Analysis of Hong Kong Bridge Project: Managing Programmes and Projects

This report examines the project management aspects of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge redesign and strengthening. It explores the core planning processes, including project plan development, research, authoring, presentation, approval, communication, and implementation. The report highlights the importance of stakeholder management, identifying both internal and external stakeholders and their influence on the project. It discusses the use of CFRP and CTRM materials for bridge strengthening, as well as innovations in bridge foundation design. The Prince2 model is also mentioned as a project management methodology. The report further evaluates the project planning approach, emphasizing the significance of leadership and project management in ensuring project success, including realistic planning, quality control, and risk management. The report concludes by reflecting on the project's objectives, drivers, and values, particularly in relation to safety, economic development, and social considerations.

Managing Programmes
and projects

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
Core planning processes..............................................................................................................4
Evaluation of project planning approach....................................................................................7
Reflection....................................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
This study is based on re-designing and developing already constructed Hong-Kong-
Zhuhai-Macau Bridge which is approximate of 55 Kilometre bridge tunnel system that consisted
a three series system such as: undersea tunnel and artificial Island. It is stated that this bridge has
been completed and not designed since many years so, now it requires to re-design. There is an
active participation and support of China's central government, The governments of
Guangdong, Hong-Kong and Macau. They all are sponsor of re-designing, repairing and
strengthening of bridge griders. It is stated and identified at the time of large-scale testing
process that constructed Hong-Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge has damaged due to over-height
loads. For re-designing and strengthening of bridge, CFRP (Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers)
will be used as it gives more tightening and strengthening (Hillson, 2017).
Key stakeholders: Stakeholders are those people who are involved with the project
directly and indirectly. It is important to manage stakeholders in efficient manner. For an
effective stakeholder management, it is important to identify people that can impacts on the
process and functioning of this project. In the regards of Hong-Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge,
there are 2 types of stakeholders such as: internal and external. All members of the project team,
constructor, members who directly supported this project and sponsors such as: of China's
central government and Hong-Kong and Macau.
Objective, drivers and values: In the context of importance it can be said that to provide
safety to people as due to increasing traffic loads and changes in code provision, it weakened
bridges which become reasons of fall of bridges and other damages. For preventing people
against these damages and any accident this refurbishment and strengthening is required. There
is a full support of China's central government, The governments of Guangdong, Hong-
Kong and Macau as they are sponsoring organization (Guo and et.al., 2017). There is a strong
political stability and favour of political situations. It is the main advantage for redesigning and
strengthening this bridge. In the context of social factor it is stated that several people of the
society resist to redesign of bridge as they were facing several problems. They said that creates
noise and air pollution which affect their health. This was the main problem which need to be
solved out in an efficient manner. With the help of implementing an effective leadership style,
making people aware about this project. With the help of leadership, we make them aware about

the reason and importance of redesigning of this bridge as they were also told about
consequences if they do not strengthen this bridge. By applying a thin layer of CTRM (Carbon
textile reinforced mortar) to bridge deck slabs, ultimate strength can be increased. An effective
use of CFRP and CTRM is the best way of redesigning and strengthening of already
constructed bridge. In the context of economy, it can be said that this HZMB bridge links three
major cities such as: Hong-Kong, Macau & Zhuhai which are connected and nearby
geographically close but have some distance or separated by water. The main benefit of this
bridge is it cuts approximate of 4 hours to 30 minutes travelling time between Zhuhai and
Hong-Kong. It creates an economy hub and also promotes the economic development of the
whole area (Zhang and Qiu, 2018). It is also stated that during the construction project of this
bridge, number of injuries and deaths came under scrutiny in Hong-Kong. Approximate 234-600
injuries were reported due to faked safety testing. So, the main aim of maintaining, redesigning
and strengthening of this bridge is to solve all these problems and prevent people from these
accidents and injuries.
Scope: There is a requirement to redesign and strengthen 20kms area of the bridge. There
is a support of government, and they have asked for redesigning 20Kms of area of the bridge
only. It will take approximate 30-45 days for making this attractive and more effective as per the
planned framework. For redesigning and strengthening it will take approximate $1.20 Billion as
it will require some effective human resources and other resources like implementation of tools,
techniques etc.
Core planning processes
Planning process plays an important role for making the project successful. It works as
like a framework on which basis all people work accordingly. There is a requirement to make an
effective strategy. Strategy refers a plan of action which is being designed to achieve a long-term
aim. There are several tools by which this project can be succeeded. Redesigning and
strengthening of already constructed bridge. In planning, the main thing which was included is
using of interlocked concrete blocks for scour protection (Li, Li and Fan, 2016).
With the help of tools and techniques, this project of redesigning and strengthening of
Hong-Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge can be made successful. For this seven stages of strategic
planning tools has been used such as:

