An Analysis of Managerial Decision Making: An Essay

This essay provides a comprehensive analysis of managerial decision-making procedures within complex entities. It explores the concept of bounded rationality, focusing on identifying rational choices to enhance outcomes. The essay delves into Simon's concept of satisficing behavior and contrasts the rational comprehensive theory with the disjointed incremental theory, highlighting the debates on rationality and policy-making frameworks. The incremental theory, as proposed by Lindblom, is discussed, including its root and branch methods, and its applicability in different societal contexts. The essay further examines the administration decision in relation to unorthodox methods of rationality, including classical, normative, and behavioral models. It critiques the rational model's limitations and advocates for incremental processes. The essay also introduces the mix scanning approach and alternative models of rational choices borrowed from economics. Political rationality is discussed, emphasizing its role in resolving conflicts and the classification of political choices. The essay also examines the theories of human behavior, including descriptive and perspective theories. Criticisms against the incremental approach are addressed, and the advantages of incrementalism are highlighted. The retrospective rationality model and the role of policymakers in understanding preferences are also discussed. Finally, the essay covers different types of practical strategies, the principles of incrementalism, and criticisms of this theory, aiming to provide a framework for enhancing policy-making strategies.

Managerial Decision
Making

Table of Contents
MAIN BODY ..................................................................................................................................3
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8
Books and Journals:.........................................................................................................................8

MAIN BODY
The essay aims to provide adequate conceptual and theoretical basis to analyse
managerial decision-making procedures between as well as within complicated entities. The core
concept of this particular principle is to identifying the bound of rational choices for the decision
maker in order to enhance the result. Simon who suggest the concept of the satisfying behaviour
that refers to recognise and select the other that is good or ideal behaviour of the human. Rational
comprehensive theory is related with the disjointed incremental theory. It includes the important
debates on the rationality decision and framework to making policies at paper. The incremental
theory of the decision making is stated by the Lindblom (Abatecola, Mandarelli & Poggesi,
2013). This theory excludes the different problem of the rational comprehensive theory. In the
first classical paper of this theory, It covers the two method named as root method and branch
method. Branch method included the consecutive limited comparison and emphasize on the
formulation of the strategies and policies for the complicated problems. It further focused on the
choose the particular goals as per the analysis of the business process. Whereas root method is
not work on the complex business policies. Branch method certain superior attempt at human
comprehensive. So this incremental method shows the decision making process in the pure
society like US (Abdel-Maksoud, Elbanna & Pollanen, 2015) .

After the analyse of the administration decision in the particular area, It is different form
the unorthodox method of rationality. In this particular concepts it is identified that actual
decision making concepts from the strategies and policies, rationality and the decision process. It
includes three principle models of the rationality first id classical method that primary and end
rationality, second one is normative model that is concerned about primary with duty and
correctness and the last one is behavioural model that consists the human behaviour. All the three
model of the rationality utilisation in the better management and administration process to
making the decision (Acharya, Pereira & Singh, 2018). Criticism of the rational model in the
decision making process is unrealistic, require the large resources to command the decision
making process. So it is advised to apply the incremental process so the shortcoming can be
handled in less time. It is focused on the existing policies that needs to be revamp by neglect the
tend to innovations. The fundamental and incremental decision provides the policy making
process that direct the basic functional decision to attain the goal. Mix scanning is a another
approach that consist so of the rational comprehensive and incremental theories at different level.
This strategy is not based on the rationalistic but needs to attempt the incremental strategies.
The alternative approach to this particular theory based on the model of rational choices
that borrowed from the economics. It is generally based on the measuring the non economical
behaviour This alternative method is based on the two main approaches such as functional and
conformist. Both of these is based on the concept of rationality of classical economics. In the
broad sense, it consist of non economical social behaviour, political behaviour, irrational
behaviour, dynamic value changes. The most important advantage of the rational choices model
is accumulated the scientific emphasise on analytical model with the theoretical focus on the
human values (Bachmann, ., Sasse & Habisch, 2018).

