Management and Operations Report

This report analyzes the roles of leaders and managers in operations management, focusing on Procter & Gamble (P&G). It discusses various leadership theories, management functions, and the impact of operational strategies on organizational efficiency. The report emphasizes the importance of effective leadership in achieving business objectives and improving productivity through various management approaches.

MANAGEMENT
AND
OPERATION

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
LO 1.................................................................................................................................................3
Defining and comparing the different roles and characteristic of leaders and managers.......3
M1 ..........................................................................................................................................5
LO 2.................................................................................................................................................5
Roles of leaders and the functions of manager.......................................................................5
different theories and models of leadership............................................................................7
Assess the strengths and weaknesses of different. ................................................................8
LO 3.................................................................................................................................................9
Explain the key approaches to operation management with roles of leaders.........................9
The importance and values of operations.............................................................................11
Leaders and managers improves efficiency. .......................................................................12
LO 4...............................................................................................................................................13
Assess the factors within the business environment.............................................................13
Analysis the different factors................................................................................................14
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
Operation management department is the function of the company In other words,
companies Management & Operation department helps to hold the various strategic issues,
including crucial the size of industry plants and project management. Present study based on the
management and operations of P&G (Procter & Gamble) it is a multinational consumer goods
organisation situated in US. Furthermore, Study explaining about the role of managers & leaders
in order to perform the company aims and objectives. Study explaining the different key
approaches of systems leadership and contingency goals in order to represents the deep
understanding of the management operations by supporting several leadership approaches.
Importance of operation and management and its value play in within the company also will
describe in the further research. Overall, the main aim of the study is to analyse the value of
M&O and its impact on the company decision making. Furthermore, In this study also explains
the P&G management structure that helps to lead the business structure and elaborate the roles
and responsibilities of the employees and level of management.
LO 1
Defining and comparing the different roles and characteristic of leaders and managers.
Leader or managers two most essential part of the company that helps to achieve the task
into the best possible manner. On the same side, leader and manager both done their work with
different approaches (Bir, Widmar, Wolf and Thompson, 2017). Such as a Leader is the person
who influences others to accomplish the assigned task and objectives. Leaders of P&G is very
innovative and creative who always motivates other employees to betterment of growth.
Manager is responsible for manages the organisation such as they are also responsible for
organization, direction, planning, coordination and controlling. Basically, Managers are follows
the proper code of conduct and company structure in a proper effecting manner. In other words,
the role of managers is depended upon the nature of work like top level managers are responsible
maintaining the company mission and vision. Besides, structural trainer are accountable for
settling the several company areas of the activity such as marketing, sales and accounting etc. at
the end, project manager is accountable for project success (Bottomley and et. al., 2016).
Comparing and defining the different roles of managers and leaders
Leaders are vision oriented, managers are goal oriented

Role of the leader is to sketch the outline for the work in order to accomplish the
company aims and objectives and presenting the new skill set to get higher attention of
employees. The main purpose of P&G leaders are to engage employees towards the company
objectives and make them satisfy with the company environment. Apart from that, the role of
managers is to set the aims and objectives in order to measure the P&G success. Overall,
Managers tend to pretend formal within the P&G who liable to adhere company policies and
structure. Basically, leaders are innovators and managers are organizers.
A manager relies on control whereas a leader inspires trust
Decision maker controls system & employees with their rules and regulations. They try to
control people to get the best outcome and results for the company. It is one of the role of
manager to control the company environment as well (Chang, 2016). Apart from that, Leaders
role play is to push people towards the engagement process in order to develop the best
identification of company targets to get the best results. Leader can be anyone within the
organisation.
Leaders are unique and managers are copied
Another role play of managers are also played a most effective and leading organizational
goals and objectives in order to meet out the best outcome results. Leaders are every well know
about the targets and challenging they going to be faced in the P&G situation. They already
prepared and growth in the following manner (Katz, Lazarsfeld and Roper, 2017). They are
comfortable in their own shoes and willing to stand out. Apart from that, managers mimic learn
from others and adapt their leadership style rather than defining it.
Leaders take risks, managers controls risk
Leaders are known as a risk taker to get the innovation and development opportunity.
Leaders know the fact that risk failure is the way towards the success. On the other side,
Managers are known for risk control who always avoid such problems which involves risk factor
(Jlassi and et.al., 2016).
Characteristics of Managers and Leaders
Managers Leaders
 The foremost characteristic of manager
is settling and executing the vision at
P&G.
 Leaders push employees towards the
accomplishments of all those set visions
of P&G.

