,
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