A Comprehensive Model of Manufacturing and Production Safety Culture

This thesis focuses on developing a comprehensive model for manufacturing and production safety culture, a critical aspect of modern industries. It addresses the necessity of safety culture in these sectors, highlighting past incidents and the loss of valuable workforce due to inadequate safety measures. The research includes data gathered from primary and secondary sources, including a survey conducted at Alive and Wells, interviews with managers, supervisors, and labor in-charge, and a review of company documents related to past accidents. The study analyzes the collected data to provide insights and recommendations for improving safety culture, aiming to reduce workplace accidents and enhance the overall safety performance of manufacturing and production companies. The thesis covers various aspects such as research background, literature review, research methodology, data analysis, discussions, recommendations, and conclusions, providing a thorough examination of the topic.

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DEVELOPING A COMPREHENSIVE
MODEL OF MANUFACTURING AND
PRODUCTION SAFETY CULTURE

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Executive Summary
The thesis is base on the topic of “Developing a comprehensive model of manufacturing and
production safety culture”. The concept is quite familiar in the modern industries that
manufactured the various products without the people cannot think of running their lives in the
recent times. The earlier studies show the necessity of the safety culture in the production as well
as the manufacturing sector. The former researches describe how the industry has lost the
valuable workforce in earlier days. The study below provides an analysis on addressing the
issues related to workers safety and avoiding unnecessary incidents. Therefore, many measures
have taken in order to control the accidents in the workplace. As a result, the disasters have come
under control however; there are some loopholes in the strategies. Undoubtedly, this negligence
often causes the accidents in the manufacturing industry in recent days.
In order to gather a proper knowledge regarding the safety culture in the production or
manufacturing industry as well as increase the awareness for the issue among the authority and
the labors of the various companies the researcher has conducted the research work. For the
accomplishment of the study the individual has gather enough data from the primary as well as
the secondary source. The individual has chosen a company named Alive and Wells in order to
conduct the survey among the workers of the organization. The person also had taken interview
of the manager, supervisor, as well as the labor in charge to get their opinion regarding the safety
issue inside the company. The researcher also has studied various documents as well as the
register of the company to get the meticulous report of earlier accidents in the company. After
that the researcher has evaluated and analysis the data and come to the conclusion.

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Acknowledgements
I would like to acknowledge the dedication, patience, and hard work to all my teachers and
professors and other supporting staff to carry on the research and helped me to complete the
paper. I would thankful to all the members and respected teachers with their constant effort and
support it became easier for me to complete the study. It would be glad to mention their name
and even if I missed out some of the dignitary’s name, I would be apologies for the same. In
perusing of the research, I would like to thanks all the staff, members, individuals, managers,
employees of different organization from where the data have collected. Without their help it
would be impossible for me to complete the research. Without their sheer patience and period it
would not have been able to bring the accuracy that I hoped for and ultimately fulfilled. Last but
not the least the coordinators and the co- workers with whom I was conducting my research. I am
proud that I had an excellent opportunity to do this wonderful research. I would also want to
thanks to fellow mates and friends without their help it is not possible at all. Lastly, I would also
like to express my gratitude towards my friends and fellow classmates who have helped me with
multiple times to sort all kinds of major and minor issues or problems.

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Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................6
Research Background..................................................................................................................7
Rationale of the study..................................................................................................................8
What is the research issue?......................................................................................................8
Why is it an issue?...................................................................................................................9
Why it is an issue now?...........................................................................................................9
What could research says light on?.......................................................................................10
Research aim..............................................................................................................................10
Project Brief...............................................................................................................................11
Research Accomplishment........................................................................................................12
Task Description........................................................................................................................13
Research Hypotheses.................................................................................................................13
Problem Statement.....................................................................................................................15
Potential Benefit of the Research:.............................................................................................16
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................................................17
Introduction................................................................................................................................17
Previous Literature.....................................................................................................................18
Preliminary study of safety culture in a manufacturing industry..........................................18
The Role of Leader Influence Tactics and Safety Climate in Engaging Employees' Safety
Participation...........................................................................................................................19
2.1.1 Planning and implementing improvement policies of safety culture in the organization
...............................................................................................................................................20
2.1.2 To identify the challenges faced by the organization in maintaining safety culture in
production and manufacturing setting...................................................................................21
2.1.3 To evaluate the resource requirements of safety culture programs and to fulfill such
requirements..........................................................................................................................23
2.1.4 To make people aware of the need and importance of health and safety policies........24
2.1.5 To explore cooperation and coordination between workers and employers................26
Summary....................................................................................................................................27
Conceptual framework...............................................................................................................28
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY............................................................................29

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Survey questions:...................................................................................................................30
Research Paradigm....................................................................................................................33
Research approach.....................................................................................................................33
Research Theory........................................................................................................................34
Case Study 1:.............................................................................................................................35
Research Data Analysis:............................................................................................................36
Interview Data...........................................................................................................................37
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS................................................................................................39
Project Approaches....................................................................................................................40
Case study 2...............................................................................................................................43
The Success Rate of Emerson at Plant Site...........................................................................45
Case study 3...............................................................................................................................46
Case Study 4..............................................................................................................................49
Experimental Methods...................................................................................................................52
Manufacturing Analytics...........................................................................................................52
Sampling Technique..................................................................................................................53
Ethical Consideration.................................................................................................................54
Research Limitations.....................................................................................................................54
Survey Results...............................................................................................................................56
Quantitative Analysis Results....................................................................................................63
Time Table.................................................................................................................................67
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION........................................................................................................69
CHAPTER 6: RECOMMENDATIONS.......................................................................................71
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION......................................................................................................73
Bibliography..................................................................................................................................75
Appendices....................................................................................................................................84
Maps, Tables and Pictures.........................................................................................................85

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
The research on development on comprehensive model of manufacturing production safety
culture highlights on the fact, and it is one of the identical aspects of developing both the parts
that is one, which highlights the information on safety as well as manufacturing production. In
other words, we can also come to a point that it is totally base on the ethics of research where the
basic idea of the implication of workplace safety has upper edge than the manufacturing and
production. We have to make an effort on the fact that the work culture safety is the main
concern throughout the research paper rather than manufacturing of production. Yes, it is
oblivious to the fact that the production related to manufacturing materials has also discussed in
this thesis paper but more focus will done on the production safety in work culture. As from
now on, we will discuss about the details of the facts and each aspect with minute detail relevant
to topic. In the process of discussing about the facts and findings we will be coming across many
case studies, many data analysis, charts, grant charts, figures, as well as supportive documents
that need to provide will be attached as we proceed on throughout the research.
The accident in the workplace is not familiar to the worker. It can happen in every type of
organization. According to the various studies in every fifteen seconds, at least one hundred and
sixty workers are injured and one dies in several unfortunate incidents in the workplaces. In the
same way around six hundred and three hundred workers dies in the work related calamity in
every day. The data undoubtedly reveal the fact that manufacturing industries are losing a huge
number of the human resources in every second because of the poor safety culture inside the
organization. Obviously, it brings an adverse repercussion on the production as well as the
reputation of a company. Therefore, it is quintessential to investigate in the matter and try to
control this situation so that no unfortunate incident in the workplace can take the toll of
workers’ lives.