 Manger are task assigner as per the
objectives and goals within P&G.
 Managers are known to look after and
cater to the needs of the people they are
responsible for (Chuang, Jackson and
Jiang, 2016).
 Leaders motivator who engage
employees and make them motivated
towards the work goals in P&G.
 In the contrast, leader known for its
creativity skills that make new way of
success for the organisation.
Organization Structure are of different types that hinders the progress toward
accomplishing the company goals. In other words, every organisation is followed a type of
organisation structure such as functional, Divisional, Matrix structure. P&G is the multinational
company which follows the hierarchy structure in which it consists Top, Middle and lower level
employees along with their roles and responsibilities.
Theories of leadership and management of P&G
Trait Theory of Leadership
This theory inspired by the great man theory which actually dates back to the ancient.
According to this theory leadership is inherent in nature which affect the leadership styles and
also enhance the capacity power of individual growth. Besides, according to this theory people
are either born or made with some skills or qualities that excel on leadership roles.
Top five Traits are
 Honesty : Honesty is the foremost trait that should employee have to build up the good
image in front of others. Honesty belongs to loyalty that should company have.
Competent and more challenging.
 Inspiring : Leader of P&G are very inspired and motivated towards the assign task. This
will help to regain the effective learning more challenges and growth to gain new
opportunity.
 Forward looking : Forward looking is the another trait that should employee have that
sometimes very helpful to generate new ideas and thoughts for future company
development.
 Intelligent : Intelligent people are also very sharp minded who better understand the
situations and take effective steps to reduce its negative outcomes.

So overall, trait theory inspired employee to be more reliable towards the company goals.
Overall the advantage of this trait is valid and based on real based situation. Besides, that it also
gives detailed knowledge and understanding of the leader element in the leadership process. This
theory can help P&S to generate new working opportunity and ideas for output performance.
Behavioural Theory
Behavioural theory based on the new concept that focuses on the behaviours of the
leaders as opposed their mental, physical or social characteristics. Behavioural theory has been
divided one is focused on the task given and second who focus on the people. This theory should
adopted by the P&S in order to focus on the human behaviour.
Leader and manager having their contrary concept of employed which determine their
roles and functions. Like Managers followed the structure given by the company. On the same
side, Leaders perform their duties on the basis of their own trick. Managers are goal oriented and
leaders are people oriented.
LO 2
Roles of leaders and the functions of manager.
Leadership depends upon many situations on which basis they make their decision
making power and leading advantage goals and results. Apart from that, Leader and manager
both tend to pretend and followed services accordingly. In present method leaders plays a very
important role to give proper attention to the company employees servants leadership e.g. the
five practices that make up the whole. In other words, managers having their own functions in
which they play a most important role in order achieve the goals and objectives set aims and
objectives (Hernandez and et.al., 2016).
The role of leadership depends upon the different situational context that makes the
business environment more efficient and long lasting in order to meet out the best results for the
company outputs. There are different functions of management in which managers plays the
most important role in the company and makes results more competitive.
Planning
Designing is the foremost function of the management in which manager role is to
prepare the strategic planning for the business growth. Strategic planning involves what actual
company wants to achieve in their future goals. It helps to prepare the competitive position of the