Project plan: In this first stage, there is a requirement to identify that who will be involved in
this project and taking approval about each step from sponsors of the project. It will also have a
plan and estimation of cost, time, resources which will be required to make and complete this
project.
Research: In this stage, it is important to research and identify the ways by which bridge can be
redesigned with less cost and in efficient manner. By identifying own strengths and weaknesses
also it can be made successful.
Authoring: This stage and phase is generally be led by 1 person. Format of the project depends
upon requirements of making this project.
Presentation: This is called review phase in which senior team review and analyse the
effectiveness of the plan and project. By the board and key stakeholders review is being used to
gain further feedback on the key components of the plan.
Approval: In this stage approval of the project and plan is being done for continuing and
performing further process. The board, sponsors and senior team approve the plan and also
analyse effectiveness and requirement of changes in the proposed plan for the project.
Communication: After approving the proposal and the project it is important to communicate
further activities and making the project successful. By taking feedbacks from all involved
members in this project, importance of this project is introduced and communicated.
Implementation: In this stage the proposed and approved plan is being implemented. Major
changes in direction should be made out into smaller stages (Berlie and Hung, 2020).
Innovation in bridge foundation: The main uncertain and critical part of bridge redesigning
and strengthening is foundation. At the time of design process, various aspects has to be
followed and keep in the mind such as: stability, seasonal variations, adjoining structures etc. For
protecting people and strengthening bridge, scour protection blocks is being considered. For
innovating and strengthening in bridge is being used and required when there is an increased
truck traffic and loading. For this purpose by making an effective use of CFRP materials shear
strength of bridge girders can be improved. By combining, CFRP sheets and CFRP anchors can
make redesigsning and strengthening of bridge successful specially when where complete
wrapping is not possible. With the help of Prince 2 model, this project will be made successfully.

Price 2 model is an effective structured project management method which focuses on dividing
projects into controllable stages (Tian and Jiang, 2018).
By redesigning this Hong-Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge and making durable structure can
decrease the chances of failure of the project. This redesign. Reflectionning will require less
maintenance and fewer repairs which will decrease cost as well. Bridge means that is being made
up of concrete that has high performance ability and will be stronger and stiffer than those who
made with conventional concrete. It will also allow this bridge to have longer spans and smaller
structural components which can decrease cost as it requires less cost on labour and resources.
Redesigning and strengthening by making an effective use of resources will increase the ability
of the bridge to resist to damage caused by freeze thaw cycle, de-icing chemicals as well as other
environmental conditions. Using of CFRP sheets, layer of CTRM can make a bridge more HPC
that have a life of approximate 80-100 years.
In addition, it can also be said that by using high performance steel in redesigning of Hong-
Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge, maximum strength can be given to the bridge. The reason of using
HPS in strengthening and redesigning of bridge is it has ½ the carbon and 1/10 the sulphur
content of conventional steel. It is somehow tougher and critical than conventional which can
absorb the impacts of traffic loads in a better way. For this purpose several bridge materials are
being used which increase popularity include: fibre-reinforced polymer composite. They are light
by which we can handle and install it easily. Uses of interlocked concrete blocks can also prevent
people from accidents as scour can be effectively controlled by using this that also reduce to save
in the size of foundation, construction cost and time (Li and et.al., 2016).
In addition, some other resources will also be used in redesigning and strengthening of
Hong-Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge such as: self healing materials in order to block the cracks in
concrete. There are several environmental factors like temperature, pressure and the presence of
oxygen can create crack the blocks which can become the reason of accidents. For reducing this
problem, self healing concrete will be used as it contains dormant bacteria spores and calcium
lactate in self-contained pods. When these self-contained pods come in contact with water then
they create limestone which fill cracks. It is stated that self-healing concrete saves approximate
50% f concrete's lifetime cost because it does not require repairing. It is fully tested and proven

