Unit 4 Report: Management, Leadership, and Operational Strategies

This report delves into the core concepts of leadership and management, contrasting the roles, responsibilities, and characteristics of managers and leaders within an organizational context. Using Waitrose & Partners as a case study, the report highlights key management functions such as planning, organizing, staffing, directing, budgeting, and controlling. It explores various leadership styles, including situational, system, and contingency approaches, and their impact on achieving organizational goals. Furthermore, the report examines the significance of operational management in attaining commercial objectives and analyzes the influence of the business environment on the decision-making processes of leaders and managers. The report provides a comprehensive overview of how leaders and managers can improve competence from operational administration to achieve victory, while considering the factors within the business environment that impact the decision-making procedure.

Unit – 4
Management
And
Operations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................3
TASK - 1...............................................................................................................................................3
P1. Contrast between responsibility and features of mangers and leaders.........................................3
M1. Differentiate among function of leader and directors with application of theories.....................5
TASK - 2...............................................................................................................................................5
P2. Demonstrate the occupation of manager that are useful in an organisation.................................5
P3. Apply different premise and sculpt of headship approach...........................................................6
M2. Identify the strength and weakness to appraise different approaches of leadership....................7
TASK - 3...............................................................................................................................................8
P4. Describe the key approaches of business administration and roles that leaders and managers
play....................................................................................................................................................8
P5. Explain the significance and worth of operational administration in attaining commercial
objectives...........................................................................................................................................9
M3. Examine various ways for leaders and managers to recover competence from operational
administration in achieving victory..................................................................................................10
TASK - 4.............................................................................................................................................10
P6. Consider the aspects within business surroundings that impact upon decision-making procedure
of leaders and managers...................................................................................................................10
M4. Analyse different ways through which various factors affect business environment................12
CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Management is described as the co-ordination of various activities performed in a business to
achieve certain specified goal and objectives. The major principle of industry is to assemble the wants
of clients through delivering them superior merchandise and services for accomplishing success. The
operation management refers as procedure of running business practices for creating high level of
efficiency through improving skills of workers by providing them guidance and improvement
programs. In this project Waitrose & Partners has been selected as a brand of British supermarkets,
selling groceries as biggest employee-owned retailer with its headquarter in Bracknell, United
Kingdom (Bechar and Vigneault, 2017). This project compares between role, characteristics and
functions of managers and leader. It further applies various leadership approaches with their strength
and weakness. Additionally, it describes the key approaches, significance and worth of business
administration that leaders and directors play in their business to achieve objectives. This project also
examines various ways from operation management to improve efficiency in accomplishing success.
It assesses various factors within business environment that either positively or negatively impact
upon decision-making procedure of leaders and managers within an organisation.
TASK - 1
P1. Contrast between responsibility and features of mangers and leaders
Managers:- The director is described as supervisor who directs and instructs leaders about the
specific target which has to be achieved by the team in an particular duration. Managers of Waitrose
focus on the actions done by their workforce for identifying and analysing the capability to finish
ambition and intention efficiently.
Roles:-
 Performance Management:- It is the responsibility and accountability of managers to
evaluate the task performed by their workers through justifying with quality and time
management. The role of managers in Waitrose compares the action done by their workers
from previous to present and with their sub-ordinates.
 Goal-Oriented:- The managers are able in performing their task with planning, directing and
controlling actions of workforce to attain short as well as long term goals easily for competing
with rivalries. Managers of Waitrose focus on their goal as to analyse the business activities
which will lead company to accomplish success for nourishing in global marketplace with
their spirited strategy (Ding, 2018).

