Analysis of Sustainability in Electric Mobility Scooter Manufacturing

This research paper delves into the sustainability of electric mobility scooter manufacturing, examining the energy requirements of electrical, structural, and miscellaneous components. As a sustainability manager, the paper evaluates the potential for implementing the Circular Economy concept, planning future business models, and assessing their impact on organizational sustainability. The report outlines a future sustainable industrial system, tracing the lifecycle of the electric mobility scooter after energy and component flows are made circular. The analysis covers the recycling and reuse of components such as batteries, motors, structural parts (seat assembly, suspension, wheels, and chassis), and miscellaneous parts (transmission system, tires, upholstery, and bodywork). The paper also explores material and energy flows, including input materials, energy demand, processing, maintenance, and disposal, emphasizing the importance of recycling metals, reusing tires, and incinerating plastics. The report highlights the environmental effects and the potential for creating a sustainable economy through integrated practices, technological advances, and eco-innovation.

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SUSTAINABILITY OF MANUFACTURING ACTIVITIES
A Research Paper on Mobility Scooter By
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INTRODUCTION
This research paper involves the understanding of energy requirements of the electrical,
structural, and miscellaneous components for the industrial processes performed during the
manufacture of electric mobility scooter for the disabled. As a sustainability manager, there is
need of evaluating the extent to which the Circular Economy concept can be implemented to the
company and to the electric mobility scooter. There is also need of planning the future business
model and products of the organization which may affect the sustainability of the organization.
The description of the future sustainable industrial system in terms of the steps in the lifecycle of
the electric mobility scooter after the energy and components flows have been made circular.
Manufacturing industries account for an important part of the generation of waste and
consumption of resources globally. These industries have the potential of creating a sustainable
economy through designing and implementing integrated suitable practices and development of
services and products which contribute to better performance of the environment. Companies
have recently made positive efforts towards improvement of management systems and
environmental strategies and also taking larger environmental responsibilities in the entire value
chains. The adoption of more systematic and integrated approaches to improve the sustainability
performance has laid the foundation for new modes of provision and business models which can
possibly result in significant benefits to the environment (Allwood, 2011).
A circular business model is as the way in which the electric mobility scooter
manufacturing company captures, delivers, and creates value with the designed value creation to
promote efficiency of material components by contributing to prolonging useful life of the parts
and the mobility scooter product and closing the material loop. Efforts to implement circular

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flow of materials and closed-loop systems have been specifically focused on revitalizing
materials and products disposed into new production resources as illustrated in the figure below:
Figure 1: Circular Economy (Bakker, 2013)
In the manufacture of electric mobility scooter fro be disabled, some of the components that are
required include tyres, chassis, wheels, wheels, suspension, batteries, seat assembly, bodywork,
motors, transmission system, upholstery, and switches. These components can be dividend based
on their sources or physical properties, namely, electrical, structural, and miscellaneous
components (Bocken, 2016).
Electrical Parts
The electrical components required in the manufacturing the electric mobility scooter for
the disabled include circuit boards, wires, batteries, switches, and motors. Majority of these
components are manufactured by the suppliers and then sent to the company to be assembled
when manufacturing the electric mobility scooter. This makes their reuse and recycle a problem
since the company lack the necessary equipment and expertise to handle such products. The
major concern of the electronic components is the high energy consumption of the parts such as
the electric motor and batteries. The company should also seek for more effective methods of

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dealing with the disposal of these components. Currently, these are numerous electronic
companies that are considering different technological advances in the form of process or
product modification and re-designing these electronic components so that they can be recycled
(Boothroyd, 2009).
During the first step of disassembly of damaged or damped mobility scooter, the
batteries, safe stock, and other hazardous components are removed. The flow of batteries can be
made to be circular by replacing the lithium batteries with lead acid batteries since the lead
batteries are well known technologies with efficient collection and recycling chain while the
lithium batteries are a new technology with no efficient chain of recycling.
Figure 2: Proposed lithium battery recycling process (Charter, 2009)
The motors can first be dismantled to remove the components of the powertrain
especially the permanent magnet. The permanent magnet is made up of boron, iron, and
neodymium and the latter is the most significant component. This component can directly be
reused in other powertrains. The recycling of neodymium can be done through hydrogen