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Research Background
In modern society, people have become more concern about safety culture in their workplace.
IAEA or the International Atomic Energy first introduced the concept of safety culture in the
year 1986. It was just after the catastrophe in Chernobyl1. The accident took place in a nuclear
power plant. It is believe that the cause of the disaster laid in the error of the rector process test.
Because of this of this unfortunate incident around thirty labors’s lost, their lives and one of the
rectors had destroyed. In addition, many people were severely injured. While analyzing the
causes of this baffling catastrophe the International Atomic Energy concluded that the
mismanagement as well as the poor safety culture of the power station is the main reason of such
unfortunate disaster. Similarly, another two accidents had occurred because of the inappropriate
as well as insufficient safety culture in the workplace. One of those was in King’s Cross in the
year 1987 and other was in Piper Alpha Oil factory in the year 19882.
The above incidents undoubtedly proved that safety culture in the utmost important while
constructing a manufacturing plant or other organization. The history of manufacturing industry
has established its importance. It is notice that some firm already has the safety plant however; it
does not support the safety performance of the company. Safety performance as well as safety
culture is two different issues. Hence, every organization needs to have safety culture to get the
better safety performance3.
Several researches in past few decades show the importance of the safety culture inside an
organization. However, very few researchers were able to define the term clearly. According to
most of the concepts, the work culture is base on the features of the work, connection,
1 Vedant Singh and Anita Verma, "A Review, Simple Meta-Analysis And Future Directions Of Safety
Climate Research In Manufacturing Organizations" [2018] International Journal of Occupational Safety and
Ergonomics.
2 David A. Hofmann, Michael J. Burke and Dov Zohar, "100 Years Of Occupational Safety Research: From
Basic Protections And Work Analysis To A Multilevel View Of Workplace Safety And Risk." (2017) 102(3)
Journal of Applied Psychology.
3 Heng Li et al, "Proactive Behavior-Based Safety Management For Construction Safety Improvement"
(2015) 75 Safety Science.

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management procedure and at last the physical environment4. As per the PERKESO, in the year
2014 the incidents of work related accident has increased from around 55,000 to 61500 in
Australia in the year 20125. The studies shows that around 105 labors in every ten thousand
labors are involved with the disaster that take place in their work place. Therefore, it has become
a provocative question in the modern civilization.
Rationale of the study
What is the research issue?
A research issue is a declaration about particular concerned area, an improved condition, an
elimination of difficulty, and problems or problematic queries, which exist, in Scholarly
literature in theories, where points needs to be discussed with deliberate and meaningful
investigation and understanding. In some cases, the research issues are poised in a framework of
a question pattern. An issue in research is not focus on a particular state of performing or doing
something, or not offering a valueless or unfruitful question, it is all about broad proposition or
presentation of valuable questionnaire. The purposes of discussing the issues related to the safety
culture in an industry are:
 Introduction of the importance of topic needs to be studies by the reader: The
orientation or significance of the study and the questionnaire on research or
hypothetical approach towards the research.
 Problems based on particular context needs to be properly place: The parameter
need to investigate is properly define.
 Framework is being implemented for results and reporting: Explanation of the
findings and necessary guidelines required to conduct studies. Those are the
issues we faced while conducting the research on developing a comprehensive
model of manufacturing and production safety culture in workplace or an
environment.
4 David Yoon Kin Tong et al, "Leadership Empowerment Behaviour On Safety Officer And Safety
Teamwork In Manufacturing Industry" (2015) 72 Safety Science.
5 G. Reniers, "On The Future Of Safety In The Manufacturing Industry" (2017) 13 Procedia Manufacturing.

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Why is it an issue?
The basic ethical guidelines required for research is the daily work requirements, the dignified
version of topic or subject needs to be protect, and information that needs to be publicized about
the research information. The three basic value added system need to be focus when an employee
is conducting the research. The dilemmas, panic tension are three major areas of concern when
the employee or the researchers worked on certain research related to production safety and
manufacture of the industry6. The definition of safety is the implication of having a free
environment from hazards, health concerns and injuries, whereas on other hand production can
be related to safety management like prevention of accident and taking or measuring control over
things that can be implemented in an organization. It is one of the most important components to
be deal with very care that is safety and management, which ultimately leads to production and
those same results to growth of an organization. It is an activity of efficient utilization of
resources. The control of issues is required for the production safety management and which will
ultimately leads to the prospect and growth of an industry7. It is need to be treating efficiently.
Why it is an issue now?
The reason of the issues is one of the common aspects that needs to identify first and then needs
to be treated. It may occur due to various factors, which may be other than production safety
also. It may be due to environment depending on cultural barrier, social aspect, pragmatic issues
and many more areas needs to be highlighted .The main areas needs to get focused is the ability
to identify the process and finding the reason behind it that if it happens for certain cause then
why it is taking place on so frequent basis. The work related accidents and the barriers needs to
be curtail in production safety management. It strikes the balance between the materials related
to machinery and human based equipments. The quality of production hugely depends on the
safety management and on the basis of that the issues needs to be get resolved as early as
possible 8. The factors that affect the issues are discussed above which may be on some cases
cannot be identified properly or meaningfully it is not at all possible to be identified hence the
6 Gaganpreetkaur et al., Gaganpreetkaur et al., "Concern Of Construction Industry Towards Occupational
Safety And Health Issues" (2018) 8(3) International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research
and Development.
7 Sylwia Gierej, "Big Data In The Industry - Overview Of Selected Issues" (2017) 25(4) Management
Systems in Production Engineering.
8 Peter Moss, "Why Can’T We Get Beyond Quality?" (2016) 17(1) Contemporary Issues in Early
Childhood.