company in the market. For example : P&G wants to launch new product development in which
they required proper planning and setting the proper aims and objectives. So in that context,
manager role is to make all employees understand and make them aware about the new product
strategy, scope, advantage and risk factor involves (Denysiuk, Opryshko and Strzelecki, 2016).
On the apart, leader role is to motivate employees to get the right things and push them towards
the goals' achievement process. It helps to build up the most effective and learning outcomes.
For example : Sometimes to make sudden changes within the organisation, P&G need to
take help from managers and leaders who make productive planning to form a result oriented and
growth for the company enhancement.
In planning function the role of managers are stable and sustained at the same level. In
contrast the role of leaders is dynamic which change as per the situation or circumstances.
Managers is the formal position and role which has been performed as per the structure and code
of conduct.
Organizing
Organise things or work as per the set objectives in the planning process. In other words,
it is about delegating tasks, establishing in order to meet out the best company results and goals
oriented task and full fill the best advantage goals. Organizing is the management function in
which managers set up the all things in order to accomplish the company aims and objectives. By
using existing resources, the manager establishes process that makes things more effectively
challenging and competitive. In contrast, leaders play a role to manage the organise work and
guide employees how to make work easy and smother. This helps to get motivation through
employees can easily accomplish the goals and objectives.
For example : P&S managers or leaders have responsible to organize plan make the
objectives to fulfil the business organisation. It brings the most efficient and long lasting work to
gain the competitive advantage.
To organize the work or task as per the given plan, manager is on the stable position
whereas leader can be different at every state. Leadership is the skill which can be present in
anyone.
Leading
Leading is the another function of management in which both leader and manager is
equally responsible to handle the business situations and employees as well. It is the important

process and effective to accomplish the company aims and objectives (Fichtner, Vanzella de
Melo and Stefan, 2016). This will help to recontinue the long lasting working goals in order to
meet out the goals and objectives. In this function, leader is the responsible person to ensure the
working performance of employees. Besides, the role of managers are to guide employees and
make them know about the possible risks, uncertainties about the project. Managers also give
roles and authorities to employees in order to perform their goals and objectives.
Leaders are at the stable position in the process of leading employees whereas managers
can be different and moderate to handle the such situations.
Controlling
Dominating and follow up is the another function of the management process that helps
managers to ensure the proper execution of planning. In which leaders ensure employee
motivation level and give them motivation for better development target (Ghasabeh, Soosay and
Reaiche, 2015). In other words, the process of controlling just make sure that it helps to describe
the best dealing and effective language goals and objectives in order to meet out the best and
developing result goals. For example : In order to implement the new plan of product
development manager is the responsible person who monitor the all activities and working
process of employees on the basis of performance working task.
Controlling is the process in which manager is the define place that helps to describe the
working level to define in an particular position. Manager is the stable situation else leaders are
in the moderate level to control the things.
For example : P&S leaders and managers are responsible to measure the individual
performance by the help of different performance measuring tools and techniques. Such as take
feedbacks, 360 performance measurement, work based measurement etc. this will helps to
control and better take the actions before.
In other words, organisation management is working on the basis of employee
productivity and goals. Situational leaders adjust their leadership style according to the
behaviour and skill level of the employee. Managers and leaders working on the basis of their
own development opportunity. In other words, leaders applies different approaches and styles as
per the situation based conditions within the organisations (Glaser, Stam and Takeuchi, 2016).
Functions Less to High Moderate

Planning The involvement of
manager in planning
process is high.
Leader play a
moderate role in the
process of planning.
Organising The role of manager
and leader are high
and competitive
manner.
Leading Leading is the most
effective and learning
part that must required
for the organisation. In
this process leader is
highly involved rather
than manager
Manager play a
moderate role in terms
of leading the team.
Controlling Manager play a high
role to control the
activities performed by
the organization.
Different theories and models of leadership.
Leaders and manager has various roles and responsibilities in different types of
situations. Both played there important role in P&G company which is consumer goods
corporation. The role of leaders and manager supported by theories are as follows:
Situational leadership theory
Situation theory provide the fundamental objectives to leaders and manager of P&G. It is
effective and valuable for the company's leaders and managers to manage all the situation in
effective and proper manner. Leaders of P&G, most effective they are able to adapt their style to
situation. They give proper instructions to their followers according to task and job role. This
helps to improve productivity and quality of work performance. For example: the situation is to
lunch new product and services at marketplace. In that, leader have plays their roles to give