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decrepitation through breaking up the permanent magnet to become powder and then obtaining
ferrous material by heating. The flow of motors can be circular by first being sorted and then
dismantled and the copper windings removed and shredded to recover copper. The assumption
made is that the electric motor disassembly to remove the permanent magnet provides
opportunity also to select copper wining of the stator (Commons, 2010).
Structural Parts
The structural components used in the manufacture of electric mobility scooter for the
disabled include seat assembly, suspension, wheels, and chassis. Majority of these structural
components are manufactured within the company, this makes it easy to reuse or recycle them
since the company has equipment for their manufacture. There have been significant increase of
environmental performance of these structural components in the recent years through red-
designing of numerous production processes and energy-saving modifications. This has been as a
result of pressures to minimize pollution and increase the scarcity and prices of raw materials.
Numerous industries have engaged in many arrangements in the institution for developments,
while other initiatives have focused on technological process and product advances (Daan,
2010).
The company can also ensure sustainability in the system components by reducing the
weight and size of the structural components, this will promote energy efficiency and reduce the
road construction and repair. During disassembly process, the valuable parts should be removed
after the removal of hazardous parts. These cost-effective structural materials include
suspension, bodywork and chassis and are significant since are metals that can easily be recycled
to recover significant metal such as aluminium, copper, and magnesium (Gutowski, 2017).

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These structural parts may also be used as spare parts for the damaged but operational
mobility scooters which require their major structural parts to be replaced. These spare parts can
be repainted and repaired before being sold to the dealers where customers who wish to have
their damage components be replaced can easily access them. The structural components made
of polymers such as seat assembly can be sorted to remove the polymer and recycled or thermal
recovery. Seat assembly is made of numerous components assembled together to make a seat
that is more comfortable to the disabled. The seats of the vehicles as suitable for the physically
handicapped riders ergonomically and provides a riding and seating comfort, making it
comfortable and easy to ride (Hagelüken, 2010).
The materials used in the assembling of the seats can be recycled by first sorting the seat
to remove its compositions. The upholstery is used in the covering the outer surface of the seats
to make them last longer and also for beautification purposes. The upholstery can be reused as
mats or recycled and used in manufacturing carpets (Hauschild, 2009).
Miscellaneous Parts
The miscellaneous components that are used in the manufacture of electric mobility
scooter include transmission system, tyres, upholstery, and bodywork. Due to the growing
demand of the mobility scooters, the manufacturing companies should take initiatives focused on
improving the overall energy efficiency of mobility scooters, while increasing the safety during
its operation. The company should also consider eco-innovation through technological advances,
normally in the form of process or product modification and re-design, such as optimization of
painting processes, energy-saving tyres, and better power management systems (Hollander,
2016).

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The first step towards circular flow of materials is disassembly of damped or damaged
mobility scoter by removing the hazardous components such as batteries and transmission fluid.
This used transmission oil can be reused as a lubricant to reduce friction on moving parts of
other mobility scooters. The bodywork and tyres are then removed for easy access of the internal
structure of the mobility scooter. The tyres can be reused through retreading waste tyres that are
repairable since it is an efficient and safe process that entails the removal of exterior treads of the
tyres and then replacing them with new treads by the use of pressure and heat (Johansson, 2012).
This process has some be repeated on waste tyres until their structure break down. After
breaking down, the rubber in the tyres can be reclaimed through grinding down to into fine
powder and then mixing with additives to break down sulfur into rubber. The bodywork of the
mobility scooter is majorly made of plastics and this material can be recycled by meting and then
designing artifacts with the liquid solution (Laubscher, 2014).
Material and Energy Flows
This section discusses the life cycle of the electric mobility scooter for the future
industrial system, after the energy and materials flow have been made as circular as possible.
The life cycle of the electric mobility scooter begins with input materials (Notter, 2010).
Input materials
The internal components of the mobility scooter such as electric motor and chassis are
comparable to the passenger car. However, some components strongly differ in both material and
proportion. The housing of the mobility scooter is made up of plastic materials and the
suspension and handle bars are made of aluminium. The latest mobility scooter models use

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LiMn2O4 battery with a mean weight of 32kg and also a wheel hub motor of weight 11kg
(Richards, 2009).
Energy demand and Processing
The manufacturing process of the electric mobility scooter is similar to the passenger car
manufacturing. Apart from the current steps of manufacturing, there is addition of injection
moulding since majority of the plastics components are formed by the use of this approach. The
total fuel and electricity consumption for every sites of production is shown in the environmental
report below:
The unit process data of electric mobility scooter and manufacturing of scooter is as shown in
Appendix A (Robèrt, 2010).
Maintenance
There is need of replacing majority of the need to be replaced after some duration of operation
since their life expectancy is shorter than the one of the whole electric mobility scooter. Some of
the components of the mobility scooter that need to be replaced after a specific duration include