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issues prevails for a prolonged amount of time. The problems lay in detection, which needs a
research and study of doing so.
What could research says light on?
The research aims at bringing or sharing the ideas related to the production safety and
management of the industry. It pours some showers on the fact and aspect about the vitality and
awareness of employees in an organization9. In one of the case studies we have mentioned about
the fact and the source based on the farming company Alive and Well where we have discussed
about certain points of the organization that are required to get improved regarding safety
culture. The study reveals more on the maintaining of the scenario of work culture, which is one
of the imperative factors related to the organizational progress including health and hazards.
Moreover, it is based on finding that barriers like production on safety affect the manufacturing
process also. It highlights the true enigma of beauty about the observation based not only on
safety culture but also on the workplace environment as well as manufacturing unit. It put a light
on ever ending dilemma between workers safety culture and the true essence of health concerns
of the employees. The research highlights on the fact of objectives of safe production and
manufacturing of objectives of safe production and manufacturing of certain material. It creates
or strikes the significant balance between environment and production process.
Research aim
The vision of the research is quite clear. The researcher has conducted the research in order to
figure out the amount of lose as well as the injuries that take place in the manufacturing unit of
various organization. Secondly, the individual wanted to assess the quality of the safety culture
in a firm10. The person also aimed to evaluate the opinion of the management team of the
production and management industry regarding to the safety features of several companies.
Another vision of the research was to increase awareness for the safety culture in the work place
so that the possibility of the accident can be control. It is obvious that the awareness regarding
the safety culture will enhance the productivity and such situation will lead the company to the
way of increasing the profit. Therefore, mention was another goal of conducting the research
work.
9 Sang-Dong Lee, "Awareness Of Disaster Among Service Employees: A Case Of Hotel Employees In
Korea" (2015) 11(10) Crisis and Emergency Management.
10 Radosandław Wolniak and Marcin Olkiewicz, "The Relations Between Safety Culture And Quality
Culture" (2019) 1(1) System Safety: Human - Technical Facility - Environment.

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On the contrary, the researchers had a humanitarian vision behind the study. As per the earlier
discussion, it is clear that accidents in the workplace had taken a great toll of lives of the workers
who were not only valuable for their companies but also for their families. As a result of the
unfortunate death of the employees the companies has to face severe loss as it does not only lose
it precious human resource but also it has to take the great financial burden because of the
compensation that the company needs to give the affected families in order to provide monetary
supports. On the other hand, the families of the dead or injured worker have to face a lot of
adverse financial situation because of the sudden disaster11. It is neither true that nor monetary
help can compensate the lives of the beloved person whom their families loss for ever. Hence, it
was one of the aims of the researcher to put a restraint on the accident of the various workplace
especially on the production as well as the manufacturing companies.
Project Brief
In order to conduct the research the researcher has made a clear plan of the entire thesis or the
project brief so that the individual did not need to face problem to continue the task. This
The project brief is plan in succession of the following task:
● At first, the researcher has given a specific topic and then the person approved the
proposal. In this case, the individual has provided a topic “Developing a comprehensive
model of manufacturing and production safety culture”.
● Then the individual selected a manufacturing company named Alive and Wells to run the
research project.
● Then the researcher collected the secondary data in order to acquire enough knowledge to
write the literature review on the safety culture in the manufacture industry12.
● Thereafter the individual identified the methodology of the research.
● After that the researcher talks to the workers as well as take interviews of the managers,
supervisor, labor in charge to accumulate the quantitative as well as the qualitative data
respectably 13.
● There after the researcher start analyzing the data in order to conclude.
11 Hardy Johnson and Brian Roseman, "ODD LOT ORDER AGGRESSIVENESS AND STEALTH
TRADING" (2017) 40(2) Journal of Financial Research.
12 Dennis Bakir, Tobias Feickert and Robin Bakir, "Smart Data Hub: Retrofit Solution To Acquire Process-
Inherent Knowledge" (2017) 11 Procedia Manufacturing.
13 Sheryl A. McCurdy and Michael W. Ross, "Qualitative Data Are Not Just Quantitative Data With Text But
Data With Context: On The Dangers Of Sharing Some Qualitative Data: Comment On Dubois Et Al. (2018)."
(2018) 5(3) Qualitative Psychology.

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● Next, the individual figured out the key findings of the entire research work.
● After that, the person builds his perception on the safety culture of the production and the
manufacturing sector.
● In the next level, the researcher prepared some recommendation based on the perception
of the study for the improvement of the company’s safety culture.
● At last, the researcher submitted the entire thesis to his professor.
Research Accomplishment
The above research illustrates that many elements are related in the safety culture of the
production as well as the manufacturing industry. These elements are often known as ‘safety
culture aspect’ or ‘safety climate aspect’14. The researcher has discussed the total few elements
that are intertwine with the safety culture of the workplace of manufacturing and production
industry. Those aspects are management strategy, communication in the workplace, working
environment, procedure of conducting the specific production as well as the practice of miss
reporting of the several disasters or the accident.
● The researcher came to know that management of the Alive and Wells are quite aware of
the safety culture inside the company. They have a plan to buy the highly equipped
machineries so that the workers need not to take risk of the lives while operating the
manufacturing procedure15.
● The supervisors or the labor in charges regularly talks to the workers in order to figure
out the safety requirement of the manufacturing unit. They also respect to the suggestion
provided by the workers.
● The management always encourages their workers to use the tools and the machineries so
that unfortunate incident can take place inside the manufacturing sector of the company.
Task Description
The researcher has conducted the research inside the manufacturing sector of the company
named Alive and Wells in Australia. The individual has chosen the working hours in weekdays
to continue the survey in order to collect data regarding the research work. In this research, the
14 Gabriel Raviv, Aviad Shapira and Barak Fishbain, "AHP-Based Analysis Of The Risk Potential Of Safety
Incidents: Case Study Of Cranes In The Construction Industry" (2017) 91 Safety Science.
15 Anass Cherrafi et al, "The Integration Of Lean Manufacturing, Six Sigma And Sustainability: A Literature
Review And Future Research Directions For Developing A Specific Model" (2016) 139 Journal of Cleaner
Production.

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individual has selected the topic in the first weeks of conducting the research. After that he had
started collecting the secondary data as well as the taking the interview of the employees of the
company Alive and Wells and the work continued to entire second, third and fourth week.
Meanwhile the individual had gone through the various documents as well as the reports that are
base on the safety culture of the manufacturing industry. At the end of the fourth week, the
researcher recognized the research methodology. The individual made the research outline and
prepared the questionnaire. Then the researcher talked to the workers as well as the labors in
charge, supervisor, and the manager in order to get their opinions regarding the safety culture on
the manufacturing of the company. During the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth week the
individual acquired the data from various sources such as internet, old newspapers of the state
where the several incident related to the work place accident is mention. In the next three weeks,
the researcher concentrated in analyzing the data that he has collected. At the end of the tenth
week to entire twelfth week the person observer the key findings of the research work. On the
thirteenth and fourteenth week, the researcher concluded his entire effort. At the same time, he
has provided some recommendation to in order to ensure the safety measure in the
manufacturing as well as the production sector of the company. At last, on the fifteenth and
sixteenth week he submitted the project. Therefore, it is visible that it took entire sixteen week to
the researcher to complete the study.
Research Hypotheses
Objective 1
Number Hypotheses
Hypotheses 1 Safety culture as well as work environment are not related with
each other
Hypotheses 1 Safety culture as well as work environment are closely related with
each other16.
Objective 2
16 Julia Rawlings, "Assessment Of Pharmacy Department Patient Safety Culture With The Use Of Validated
Work Environment Survey Indices" [2018] The Permanente Journal.