Characteristics:-
 Time management:- The main function of managers is to identify time consumption within a
particular task that might hindrance in goal achievement of company. The directors of
Waitrose concentrates on time management as they offer guidance and expansion programs
for their workers in order to restrict errors and improve efficiency.
 Innovative thinking:- The main significant purpose of director is to strategise their thinking
skills for developing strategic decision-making procedure in order to produce expertise
merchandise which can meet requirements of customers. The role of managers in Waitrose is
to develop strategy for competing with rivalries by mechanized superior commodities that
draw attention for huge number of clients to purchase it.
Leaders:- The leaders are considered as the team player for whole team who take
responsibility of whole group. The duty and responsibility of leader is to follow the instructions
imposed by supervisors for achieving a particular target. Leaders of Waitrose focus on performing
their actions with good quality management and within particular duration for fulfilling the desire of
customers.
Roles:-
 Improve motivation:- The leader aims to develop and improve motivation of their team
members by cheering them to do duty with the ability to realize personal and organisational
goals (El-Kassar and Singh, 2019). The role of leaders in Waitrose inspires their employees
through monetary and non-rewards which boost energy of workforce to carry out duty with
more eagerness.
 Employee associations:- It is the duty of leader in developing superior worker relationships
among workforce throughout appointment and participation. Leaders of Waitrose are
beneficial as their workforce complete performance by building co-ordination with
collaboration that result in achieving specific target within particular duration.
Characteristics:-
 Delegator:- The leaders delegate roles and responsibility to their workforce by giving them
power to manage their task with proper quality management. The role of leaders in Waitrose
delegate employment in accord with the capability of labour through division of work.
 Charismatic:- It is the chief principle of leader is to develop confidence and excitement in
their workers while performing activities which result in good atmosphere of workforce to
accomplish task. Leaders in Waitrose are charming as they follow policies and procedures of

managers and instruct their workers to perform task within particular duration in order to
achieve success.
M1. Differentiate among function of leader and directors with application of theories
Features Managers Leaders
Definition The manager is described as
supervisor who directs and
instructs leaders about the specific
target which has to be achieved by
the team in a particular duration.
The leaders are considered as the
team player for whole team who
take responsibility of whole group.
Function The function of managers is
forecasting, organising, recruiting,
directing, financial statement and
domineering in order to achieve
success efficiently.
The functions of leaders are to
improve motivation, build employee
relation, delegator, charismatic, etc.
TASK - 2
P2. Demonstrate the occupation of manager that are useful in an organisation
Functions of Manager:- There are various functions of managers in a business which are
performed in order to achieve success efficiently. It creates prospect for expansion and steadiness of
an organisation to remain stable at competitive market (Gaimon, Hora and Ramachandran, 2017).
Managers of Waitrose focus on all the actions being performed in business and keep records of each
and every activity for proper management. The six functions of manager are mentioned below as:-
 Planning:- This is defined as first procedure of manager in developing strategic decision-
making process for forecasting through inventive data. Managers of Waitrose focus on
planning their specialised product with new and creative thinking skills as to fulfil the
requirements of customers.
 Organising:- It is explained as the process in which director plan and execute their idea for
satisfying the needs and desire of customers. Managers of Waitrose implement plan by
decentralising their actions to workers as to work in harmony with preparation to accomplish
success.
 Staffing:- The staffing refers as to hire and select new workers by generating career prospect
for the candidates for encouraging them to provide their application. Managers of Waitrose
select the workers which are capable for job vacancy in business to improve efficiency.

 Directing:- The major intention of director is to direct and supervise behaviour for workforce
by guiding them to perform their activities within particular direction. Managers of Waitrose
assign the target to team leaders which further delegate activity through division of work and
lead to complete target within particular duration (János, 2019).
 Budgeting:- The capability of finishing assignment within specified duration by time
management in order to struggle with oppositions through minimising the cost of products. It
result in restricting the unwanted waste disposal and focus on least-cost effective merchandise
and services. Managers of Waitrose forecast the estimated budget with their predicted revenue
and expenditure and justify it with actual budget for increasing profits.
 Controlling:- This is defined as the procedure of monitoring and controlling actions
performed by workers for restricting errors through implementing innovative idea of
corrective measure. Managers of Waitrose control the actions of their workforce by providing
them preparation and expansion programs which result in restriction of errors and lacks
stoppage in ambition realization.
The managers mostly deal with various situations available in business for minimising them
to attain its ambition and objectives efficacy that are as follows:-
 Improve product quality:- It is very essential for an organisation to manufacture product
with total quality and time management for satisfying the demand of customers. The major
function and accountability of managers is to produce and develop goods and services in
accordance with change in taste and preference of end-users. Managers of Waitrose focus on
increasing brand awareness of their qualitative product by endorsing and placing their
merchandise and supplies to target market. It supplies commodities with straight and not
direct canal of allocation.
 Low cost pricing:- Managers focus on developing products and services with least-cost
effective pricing strategy as to draw huge numeral of clients to purchase their products. It
results in enlarging buyers by maintaining low cost of qualitative goods and services which
increase sales and profits of company (LoRusso, 2018). Managers of Waitrose are beneficial
as they develop client connection administration by fulfilling the needs and wants of end-
users through supplying goods with various canal of allotment in order to remove the
hindrance of place.
P3. Apply different premise and sculpt of headship approach
Leadership Style:- It is described as the process through which leaders guide their workers to
perform actions in an effective manner by developing products with total quality management.
Leaders of Waitrose focus on implementing plan and identify the target that has to be achieved by its
workforce. It further propose a strategy for encouraging workers to achieve target by motivating them