proper instruction of work to employees, other hand manager have to organize program for
training for uses various marketing tools for promote their new product and services at
marketplace (Hernandez and et. al., 2016). This theory is help to leaders and manager for handle
any situation in organisation. By this leaders able to take decision for the entire team.
System theory
System theory is define as the leadership across organisational and political boundaries.
The system leadership applied in the organisation is helps to leaders of P&G company for make
proper system of work. This leadership theory help in creativity and innovation in the
organisation and always encourage the employees to thought about differently in task and job
role. For example: the situation lunch product ion that this theory is support to manager to think
innovative and creative product and services. Other hand leaders are provide specifically to their
followers for work on innovation which has like and fit according to needs and wants of
customers. By this leaders give their difficult contribution of work and also to achieve goals of
firm.
Contingency leadership theory
This leadership style is best leadership style that is suited as per situation. This lead to
leaders to take decisions in the organisation which are depends on external and internal situation
of company and also nature. For example: in lunch new product at market place, in that leaders
are take decision as per needs and wants of customers then guide to their followers for work.
This enhance team vital principle and improve organisational communication and help in
avoiding conflicts in team (lassi and et.al., 2016). This theory is beneficial for the company to
improve productivity by motivating peoples for work.
Assess the strengths and weaknesses of different.
The strength and weakness of situational, system and contingency leadership style are as
follows:
Approaches Strength Weakness
Situation  It is recognized the
needs for flexibility.
 It creates comfortable
environment for the
 It has weakness i.e. it is
ineffective in task
oriented environment.
 It provides the limited

employees of P&G.
 This help to increase
awareness of leaders.
information for some
leaders.
System  It provides the routes
for better ceremony
and interpretation of
phenomenon.
 This help to clear all
the thinks and thought
on the complexity and
the dynamic of the
environment and
provide framework for
building ideas.
 It has lengthy process
and complicated nature
as it engage.
 It is not popular for the
acceptance by less
numbers of leaders.
Contingency  It is focus on the
relationship between
leadership style (Katz,
Lazarsfeld and Roper,
2017).
 it is route of explaining
goods leadership is
achieved.
 This theory is not able
to explain to peoples in
more effective way in
some situation.
 That theory is make
focus on various
situation and not on
resources.
LO 3
Explain the key approaches to operation management with roles of leaders.
Operation management is an area which is concerns with different functions such as
controlling and designing of products and services. It includes planning, controlling, directing
and organizing goods and services at the time of production process. There are some approaches
which help to leaders and managers of P&G for plays their effective and valuable role in
organisation. Key approaches and roles of leaders or manager are as follows:

Total quality management
TQM is based on the principle that each and every members of staff are committee to
maintain high standard of work without any wastage. It is very important to manage by leaders
and managers for good and better company operation. It is approach which is focus on success
by continuous improvement in production. This approach has focus on improve the quality of an
organisation outputs including goods and services. This process and approach include create and
implement a better planning and schedule quality to improve and control quality of goods and
services of P&G company. This approach has principles which are help to make control on the
wastage of goods at the time of production (Kerzner and Kerzner, 2017). One and most
important principle is TQM which customers oriented and focus on customers. This has aim to
manage quality for satisfying needs and wants of customers. Other hand, it is important for
strong leadership, continuous improvement and involvement of peoples. In that leaders and
manager of P&G are plays their effective roles are as follows:
In that leaders are firstly ensure that the engagement of staff members in this effective
approach. Leaders are also to check and measure the performance of employees for process of
this approach at the time of production. On Other hand, manager also played their effective and
valuable role in the P&G which is make control on quality of goods and services. Also, control
on wastage in production process. Manager also ensure that the continuous improvement and
process of total quality management.
Kaizen or continuous improvement approach
This approach is refer to non-stop improvement based on the idea. This help to give on-
going positive changes for major improvement. It is the approach which committed and stands in
contrast to approaches that are use changes for achieve goals and objectives of P&G. The aim of
P&G company for using that approach is to reduce wastage from company which are created at
the time of production. It is also improve the standard of quality of goods and services. With the
help of this approach company can encourage the team for best result of work (Shamir and
Eilam-Shamir, 2018). In that leaders and managers are plays their effective and valuable role in
P&G for applying this approach are as follows:
The main function and role of manager is to measurement success of team and also
ensure all employees are is aware about the team is working upon it. Other hand leaders plays an