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Number Hypotheses
Hypotheses 1 Safety culture as well as management strategy of a manufacturing
industry is not intertwined.
Hypotheses 1 Safety culture as well as management strategy of a manufacturing
industry is intertwined.
Objective 3
Number Hypotheses
Hypotheses 1 Safety culture as well as the communication at workplace does not
have connection with one another17.
Hypotheses 1 Safety cultures as well as the communication at workplace have
connection with one another.
Objective 4
Number Hypotheses
Hypotheses 1 Safety culture and the workers who work in the manufacturing
sector does not have relation with each other
Hypotheses 1 Safety culture and the workers who work in the manufacturing
sector have relation with each other
Objective 5
Number Hypotheses
Hypotheses 1 There are no such aspects that have a direct impact on the safety
culture in the production or the manufacturing industry18.
17 Yanqing Lai and Caihui Lin, "Employee Well-Being And Workplace Performance: Does HRM Have To
Trade Off One For Another?" (2017) 2017(1) Academy of Management Proceedings.

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Hypotheses 1 There are some aspects those have a direct bang on the safety
culture in the production or the manufacturing industry.
Objective 6
Number Hypotheses
Hypotheses 1 Safety culture as well as accident and improper practice of
reporting an incident, is not closely related with each other.
Hypotheses 1 Safety culture as well as accident and improper practice of
reporting an incident are closely related with each other.
Problem Statement
On the basis of the previous studies a lot of researches works have been conducted in America,
England as well as the other western countries as the concept of the safety culture has come into
light first through the Oil Rig as well as the Chernobyl disaster19. As per the opinion of several
researchers the Petrochemical industry as well as the nuclear power plants has the highest risk of
accidents. However, very few researches have been conducted in the production or the
manufacturing plant. It can be said that whatever accidents were taken place in the in the
western countries, quite a few were occur in the production factories. That is the reason, it is
quite important that researchers need to be carried out on the safety culture inside the
manufacturing industries in Australia.
On the contrary, there are quite a few studies on the safety culture of Australian manufacturing
industry. The thesis offers a profound discussion of the safety measures in a large production as
well as s the manufacturing plant. There is no doubt that every manufacturing company needs to
adhere certain safety measure so that ifs employee can work without taking risk on their life. In
the following research the researcher has choose a company, named Alive and Wells in order to
18 Erika Sujová and Helena Čierna, "Complex Evaluation Of Safety Culture Determinants In Manufacturing
Companies In Slovakia" (2018) 26(3) Management Systems in Production Engineering.
19 "Databank On Chernobyl Disaster" (1992) 255(5050)

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check the safety culture of the plant. Alive and Wells is accompany that manufactured the
various equipments of commercial cooking as well as warming. In order to organize the research
work inside the company the researcher has taken a mixed approach. The researcher has
followed a proper research outline, data collecting procedure as well as analysis of the data in
order to conclude.
Potential Benefit of the Research:
From conducting the research, the individual was able to help the management team of the
organization to identify the pros and cons of the safety culture. Therefore, the organization can
take the appropriate the action in order to practice the safety ethnicity inside the firm. Hence, the
company will be able to provide its employees high level of safety in the workplace20.
In addition, the study can provide a latest database that describes another perspective of the
safety measure and culture in the manufacturing or production industry of Australia in recent
times. Based on the conclusion of the study the researchers can continue the further researches to
figure out the other hidden aspects, which are responsible for the unfortunate disaster or
accidents in the manufacturing industry in upcoming days. On top of that the study will provide a
meticulous understanding about the cultural difference among the continents.
20 Diane Kunyk et al, "Employers’ Perceptions And Attitudes Toward The Canadian National Standard On
Psychological Health And Safety In The Workplace: A Qualitative Study" (2016) 44 International Journal of Law
and Psychiatry.

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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
Safety culture plays a key role in an organization’s success. World Health Organization has
considered workplace safety a priority setting now a day for promoting health in the 21st century.
Existence of various complex technologies in the manufacturing and production settings often
causes safety issues and threats. This study shows various quantitative and qualitative methods
are useful in assessment of safety culture21. Qualitative methods of measurement provide
information through direct and indirect interaction with researchers and informants using several
terms and concepts of their own. Review of case studies help in assessing safety culture. This
research also provides supporting evidences along with the experimental results, which will
make things clearer. The advantages of the Safety Culture Assessment are to determine the
safety level of an organization, assessing the effectiveness of Health & Safety programs,
providing guidance, and ensuring safety of workers in the manufacturing and production setting
of the organization, which will help in increasing the satisfaction level of workers as well as the
effectiveness of the work environment in total.
For assessment of manufacturing and production safety culture, many research works,
interviewing have been conducted22. Analyzing of several case studies has been conducted to
gather relevant information. Safety culture is always different and tends to differs in varieties of
aspects from safety climate. Safety culture refers to the personality of the organization whereas
safety climate provides a snapshot of safety. Safety culture encircles the values, faiths, beliefs
shared by all regarding the safety of the workplace and it takes a considerable time to form.
Safety climate is the recognized value of safety, which changes from time to time and
circumstance-to-circumstance .Working with appropriate methods, safer equipments, and
adherence to various safety policies can help in reducing regular injuries in the workplace. Some
21 Mužniece-Treija, Evita, "ODOUR STUDY WITH QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
METHODS IN VARIOUS DISTRICTS OF RIGA" (2017) 1 Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of
the International Scientific and Practical Conference
22 Javahernia, Alireza and Funlade Sunmola, "A Simulation Approach To Innovation Deployment Readiness
Assessment In Manufacturing" (2017) 5(1) Production & Manufacturing Research

18
recommendations have been discussed in this study to maintain manufacturing and production
safety culture in the organization.23
Previous Literature
Preliminary study of safety culture in a manufacturing industry
According to Sukadarin, Suhaimi and Abdull in this article, safety culture has a vital role to play
in estimating the success or failure of an organization. If an organization has poor safety culture,
it can cause a negative impact in its progress. In this article, viewpoints of employees towards
implementation of safety culture have been discussed. Use of surveys, questionnaires, helps out
in understanding the perceptions of various workers regarding safety culture. A positive safety
culture aims at developing awareness about risks in the workplace among its employees so that
they avoid using unsafe practices24. Exposure to workplace risks can be minimized through
implementation of proper safety policies and procedures. Cooper advocated the Reciprocal
Safety Culture model in 2000.In this model, safety culture constituted three different dimensions:
psychological, jobs and organization.
A survey was administered in a manufacturing industry at Pahang, Malaysia. A questionnaire
was distributed among the 30 workers. The questions explored the seven factors in the safety
climate. The questionnaire consisted of two sections: their demography and safety culture. The
results were assessed thereafter.
23 Cherrafi, Anass et al, "The Integration Of Lean Manufacturing, Six Sigma And Sustainability: A Literature
Review And Future Research Directions For Developing A Specific Model" (2016) 139 Journal of Cleaner
Production
24 Dyer, Clare, "New NHS Safety Watchdog Aims To Promote Openness And Avoid “Blame Culture”"
[2017] BMJ