through tangible and intangible benefits such as gratuity, inducement, grade, official document,
presentation appraisal, sponsorship, transfer, etc.
 Situational:- This theory is defined as the process through which a leader identify current
situation of business and play varied role of leadership styles in achieving success. It is
essential for an organisation to examine the alteration in tang and flavour of customers which
restricts the demand of product. The leader of Waitrose further research on their demand and
develop a specialised product which is capable in fulfilling demand. They also change
leadership style in accordance to workers for emphasizing them to perform their tasks within
meticulous interval in attaining specific target. It is highly important for managers to manage
their business effectively by emphasizing leaders to take competitive steps for achieving the
target that leads to expand business. The main aim for leaders is to delegate roles and
responsibility to workforce for encouraging workers to give their best efforts with perfection
that creates prospect for attaining goal (Obafemi, 2018).
 System:- The system approach refers as ability of leaders to follow the instructions of
supervisors in order to complete their target as per guidance. It develops a discipline manner
of leaders and team members in performing their roles as the instructions of supervisors.
Leaders of Waitrose follow the directions of managers and they delegate activities in harmony
with the ability of their workers to do task with efficiency. The Waitrose managers further
plans to accomplish target with systematic manner by directing and guiding workers to follow
instructions as and when required. It is essential for workers to perform their task as per
direction that leads company to restrict errors and accomplish intention efficiently.
 Contingency:- This approach is described as the collaboration of both above theories of
situational and system leadership style. It refers as the ability of leaders to perform actions in
systematic manner and to change their procedure of leadership style in accordance with
business situation for meeting the requirements of customers. Leaders of Waitrose follow this
procedure as to play their role effectively by restricting errors in order to achieve individual
and organisational goals and objectives for remaining stable in global market.
M2. Identify the strength and weakness to appraise different approaches of leadership
Leadership Approach Strength Weakness
Situational Approach The strength of situational
approach is that as being more
flexible in encouraging
successful collaboration of
leaders with its team members
to achieve specified target.
The weakness of situational
leadership style is it has
ineffectiveness in task-oriented
goals and does not provide
enough information to leaders.

System Approach The strength of system
leadership is to share views,
ideas and information among
one another by developing trust
and faith.
The weakness of system
approach is difficult to maintain
co-ordination among the group
as there may be possibility of
conflicts, jealousy, etc.
Contingency Approach It allows an organisation to
choose different leaders as per
their leadership styles in various
contexts.
The theory does not expect that
all leaders are efficient in
dealing with all types of
situation within organisation.
TASK - 3
P4. Describe the key approaches of business administration and roles that leaders and
managers play
Operation Management:- This refers as the area of management by designing and
controlling procedure of business operations for restricting errors in order to reduce delay in
achievement of success (Rabta, Wankmüller and Reiner, 2018). Managers of Waitrose implement this
as manufacture merchandise and services with whole superiority and time management which result
in satisfying the wants, wish and desire of clientele.
 Six Sigma:- It is described as the process to restrict errors or mistakes in production by
providing guidance and improvement programs which restricts the delay in achievement of
success. The role of managers in Waitrose has to monitor and control the actions of workers
by identifying mistakes and taking corrective measures to solve it efficiently. The role of
leaders in Waitrose is to provide training which result in improving skills of workers and
reduce the possibility of errors while completing their task.
 Lean Production:- The lean production is described as the aptitude of manufacturer to
extend a product with minimising the unwanted waste as to utilise it effectively which result
in reducing cost of product. The role of managers in Waitrose is to ascertain the expense on
product which results in minimum expenditure on developing goods and services as to attract
customers for more consumption. The role of leaders in Waitrose is to produce qualitative
product at which buyers are ready to pay high prices for their specialised qualitative finished
goods.
 Queuing Theory:- The queuing theory is study of queues and the random process that
characterise in mathematical and logical sense. The role of managers in Waitrose implement
this model as to analyse the software application for considering it a part of operation research
(Sowoidnich, 2019). The role of leaders in Waitrose is to identify delay in queuing lines and