ethically. It is also being tested with the main aim of determining the time as how long the
bacteria sustain itself (Alkaraan, 2016)
Evaluation of project planning approach
A project can be made successful only when it has an effective planning and project
management. Effectiveness and success can be known of the project when it achieved all pre-
determined goals within an agreed timeline. Project management is an application of effective
process, skills, knowledge and experience for accomplishing project objectives. For making this
project successful, leadership and project management played a vital role.
Importance of leadership and project management: Some importance and benefits of project
management and leadership in making this project successful are described as below:
Leadership: Project management plays an important role as it provides guidance or
direction as well as leadership to project. It can be said that lack and ineffective project
management, staff members and all involved party can not even complete the project
successfully. Leadership allows team members and make them able to do their best. An effective
leadership guides, motivates and inspire the team for working more effectively and productively
(Smith, 2017).
Realistic project planning: The main importance and characteristic of project
management is it makes a realistic project planning as what need to be delivered, by when and
for how much. Without having an effective project management, delivery of products and project
to customers and their timeline can not be set out. They also make an effective planning which
helps workers and all people able to work within reasonable bounds.
Quality control: The other importance and benefit of project management is it ensures quality of
project that whatever is being delivered. A project manager schedules tightened and processes
rushed. They do not only focus on providing and completing the task and project on the time but
also focus on making qualitative project by testing and measuring its effectiveness. Good project
management demands gated phases in which, teams can have access the output for the quality
and applicability. By providing an effective quality of project it improves brand image.
Risk management: Project management is important because it makes sure that risks are
managed in a proper way. The main aim of reducing and managing risks is to protect people and

others from problems and also for making the project successful. By managing risks in an
effective manner, managers can deliver qualitative products to customers and can increase its
reputation. The main aim of this project is to redesign and strengthen the bridge and prevent
people. By analysing and measuring risk, it can improve image. An effective management and
having knowledge of managing projects, project managers need to identify and analyse potential
risk for minimizing them and accomplishing goals (Amaratunga and et.al., 2016).
Orderly process: Orderly process means to complete each and every tasks on the time and make
the project successful. A good project manager ensures the right people do the right things at the
right time. An effective planning can make a massive difference as they know that which
department member is doing what, when and why. They also help people by clarifying their roles
and anticipate tasks.
Continuous oversight: Strengthening and redesigning the bridge is a critical task as it requires
proper planning and continuous controlling in order to reduce errors and making qualitative and
successful project. It is not possible that all workers and all functions are being done as per the
plan as some variances occur which can create several differences. With the help of continuous
oversight, project manager can make sure that project is on the right track or if it not then what
are some potential reasons. By identifying reasons it can make changes in its planning and ways
of performing things. It is stated that when proper and continuous oversight is in place then it
makes easy to see when a project is beginning to deviate from its intended course.
Project management techniques
Critical path method: It is effective project management techniques which allow project
manager in constructing a project model which includes all important tasks need to be completed
by knowing dependencies of each task to another along with milestone. By knowing this
information like dependencies of all functions to each other project manager can calculate the
longest and the shortest path. By selecting appropriate way of competing tasks, they can deliver
project in a timely manner.
Work breakdown structure:
It is one of the best and effective project management technique which allows project
manager in breaking their whole work into smaller and easiest parts. Employees and constructors
can find easier in completing g functions related to this project which can boost their confidence

and productivity as well. By allocating smaller part of work among workers according to skills
and experience, project manager can complete this project in a successful manner.
In the context of bridge redesigning and strengthening it can be said that project
management tries to identify all those resources which can make the projects successful and
effective. It is identified by project manager that CFRP in bridge redesigning plays an important
role (Papulova and Gazova, 2016). It may be expensive to produce and implement but effective
in high strength to weight ratio and stiffness. There are several benefits of using CFRP in this
project such as: it reduces or eliminates requirements of heavy construction equipments and
supporting structure. It also requires short curing time, has low thermal conductivity, lightweight
and high fatigue resistance. It can also be said that better quality lead better environment. By
making this project successful, project manager can lead and improve sustainability which will
be beneficial for the society and the environment as well.