19
(Figure1: Ratings and the Percentage are compared)
(Source: 25)
The survey concluded that workers have a positive conception towards the system and
procedures regarding safety management, which the company applies. On the other hand, they
had a negative opinion management commitment. For ensuring a sound safety culture at
workplace, the management needs to take actions that are more productive26.
The Role of Leader Influence Tactics and Safety Climate in Engaging Employees' Safety
Participation
According to Clarke and Ward in this article, leadership plays a significant role in improving the
employee health and safety. Proper communication and interaction of leaders with workers can
help in improving safety performance in the organization. Leadership behaviors related with
motivating workers and implementing safety policies have an important bearing27. More positive
is the safety climate; more will be the safety participation. In the survey, questionnaires were
disseminated in two of the U.K. based built-up organizations. Out of the 270 questionnaires, 105
were returned properly and were sampled. A modified version of Zohar’s (2000) was used for
evaluating safety climate.
Figure 2: Flowchart on Safety Culture
(Source:28)
25 Buhai, I. Sebastian, Elena Cottini and Niels Westergaard-Nielsen, "How Productive Is Workplace Health
And Safety?" (2017) 119(4) The Scandinavian Journal of Economics
26 Buhai, I. Sebastian, Elena Cottini and Niels Westergaard-Nielsen, "How Productive Is Workplace Health
And Safety?" (2017) 119(4) The Scandinavian Journal of Economics
27 "Leadership And Gen Z: Motivating Gen Z Workers And Their Impact To The Future" (2018) 6(1).
28 Emezat H. Mengesha, "Food Security: What Does Gender Have To Do With It?" (2016) 30(4) Agenda.

20
Inspirational appeals, discussions, and persuasions had a positive influence on safety climate of
the organization; however, it did not moderate safety participation. The Safety climate mediation
model helps in understanding the importance of not only adherence to safety policies, methods
and regulations but also encouragement of safety participation of employees. Though the study
furnishes only a limited test of the hypotheses mentioned, it helps in estimating the importance of
leadership in boosting safety participation of employees.
2.1.1 Planning and implementing improvement policies of safety culture in the organization
The safety culture in an organization is one of the most important aspects that is required to
improve by planning and implementation. The work place safety is one area of concern where
the individual employee needs to tackle with the issues29. The development of safety culture can
result in more effectual conduct of work and a sense of responsibility among managers and
employees30. To support the growth of good safety culture and an appropriate safety
managements these are some of the points we need to discuss.
· To understand the safety culture concepts and adoption of practices by undergoing proper
training.
 The leadership style needs to be demonstrating that has an appropriate balancing
in between controlling and caring.
 The needs of safety interest being visible
 The agenda of meetings to have priorities on having safety 31.
 The encouragement of employees to have a questioning attitudes related to safety
issues
 The strategic plans need to be executed for ensuring safety of the employee or co-
workers of organization.
 The personal objectives for improving direct aspects on the areas of
responsibility.
29 Mishelle Doorasamy, "Using Material Flow Cost Accounting (Mfca) To Identify Benefits Of Eco-
Efficiency And Cleaner Production In A Paper And Pulp Manufacturing Organization" (2016) 8(1) Foundations of
Management.
30 Richard H. Swartz et al, "Validating A Pragmatic Approach To Cognitive Screening In Stroke Prevention
Clinics Using The Montreal Cognitive Assessment" (2016) 47(3) Stroke.
31 Emezat H. Mengesha, "Food Security: What Does Gender Have To Do With It?" (2016) 30(4) Agenda.

21
 The current and anticipated circumstances in an organization for reviewing
regular safety policy 32.
 The safety trends needs to get monitored in order to achieve safety objectives.
 The safety interest needs to get genuine and safety improvements and recognizing
those who achieved them, and not restricting their interest to situations where
there are safety problems.
 The organization should ensure that senior management should have safety
management system that provides structured systematic means of maintaining and
achieving standard of safety performance.
 The practice that enables to maintain organization safety by operating vigilant and
humble illustrations
 The predicative risk analysis or risk assessment methodology during predatory
phase of activities
 The analysis and consequences of risk of error and their consequences basic to
quality of safety concern
 Errors in the safety concerns act as a learning opportunity in an organization 33.
 Any kinds of events related to safety must be first consider as main safety related
issues.
2.1.2 To identify the challenges faced by the organization in maintaining safety culture in
production and manufacturing setting
The hazards and incidents affect more people in factory floor hence the industrial facilities have
unique safety challenges. In a workplace, a fire can broke out, missed days due to injuries or
chemical hazards can affect the output of the production. It causes delay in schedule or timing of
shipping, fulfillment, vendor relationship, and customer satisfaction. To run the operation
smoothly good practice of industrial safety is required. Industrial safety works hard to prevent
workplace hazards, which include chemical exposure, physical hazards, and poor form of safety
concern. To create safety at work places laws and regulation related to safety is continuously
32 Ryan E. Rhodes and Chetan D. Mistry, "Understanding The Reasons Behind Anticipated Regret For
Missing Regular Physical Activity" (2016) 7 Frontiers in Psychology.
33 Peter Cauwelier, Vincent M. Ribière and Alex Bennet, "Team Psychological Safety And Team Learning:
A Cultural Perspective" (2016) 23(6) The Learning Organization.

22
evolving in order to keep abreast of the changes34. The workplace challenges are more and more
demanding so that the safety concerns are one of the required measures that need to be changes.
Most of the times people are interested in an organization’s approach in laboratory
environmental health and safety managements which includes clients, customers, students
suppliers, the shareholders, insurers , and contractor. More and more organizations attach the
same importance in EHS management35. A structured approach is demand for high standards for
the identification of hazards and evaluation and control of work related risk36. A legal framework
of comprehensively that already exists for laboratory environmental health and safety
managements. The result of occupational injuries, ill health, and impact on environment to
anticipate and prevent circumstances related to work safety culture37. In most of the organization,
the work and safety culture depends on the adverse impact on an environment. The most
common challenges faced by an organization in maintaining safety concerns the hazards and the
approaches they faced on ill health of an employees. The guidelines presented here are base on
principles of good management of quality assurance and business excellence. In some
organizations, some risk assessment records and policy that has been updated. The manner and
extension to which application to the individual elements has been established management
system. It is the responsibility of an employer to maintain a healthy and safe workplace. A safety
program, health management system can help us to focus the efforts at improving work culture
and environment. If management of the organization in maintaining safety culture in production
and manufacturing setting needs to get prevented from illness and injuries at work place. The
organization will adopt its own unique system reflecting your way of doing business. To get a
successful system the overall business operation needs to maintain the following guidelines those
are
 The managers are committed to making the program work.
34 "CHALLENGES FACED BY THE OLDEST OLD IN THE CAREGIVING ROLE: OBSERVATIONS
FROM THE HOSPICE SETTING" (2016) 56(Suppl_3).
35 "Transnational Marriage In Taiwan: Challenges Faced And Adaptation Strategies Adopted In
Experiencing A Different Culture" (2017) 3(4).
36 M. Lerch and N. Benz, "MONTREAL COGNITIVE ASSESSMENT (HEARING IMPAIRED)
(GERMAN VERSION) IN GERIATRIC COGNITIVE SCREENING" (2017) 1(suppl_1) Innovation in Aging.
37 Erika Sujová and Helena Čierna, "Complex Evaluation Of Safety Culture Determinants
In Manufacturing Companies In Slovakia" (2018) 26(3) Management Systems in Production
Engineering.