to restrict it by managing the performance with improvement of products and services for
customers.
 Total Quality Management:- It is described as the process through which managers focus on
developing qualitative products in order to meet the needs and wants of customers by
providing them high level of satisfaction. The role of managers in Waitrose is to assist the
performance of workers by selecting and appointing right individual or leader that can take
charge for the whole project. The role of leaders in Waitrose is to demonstrate the essential
requirement of total quality management as to develop customer loyalty and support by
supplying qualitative products.
 Kaizen Approach:- This refers as ability of managers to increase the capability of workers to
perform their job roles with collective agreements that leads to attain victory efficiently (Sun,
Zhang and Li, 2018). The role for managers of Waitrose is to manage and run their business
effectively by assigning task with equal proportionate. The role for leader of Waitrose is to
analyse the capability of individual for allotting task with their perfection that leads to achieve
target efficiently.
(a) Teamwork:- The managers of Waitrose focus on developing good interpersonal relations
among workforce that leads to collaborate with each other for finishing single goal.
(b) Personal discipline:- Waitrose managers further emphasize leaders to instruct workers
for completing their task within discipline that leads to attain goals and objectives at
certain time period.
(c) Improve morale:- The managers of Waitrose determine various strategies to improve the
morale of workforce by encouraging them to complete task within specified duration.
P5. Explain the significance and worth of operational administration in attaining
commercial objectives
Operation management plays major role in an organisation by converting raw materials into
work-in-progress and further developing it to make finished goods and services. Managers of
Waitrose are advantageous as they are capable in restricting waste disposal by minimising the cost of
products which result in increase of sales and profits. Some of its importance is shown as under:-
 Waste reduction:- The company most probably aims to restrict its expenditure on
manufacturing product by minimising the waste disposal. It further focuses on utilising the
waste effectively in various process of production as to reduce its cost (Yankov, 2019).
Managers of Waitrose restrict its waste by focusing on its quality management which result in
least-cost effective finished goods that enlarge customers to purchase.
 Able to utilise scarce resources:- The major principle of managers is to utilise scarce
resource efficiently in order to increase its aggressive strategy that develops opportunity for

company to maintain position in global marketplace. Managers of Waitrose are highly
capable in utilising scarce resource as to generate their inherent power for domineering weak
spot and extrinsic opportunities to minimise coercion.
The operation management is very necessary for an administration in achieving its goals and
objectives by supplying qualitative goods and services to clients for drawing their attention towards
them to acquire more of commodities (Yao and Van Woerden, 2018). Managers of Waitrose focus on
developing customer relation management by analysing the change in demands of customers and to
supply good quality products. Some of its values are as follows:-
 Customer support and loyalty:- The managers develops customer support and loyalty by
providing them qualitative products and services at which buyers are ready to pay high prices.
Managers of Waitrose focus on supplying qualitative products through direct and indirect
channel of distribution which includes producer, representative, wholesalers, merchant, and
patrons.
 Improve goodwill:- It is the ability of managers to generate capital by converting their
investment with undertaking high risk into high return in future. Managers of Waitrose focus
on improving goodwill by achieving success repeatedly in order to prolong at competitive
market. This further aims to augment aggressive strategy in order to contend with its
oppositions.
M3. Examine various ways for leaders and managers to recover competence from
operational administration in achieving victory
The managers and leaders recover efficacy from operational administration in achieving
victory as to contend with opposition through their aggressive strategies. It is essential for an
organisation to sustain in global market by accomplishing goals and objectives. This encourage
employees in gaining tangible and intangible rewards by giving their workers through bonus,
incentives, degrees, certificates, presentation evaluation, promotion, etc. Managers of Waitrose are
beneficial as they achieve their desired goals and objectives in meticulous period and struggle with
opposition to maintain position at international market.
TASK - 4
P6. Consider the aspects within business surroundings that impact upon decision-
making procedure of leaders and managers
Business Environment:- The business environment refers as the combination of internal and
external surroundings of business which affect the stability of business either favourably or