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brakes, motors, tyres, and chains. 50% of the plastic components used in the scooter need to be
replaced at least once in the entire life time of the vehicle. 10% of the steel components have to
be replaced in the life time of the mobility scooter since the chassis is contains more steel. The
scooter tyres have a life span of at least four years with a corresponding distance of 5000km
(Roome, 2009).
The percentage of materials adapted for replacement of parts in the scooter relative to the
composition of materials on the scooter. The lithium battery can be recharged for more than 500
times and the average life span of the electric mobility scooter is approximately 3 to 4 years over
the life span of 15000km. Therefore, the lithium battery has to be replaced 2.75 times in the
entire lifespan of the mobility scooter. The unit process raw data of electric scooter compared to
the bicycle maintenance is shown in the appendix B (Scheepens, 2016).
Disposal
Numerous raw materials of electric mobility scooter can easily be recycled after the
implementation of the proposed sustainability system. All metals used in the manufacture of
structural and miscellaneous components are fully recycled. Identification of process of disposal
of the mobility scooter can be done by making cut-off allocation for metal materials and allocate
every environmental effects to the secondary components generated by the process of recycling.
The tyres are reused through retreading waste tyres that are repairable since it is an efficient and
safe process that entails the removal of exterior treads of the tyres and then replacing them with
new treads by the use of pressure and heat (Scheepens, 2016).
Plastic components can be incinerated and the tyres can also be exported to the companies
dealing in the process of cement production. The environmental effects from the final life

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treatment of the lithium battery is attributed to the transport life cycle of the mobility scooter.
The metal residues from the metal shredder after shredding the metal components such as
chassis, suspension, set assembly, and wheels are accounted for using extrapolation from the
disposal of mobility scooter (Stahel, 2013).
Short term and Long term steps towards Sustainability
This section evaluates the potential business model strategies for long term and short
term steps that can be adopted by the company to ensure system sustainability. Business models
define the manner in which the company performs business and is viewed as a significant driver
for innovation. Numerous streams of research have contributed to the development of
sustainability steps, principles, and the steps implementation that trigger the system
sustainability. These include design engineering for functional sales, ecodesigns, product-service
system, and industrial ecology (Staudinger, 2009).
Researches in the fields stated above have studied and developed long term and short
term strategies for varying flows in materials to improve value preservation and resource
efficiency. These strategies can be implemented at different phases of life cycle of the electric
mobility scooter such as use and production phase. The figure below shows the short term and
long term strategies and their frameworks categorization and the relevant stages of life cycle at
which they may impact (Sullivan, 2010).

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Figure 4: Long term and short term strategies towards sustainability (Sundin, 2009)
The figure above shows the long term and short term steps for recycling the structural, electrical,
and miscellaneous components used in the manufacture of electric mobility scooter that have
been established to enable efficiency improvement of the product in the end-of-life and use
phases. This circular strategies steps involves enabling a second life for components such as
chassis, tyres, suspension, batteries, and motors through remanufacturing or repair and
permitting component recycling after attainment of irreversible end-of-life. Through the
integration of the recovered secondary components in the chain value, this sustainability
strategies set also tackles effects taking place at the commencement of the life cycle of the
component (Teece, 2010).
Most of these short term and long term steps can also be assumed as a degree to prolong
the valuable life of the component. The set of the steps above is imagined to promote a more
radical and systemic change compared with steps that attain incremental improvement if
efficiency of the components. This is because these steps can result to closed loop of components
that can uphold productivity and quality over time, hence minimizing the flow speed of materials

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and products used in the manufacture of the electric mobility scooter through the economy.
However, despite the sustainability steps potential to contribute to a greater change in system, it
should be observed that they do not possess greatest effectiveness gains of components
performance in every circumstance (Transport, 2015).
For example, in case the use phase is prevailing concerning water usage and energy, the
steps for efficiency use are likely to possess the greatest components potential efficiency.
Similarly, sustainability steps addressing the production and material processing stages are not
regarded as sustainability steps yet they may be critical to permit sustainability at later phases of
life cycle. Some of the present components efficiency sustainability steps can be achieved at the
level of company within its own product and processes development such as reduced use of
structural components in the manufacture of mobility scoter and reduced leakage of materials
(Webster, 2017).
Conclusion
As a sustainability manager, there is need of evaluating the extent to which the Circular
Economy concept can be implemented to the company and to the electric mobility scooter. The
major concern of the electronic components is the high energy consumption of the parts such as
the electric motor and batteries. Currently, these are numerous electronic companies that are
considering different technological advances in the form of process or product modification and
re-designing these electronic components so that they can be recycled. Numerous industries have
engaged in many arrangements in the institution for developments, while other initiatives have
focused on technological process and product advances. The company can also ensure
sustainability in the system components by reducing the weight and size of the structural
components, this will promote energy efficiency and reduce the road construction and repair.

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Appendix A: Unit process raw data of electric mobility scooter and manufacturing of scooter

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Appendix B: Unit process raw data of mobility scooter and bicycle maintainace

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Appendix C: Present definitions of the circular business model concept

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Appendix D: Electric Mobility Scooter Flow Diagram

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Appendix E: Top 10 Electric Mobility Scooter Manufacturers