23
 Employees need involvement in the program 38.
 A system required to identification and controlled hazards
 Trainings and Guidance needs to be provided to the employers for safe work
practices.
 The open communication, caring and mutual respect in a climate conducive to
safety
 Continuously improving is required in safety maintenance and hazards control.
2.1.3 To evaluate the resource requirements of safety culture programs and to fulfill such
requirements
A successful and strong safety culture program is the result of several individual and group
attempts39. The responsibility to give a start to such programs is the responsibility of the top-level
management but its proper implementation is the responsibility of the organization as a whole,
even of the workers at base level.
Various components of the safety culture programs:
 Identifying and assessing the risks prevalent in the workplace. Recognition and
estimation of hazards is an unavoidable step for creating a productive safety culture
program. This will help in determination of safety measures.
 Ø Investigating on the past incidents can be helpful in understanding the main causes for
such accidents. This will give a nice direction to the Company in formulating safety
culture programs. Reporting of all incidents by the worker is very important for this.
 The next component would be prevention and control of the identified dangers or
hazards. The causes of such risks should be removing like hazardous materials,
malfunctioned machineries.
 Fire extinguishers, emergency exits, and first aid kits should be made accessible easily to
the workers and workers should be educated and trained to use them.
 Some regulatory programs, which should be followed for determining safety regulations,
like OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Association), EPA (Environmental
Protection Agency) and so on.
38 "Job Involvement And Occupational Stress Among Female And Male Government Employees" (2017)
6(7).
39 Shawn Maxwell, "Strong Technical Program Drives Successful Urtec" (2017) 36(10) The Leading Edge.

24
 Regular examining and auditing related with the workplace’s safety. Workers should be
encouraged and educated to work safely.
 Requirements of Safety Culture in an organization40
A constructive Safety Culture requires proper communication between the workers and the
management, so that the policy contents can be spread throughout the organization. A capable
and smart leader is required to supervise and guide the workers in understanding the health and
safety policy of the organization and then in following it. Leaders demonstrate correct and safe
working procedures and lead the workers using examples for easier understanding41. The
management may also hire people to examine the safety policies. It will be then checked,
whether the workplace health and safety policies were implemented fruitfully and if there are any
issues in the same. Periodic reviewing of policies will help in determining the strength of such
policies. The next requirement is training of workers. They should be trained according to the
policy. Proper handling of complex and risky machineries should be taught to them. Identifying
workers and recognizing the workers suitable for a job is an important requirement for
productive implementation of policies.
2.1.4 To make people aware of the need and importance of health and safety policies
According to the Canadian Occupational Health and Safety legislation, employers are required to
have a health and safety policy in their workplace42. A health and safety policy is a statement by
the company in written form, which describes the commitment of protecting its workers’ health
and safety, on the part of the company. It focuses on the course of action to be performed in the
organization.
An effective health and safety policy should be consistent with the aims and objectives of the
Company. It should include all levels of management, top, middle and lower levels and even the
workers in the baseline should be involved during the formulation process and finally approved
or signed by the senior management. It should be fair and just and not provide some
unachievable task for the workers, that is, it should be meaningful. It must result in some positive
40 Madanski, Vesselin, "The Implementation And Studying Of “Life Activity Safety” As A Basis Of Modern
Safety Culture" (2017) 23(2) International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION
41 Sujová, Erika and Helena Čierna, "Complex Evaluation Of Safety Culture Determinants In Manufacturing
Companies In Slovakia" (2018) 26(3) Management Systems in Production Engineering
42 "A Systematic Review Of Occupational Health And Safety Business Cases" (2018) 66(2)

25
outcome. It should be in accordance with the nature and extent of operations in the workplace.
Flexibility of policies is also needed so that they can be changed according to the internal and
external environment. The policy should be more like a promise or commitment, on the part of
the company, to keep its workers safe and healthy in its workplace43.
Creating a safe and healthy working environment is very important for every worker all over the
industry. It is the responsibility of the company to take care of its employees. Loss of human
resource is unbearable and it should be prevented as far as possible. This will be beneficial not
only for the worker but also for the company as a whole. Better health of employees means work
that is more efficient. This will help in improving the productive capacity of the company,
ultimately leading to success of the company. A safe work environment and encouragement of
teamwork will create a positive attitude and dedication of workers towards their work44. People
can be made aware about the need and importance of health and safety policies through surveys,
questionnaires, advertisements, journals and more.
Responsibilities of the management are to create a healthy and safe working environment and
creating a sense of responsibility towards its workers’ safety45. It is the responsibility of the
management to provide proper training and education to its employees regarding the work
procedures.
Responsibilities of the Workers are to follow their leader, work according to the policy and
safety regulations, and take required care while handling risky equipments and report about the
incidents in the workplace.
2.1.5 To explore cooperation and coordination between workers and employers
In an organization, it is very important aspect for maintaining the balance among workers and
co-workers. The proper coordination and cooperation is the essential requisite in order to grow
and develop the business46. The workers need to be properly guided and maintain the harmonious
relation with fellow group members and the team. The co-operation is not always an easy thing
43 Leka, Stavroula et al, "Future Challenges Of Occupational Safety And Health Policy-Making In The UK"
(2016) 14(1) Policy and Practice in Health and Safety
44 Knutsson, Anders, "Mortality Of Shift Workers" (2017) 43(2) Scandinavian Journal of Work,
Environment & Health
45 Smith, Joan R., "Linking Patient And Worker Safety To Create A Safe And Healthy Working
Environment" (2017) 31(1) The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing
46 "Supplemental Material For The Oxford Cognitive Screen (OCS): Validation Of A Stroke-Specific Short
Cognitive Screening Tool."