The concepts of the political rationality is based on the root of the all politics that arises
the conflicts of universal language. In order to resolve the issue as per the incompatible goal
conceptions. Political choices are the action that is not recognised in prior goals but can be
differentiate it by the administration choices. It is classified into three processes named as
sanctioned choices, administration choices and political choices. It also considered objectives,
policy, and structured process. The dilemma of the rationality is all about enforce a boundaries
on the scope of the consideration the requirement of the practice and policies. It may effects to
the choose boundaries of choices of the policy. In order to settle the issue, it is required to
reframe the concept of rationality that is based on the practical strategies of public decision
making process (Brewer, Garrison, & Noreen, 2015).
The theories of the human behaviour can be devised into two parts as descriptive and
perspective theory. These theories talks about the uncertain future and its repercussion of the
normal activities. The theory of the rational choices are uncertain and raise the conflicts so it
needs to boost the plan or strategies. It predict the effort for the behavioural study that ocrred in
the past needs to focused bounded on rationality. The concept of the human decision making
limits the cognitive ability of individual and concerned about the human trust and future
preference. This is the only possible method that modify the efforts the understanding of
information at preference process (CusterDe Vries, 2013).
There are many criticism against the incremental that needs to address. In order to
prepare the better policy and strategies that is more scientific and political. It includes
incremental policies and analysis for the strategies and policies. In the other case of the strategy
analysis, it required to achievement the impossible facts and unproductive ideal. So it is
recommanded to enhance the measuring effort. The advantage of the incremental is to making
the responsible or intelligent policy in democratic combination of the incremental politics. The
another criticism is related to argue the doctrine of incremental which does not support the
prescriptive analytical data. It is founded that the real effects of the social invention is to
experience it and anticipate the result of it by evaluating the reaction (Eranova & Prashantham,
2016).

The critically evaluation made by the writer in reference with incrementalism is claims
that small thinking. The research strategies proceeds the incremental decision making that
corrects the mistake to identified the right path in the future by past information. It emphasise in
the theory optimal size and scope to policy inventions in perfect terms. The theoretical
understanding of the especial system that is concerned in appropriate thinking of human mind.
The other writer argues with the concepts of the incrementalism and suggested that reaction of
the changes in unpredictable sources or preference. The model of the retrospective rationality
suggested that formulation of the policy related to long run must be based on the believe at the
end and agreed with good thing. In order to future preferences they needs to predict better to
grow in the future (Garzella & Fiorentino, 2014). The policymaker must built the better
understanding of the preference that come from former selves. The rational management is
depends on the particular situation such as practical strategies related to the business activities.
By reviewing the plan of action in rational debate, it is require to reformulates the concepts of the
bounded relation and drives the value by assuming unbounded relation structured decision
making process. There are certain types of the bound such as cognitive limit, social
differentiation, structured distortion, pluralist conflicts etc. the author discuss the characteristic of
different types of the practical strategies (Govindan, Sarkis & Palaniappan, 2013).
The main principle of the incrementalism is to find out and render the more accessible
information by providing the framework of research strategies and expected guide to enhance the
level of the policy making strategies. The authors stated the criticism in the incrementalism
aiming the concept in large extends. They concluded the criticism in the particular theory by
lacking the goal orientation, cover the social innovation, apply the decision in broad sense and
provides the detail solution to its problem and issues.
In further it is summarised that prevent the incrementalism from the unfortunate union
with small process and needs to learn from the individual, organisation. The fact of the human is
good understanding for the critical social problem and different strategies formulation to better
perception of the social issues.
Digram model chart:

REFERENCES
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information in strategic decision making in public organizations. International Journal
of Public Sector Management 28(7). 528-549.
Acharya, A., Singh, S. K., Pereira, V., & Singh, P. (2018). Big data, knowledge co-creation and
decision making in fashion industry. International Journal of Information Management.
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Bachmann, C., Sasse, L., & Habisch, A. (2018). Applying the practical wisdom lenses in
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Brewer, P. C., Garrison, R. H., & Noreen, E. W. (2015). Introduction to managerial accounting.
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Custer, B., Janssen, M. P., & Alliance of Blood Operators Risk‐Based Decision‐Making
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decision‐making for blood safety. Transfusion. 55(8). 2039-2047.
De Vries, M. F. K. (2013). Organizational paradoxes: Clinical approaches to management.
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Eranova, M., & Prashantham, S. (2016). Decision making and paradox: Why study
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Garzella, S., & Fiorentino, R. (2014). A synergy measurement model to support the pre-deal
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Lin, Y., Cole, C., & Dalkir, K. (2014). The relationship between perceived value and
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Persson, A., & Ryals, L. (2014). Making customer relationship decisions: Analytics v rules of
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Selyutina, L. G. (2018). Innovative approach to managerial decision-making in construction
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Xu, Z., & Zhang, X. (2013). Hesitant fuzzy multi-attribute decision making based on TOPSIS
with incomplete weight information. Knowledge-Based Systems .52. 53-64.
Zhukova, I., Kultsova, M., Navrotsky, M., & Dvoryankin, A. (2014, September). Intelligent
support of decision making in human resource management using case-based reasoning
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