unfavourably (Zhu and et.al., 2018). Managers of Waitrose focus on their business environment as to
analyse factor which impact upon operation management and decision-making procedure positively or
negatively in order to remain stable at global market. Some of the factors are explained as under:-
 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR):- The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an
evolving business practices that incorporate sustainable development in a company’s business
model. It is necessary for an organisation to fulfil the desire of customers by providing them
high level of satisfaction with supplying qualitative goods. Managers of Waitrose implement
community societal accountability as an administration conception to incorporate social and
ecological concerns of business with its stakeholders. It is favourable factor as managers
share their data and information to stakeholder which develops trust and faith among
customers.
 Employee efficiency:- The companies focus on improving employee efficiency by providing
their workers training and development product which result in improving skills. Managers of
Waitrose are unfavourable as it causes high expense on their cost of product. It is also
favourable for company as it results in restricting errors in performance of their employees
that further lacks delay in goal accomplishment.
 Culture:- It is essential for an organisation in emphasizing workers to follow culture, values,
ethos, norms and code of conduct among each other by developing respect for everyone.
Managers of Waitrose are negatively impacted as it is difficult for all workers to understand
each other religion and behaviour. The managers of Waitrose are positively impacted as
develop good relations among one another that result in achievement of success efficiently.
 Sustainability:- The main purpose of every company is to achieve success efficiently by
meeting the demands of customers which result in developing loyalty and support. Managers
of Waitrose focus on achieving goals and objectives within particular duration in order to
compete with its rivalries to sustain in global market. It positively affects company as to
increase their competitive strategies for being stable at their position in perfect competition
market.
 Ethics:- It is described as most important task for managers to perform their business
activities with ethical practices that leads to follow all legal legislations imposed by
government. The managers of Waitrose further emphasize to act upon rules and regulations
generated by political leaders of United Kingdom that leads to create good image and
reputation among its target market.
 Stakeholders:- The stakeholder is described as a party that has an interest in company which
result in typical corporation of sponsor, workforce, clients and supplier. Managers of
Waitrose are adversely affected by these stakeholders as they keep on switching their bid for
varied commodities of stocks.

M4. Analyse different ways through which various factors affect business
environment
The factors affect stability of business in global market either favourably or unfavourably
impact upon decision-making procedure of managers within an organisation. It includes factors as
community societal accountability, worker efficacy, civilization, worth and principles, sustainability,
stakeholders, etc. The managers of Waitrose are positively impacted by this factor as it develops
opportunity over threats. The company also challenges negative impact through this factor as they
increase weakness or threats over strength and opportunities.
CONCLUSION
From the above discussion it have been concluded that administration of organisational
activities is very necessary for business to achieve its particular objective within meticulous period.
The Operation management plays major role in an organisation in developing qualitative products and
services as to fulfil the desire of customers through specialised commodities at which they are ready
to pay high prices. This project compares between role, characteristics and functions of managers and
leader with time management, charismatic, delegator, target-oriented, etc. It further applies various
leadership approaches that are situational, system and contingency style with their strength and
weakness. Additionally, it describes the key approaches, importance and value of operation
management which are total quality management, queuing theory, six sigma, etc., that leaders and
managers play in their business to achieve objectives. This project also examines various ways from
operation management to improve efficiency in accomplishing success such as customer support and
loyalty, improve goodwill, etc. It assesses various factors within business environment that that are
corporate social responsibility, culture, ethos and values, employee efficiency, sustainability and
stakeholder either positively or negatively impact upon decision-making procedure within an
organisation.