26
to achieve in workplace but effort is necessary for harmonious and productive space. It is the
basic root cause of success and failure47. If there is no cooperation and coordination then the
respect automatically dies within the group of employees48. The things when done very
effectively and quickly the dedication is required among the employees at workplace. The
precious time is not lost by squabble and conflicts between employees and management when
there is cooperation at workplace. It takes empathy and skill to bring down a group of employees
to cooperate and came together as a team. The basic role of leaders is to inspire Teamwork is an
essential thing that needs both cooperation and coordination between employers and workers.
Without teamwork, a professional environment would not grow hence managements and
employees work together to maintain the peaceful environment. It requires empathy and skill that
are required among the employees to have a highly effective team. The lot of people does not
know how to build a team hence cooperation acts as a pillar of teamwork. Cooperation means a
core group of employees is working together for each and everyone’s benefit. There are much
organizational strife among the workers at this point of time cooperation and coordination are
most important aspect during this time49. Cooperation also means helping each other and taking
turns and helping each individual comes out of the situations. The two most important things
needs to consider about development of organization is gradually increase of cooperation and as
well as coordination among the workers, which is very important aspect, needs to get consider.
The both cooperation and coordination goes hand in hand.
Summary
The earlier studies could not define the term ‘safety culture’. The reason of this inability was
hidden under the previous studies that described that the safety culture may differs from one
place to another, because of the cultural , national as well as the organizational difference. There
are some similar concepts that include the components such as moral values, attitudes towards
safety culture and safety norms, perception regarding the safety norms. Along with such aspects
the prevention for the disaster, surface demonstration of safety culture and many more come
under this concept of safety culture. In addition safety culture depends on the climate of the
47 Parag Sawant, Preetee Gokhale and Zarine Ferzandi, "Screening Of Chronic Alcoholics For Cognitive
Impairment Using Montreal Cognitive Assessment—Occupational Therapy Perspective" (2017) 19(4) Journal of
Health Management.
48 "ACCOMMODATING OLDER WORKERS: HOW EMPLOYERS CAN PREPARE" (2015)
55(Suppl_2).
49 Nitzan Merguei, "WELL: Keeping The Social Mission Alive" (2016) 6(3) Emerald Emerging Markets
Case Studies.

27
country.’ Safety culture’ can also be defined based on the physical as well as the behavioral
effort of the management team of a production or manufacturing firm so that risk of unwanted
disaster can be averted50. Several non-government or government organization has given priority
to the approach in order to secure the issue of an employee’s health as well as to reduce the
amount of death and injury cases of the worker while working inside the company. Therefore,
the organizations of the recent days have become more concern regarding. The owner of a
company is committed to provide safety at the time of recruiting the staff in the firm. The term of
‘safety commitment’ refers to the procedure of allocating the assets or resources in a way so that
risk of accident can be prevented or at least diminished. It has been noticed that a lot of accident
occurs in the workplace in earlier days just because of the negligence of the management. Even
in today’s world few owner as well as the as management of manufacturing organization are so
careless towards the safety measures of the employees that they hardly pay attention in order to
take precaution of accident. As a result, the innocent workers have to scarify their lives.
Therefore, creating awareness is utmost essential regarding this issue. In order to increase
awareness proper record of several accidents that had taken place inside various organizations
need to be maintained51. This concept gives birth of the idea of ‘reporting culture’ that denotes
an working atmosphere where employees feel relaxed as well as safe to work inside the
company. Along with this they need to be trained how to act in the time of emergency, how to
use the equipments at the time of calamity and many more. All such measures will be possible if
the authority of a company maintains the appropriate reports of accidents in the workplace. In
addition, management can take lesson from such reports and can take approach to reduce the
unfortunate incident in the working area52.
50 Cigdem Tarhan, Can Aydin and Vahap Tecim, "How Can Be Disaster Resilience Built With Using
Sustainable Development?" (2016) 216 Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences.
51 S. Abdin et al, "The Effectiveness Of Physical Activity Interventions In Improving Well-Being Across
Office-Based Workplace Settings: A Systematic Review" (2018) 160 Public Health.
52 StephanyCarolan, Peter R Harris and Kate Cavanagh, "Improving Employee Well-Being And
Effectiveness: Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis Of Web-Based Psychological Interventions Delivered In The
Workplace" (2017) 19(7) Journal of Medical Internet Research.

28
Conceptual framework
Comprehensive model of
manufacturing and production safety
culture
Objectives:
 To help the
organizations develop
a sound safety culture
in their workplace
 To promote workers’
health and safety
 To ensure
coordination between
employer and
employee
 To identify and assess
several risks at
workplace
 To spread awareness
among people about
safety culture
Case Study
Literature Review:
 Previous Literature
 Related literature
Project Summery
 Selection of the topic and approval
proposal
 Secondary data collection and literature
review
 Recognizing the research methodology
 Collection of data
 Analysis of data
 Findings
 Recommendation and conclusion
 Final submission and celebration
Result and Findings Discussion
Conclusions Recommendations
Research Methodology:
 Quantitative Analysis
 Qualitative Analysis
(Source: Author’s Creation)
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The manufacturing and production safety culture is very important that we cannot neglect. In
various study of cases it has been observed that the occupational health and safety practices in
most of the developing business will lead to the name and fame of the organization
automatically. The production related departments can be characterized depending on four

29
personnel those are Production operators, Team leaders, Supervisor and Managers. The work is
needed to be distributed accordingly to the employers and in return, the company will generate
high-end output53. The working group needs to be supervised by team leaders. The role of team
leader is to distribute the task to each individual and work collaboratively. The leader tries to
play a major role in order to maintain good environment of working culture The team leaders
reported to the Supervisors and then supervisor to the managers by this way the work and its
responsibility of employee continues.
The tools that requires for the access of safety culture can be categories under two headings those
are Quantitative and Qualitative methods54. The qualitative methods involved observation of
employees, valuable discussion is required to review of historical background of company. The
qualitative measurement strategies members of organization serve as informants, which involves
direct relation organization members. By qualitative measurement strategies where members of
organization act as an informer who directly or indirectly convey the interaction to the research
team by using their own terms and concept to express individual point of view. The in depth
analysis of information can be obtained within language of focal groups. In contrast, quantitative
approaches attempt to score safety and numerically measure which is standardized and
calibrated. The Quantitative methods are used for cross sectional comparison. The research
approach selected as deductive and inductive for the data collection methods quantitative and
qualitative data collection technique55. The answer to the question may have many functions. The
answer to this type of question is the organizational and union representatives, which may
require taking part in assessment process. However, there may be some time individual may have
to implement the system alone. By undertaking safety culture assessment a company can
determines the level of work safety culture. Identifying the areas for improving Health and safety
purpose at work place and encouraging continuous improvement through communication with
employees56.
53 Devin Flaherty, "Between Living Well And Dying Well: Existential Ambivalence And Keeping Promises
Alive" (2018) 42(5) Death Studies.
54 Stephen A. Young and Jennifer Blitvich, "Safety In Hard Times – A Qualitative Analysis Of Safety
Concerns In Two Industrial Plants Under Financial Duress" (2018) 102 Safety Science.
55 Theophilus Azungah, "Qualitative Research: Deductive And Inductive Approaches To Data Analysis"
(2018) 18(4) Qualitative Research Journal.
56 Soumendu Biswas and Kanwal Kapil, "Linking Perceived Organizational Support And Organizational
Justice To Employees’ In-Role Performance And Organizational Cynicism Through Organizational Trust" (2017)
36(5) Journal of Management Development.