Reflection
Need to develop and improve effectiveness of bridge that provide quality services to
people to make their lives effective and towards overall development of quality lives of an
individual. Bridge is built between Honk Kong and Macau china central government have a huge
role in development of bridge. Bridge help to develop transportation between both cities easily
and saves time. According to me the bridge need to be redesign that help to analyse all problems
engaged with working of an bridge and need to make utilize each and every alternate and
resources available for overall development of organization and to improve effectiveness of their
products and services. Redesign help to use different materials that help in more strong and to
provide safety to an individual. Bridge requires to make and utilize each and every available
resources that help them to achieve their overall goals and objectives. Redesign help to innovate
new services for developing effectiveness of organizations products and services and help to
establish smooth working. Redesign help to analyse any drawback and overcome those problems
to provide safety to an individual who passes the bridge. Safety help to develop trust of an
individual while travelling from those bridges. Use different materials that help to strengthen the
bridge and improve overall effectiveness of their organizations services. Bridge help to save time
because an individual travels from different transportation facilities it takes time to travel and
bridge help to reduce time and overall time to travel by using bridge is around 4 hours and 30
minutes. It helps people to reach on time effectively where they want and help in saving their
overall time. Saving time help an individual to manage their overall working and require
establishing achievement of their overall goals and tasks. Redesign help to use multiple types of
options available to improve capabilities of bridge and strengthen bridge so that bridge is able to
manage heavy weights. Help to provide support towards overall effectiveness of organization
services. Help large number of communities to develop and improve their overall effectiveness
of organization. Each and every part of an bridge need to be analysed and develop according to
the requirement of organization and to improve effectiveness of their services to engage large
number of customers towards their organizations products and services. To connect one spot to
another an individual need to develop effectiveness of materials used in overall manufacturing of
a bridge. Effectiveness of overall bridge strength help to develop and engage large number of
customers towards their organization products and services. If bridges get old then they require

proper redesign can help an organization in increasing their services effectiveness. Whereas
redesign increase overall cost of company's effective products. Bridges provide flexibility to an
individual by which they can work in an efficient manner and for overall development of their
organization. Bridge aim is reduce damages through accidents and to develop overall
effectiveness of strength of an bridge and to reduce effectiveness of organization at a large scale.
Due to political stability in both nations help them to build strong and effective bridge that help
them reduce their efforts towards development of both nations. According to me stakeholders are
one of the main factors that help to manage all workers and to develop effectiveness of their
bridge. Need to develop effective plan while preparing a bridge and to increase and develop
overall effectiveness of organizations products and services. Plan help to develop and provide
tasks to each and every individual according to requirement for development of bridge and make
efficient use of all available resources and to maintain overall strength of their products and
services. Need to maintain and develop proper research and to make effective utilization of
their services. Bridge help to develop communication between both cities effectively towards
overall development of their organization services. Bridge require innovation and an proper plan
that help an individual to achieve tasks on time. Need to develop proper security services while
developing bridge and different CFRP materials help to provide and develop overall strength of
bridge. I think implementation of plan that are prepared for overall effectiveness of bridge.
Communication relations between both cities help in achievement of organization goals and
objectives on time. Redesign help to develop a structure for bridge that long lasts and provide
strong structure of overall bridge to improve its effectiveness towards development of
organization. Project needs leadership because a leader have a ability to work effectively and
make all workers towards development of bridge at large scale. Leader help to work according to
the plan prepared for overall effectiveness of bridge and make efficient use of all available
resources that have ability to engage large number of customers towards their organization
products and services. Leader help to motivate all employees to work effectively and with their
effectiveness to manage their organization. Leader help to guide all employees to work according
to the requirement of project and maintain overall working smooth and effective. Help to check
quality and control quality of bridge and make efficient use of all resources available for
effectiveness of organization and require to maintain and utilize all services. Help to develop
new technologies and techniques to provide strength to bridge and manage overall working.

Leaders try to minimize overall risk and to maintain effectiveness of organization products and
services. Leaders analyse risk involved with overall working of project and try to minimize those
risk to develop effectiveness of their organizations products and services. Leaders make
continuous analysis over the working to maintain strength and security of bridge. They are able
to develop a smooth process for overall working for manufacturing a strong and effective bridge
with use of quality materials.
CONCLUSION
From the above study it has been summarized that proper planning of estimating cost,
time, resources played a vital role in making the project successful and effective. It has also
shows that redesigning and strengthening the bridge is not an easy task as several problems like
climate changes, temperature affect the process and performance of the project. Using effective
human and other materials made an individual able to make their project successful. It has also
shown the importance of project management and leadership as they played a vital role because
they guide and support workers and increase their skills which make qualitative project on the
time. Proper evaluation, risk management and 7 strategic management theory also played a vital
role as it helps out to managers in providing guidelines and framework on which basis they
work.

REFERENCES
Books & Journal