30
There are ample amount of case studies that have assessed safety culture in a specific company
or industry. The safety culture representing long-term beliefs and attitudes towards maintain the
standard of members of an organization57. Academic, Pragmatic, analytical are the factors that
distinguishes which assess organization safety culture58. The approach focuses on past time and
the information aims to retrieve its qualitative and descriptive research. The assessment strategy
and methods involves fieldwork, document analysis, and observation group with initial
consideration of taking interviews. Other methods are Psychological approach and Experienced
based approach that we will discuss in later part.
In this research, various methods have been opted like interviews and surveys59. We conducted a
survey in this research by distributing questionnaires about developing safety culture.
Survey questions:
1. Can all injuries and accidents in the workplace, be prevented?
Yes Somewhat No
2. Is the process of implementing safety culture in the organization, challenging?
Yes Somewhat No
3. How difficult is the process of maintaining health and safety in an organization?
Very difficult Slightly difficult Not difficult
4. How often have you witnessed or heard about some type of accident in a work place?
57 Daniel Tzabbar and Yamuna Baburaj, "How To Best Utilize Star Employees" [2019] Organizational
Dynamics.
58 Helene-Rosina Ayi and Chun-Yip Hon, "Safety Culture And Safety Compliance In Academic
Laboratories: A Canadian Perspective" (2018) 25(6) Journal of Chemical Health and Safety.
59 Gupta, Deepak, "Is Workplace Kin?" [2019] Workplace Health & Safety

31
Frequently Rarely
5. Workers’ health and safety are at a stake these days. Do you agree with this statement?
Yes No
6. How far do you consider that the manufacturing industries comply with the policies and
standards of health and safety that has been developed by the state or the nation?
Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
7. Do you think that a safe and secured culture enhances the aspect of motivation with the
employees?
Yes No
8. How often do you think the safety and health related policies helps in the improvement
of the environment and the community?
Frequently Rarely
We distributed this questionnaire to different people at various places. After this process, we
collected the answers to know about the opinions and thoughts of different people. Their
opinions have been discussed below:
1. For the first question 68% said somewhat, 21% said yes and 11% marked on no. This shows
that most people think injuries can be somewhat prevented by taking proper precautions and by
following the safety rules and regulations60.
60 Ting, DK and RJ Brison, "Injuries In Recreational Curling Include Head Injuries And May Be Prevented
By Using Proper Footwear" (2015) 35(2) Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada

32
2. In the second question, 51% said somewhat, 32% said yes and 17% said no. The process of
formulating, planning, and finally implementing the whole safety culture policy involves several
challenges. For example, making workers understand and follow the decided procedures.
3. The third question received 35% as very difficult, 45% as slightly difficult whereas, only 20%
as not difficult. Clearly, maintaining the safety culture in manufacturing and production setting
requires the organization and its workers to go through certain difficulties to ensure work done
safely61.
4. To this question, 73% replied frequently while only 27% said rarely. This was a very
threatening result, as most people have known about such accidents, which shows how regularly
such accidents occur in a workplace.
5. For the fifth question, 68% agreed to the statement and 32% disagreed. Proper steps need to be
taken, as workers’ health and safety are at a risk in today’s industrializing world.
6. For the sixth question, 26% people stated that they strongly agree that the manufacturing
industries do follow the policies and the standards related to safety and health that have been
formulated by the state or the nation. 30% of the population agreed to it while 14% remained
neutral as they lacked certainty. While 17% disagreed to the statement, the other 13% strongly
negated it.
7. The seventh question was able to be evaluated that 57% of the total population responded
positively towards the motivational aspect that a safe and secure culture is able to establish
within a firm. 43% people disagreed with the statement.
8. The eighth question stated that 82% people thinks that the policies of health and safety that a
firm develops help in the sustainability of the environment and the improvement of the
community frequently. 18% of the total population decided that it rarely does as the statement
suggests.
Research Paradigm
The incorporation of the paradigm for the research will enable the researcher to conduct and to
complete the study in a proper way. There are different types of perspectives to carry on an
examination or study and that includes realism, interpretive and positivism. There is post-
positivism aspect as well but the interpretive aspect is useful in order to be able to perceive
61 Niciejewska, Marta, "Difficulties In Work Safety Management In A Company Producing Steel Flat Bars"
(2017) 17 Production Engineering Archives

33
substances and reality by the researcher62. It will help to provide necessary data for the
requirements, experiences, as well as the acknowledgements of the person carrying out the study.
Positivism on the other hand is useful to clear up and predict the changes of the affiliation of
learning that are exploratory63. In case of the interpretive hypothesis, only one truth exists.
The researcher for this paper uses the positivism philosophy as it provides the individual with a
number of experiences of research and various scopes for the evaluation of data that can be
utilized for the productive completion of the research. It also provides a logical as well as a
critical analysis of the information that have been gathered and the information is based on
factual evidence.
Research approach
While there are two types of strategies that can be used as research approaches, namely the
inductive and the deductive methods. Through the deductive approach, the researcher can test the
speculations and can confirm them. It can highlight the worth from higher to a lower level but
the way that the inductive approach shifts is from considerable adjustment to a little frame.
Inductive approach can also be called as the working of the theories64. The researcher can create
thoughts, theories, or imaginative contemplations. However, the researcher for this paper uses
the deductive approach. This approach has helped the researcher to gather information that
already exists in the studies done earlier by the peers and the generation of new theories is not
necessary. The approach of top to bottom is followed in order to formulate the hypothesis. The
chances for the formulation of new theories are less but the existing theories for the
manufacturing and production unit safety culture can be used to deduce the data.
Research Theory
Research theory is the fundamental structure that contains or support the method of a research
work65. This framework illustrates as well as reveals the theory that explains the reason of
existence of research problem under a research work. Research theories are used to assist in
designing the research questions. It also guide the collection in relevant information, interprets
62 Deborah McGregor, “Toward an anishinaabe research Paradigm: Theory and Practice” (2018) 243
Indigenous Research: Theories, Practices, and Relationships.
63 Xiaoqi Chen et al, "Workplace-Based Interventions For Neck Pain In Office Workers: Systematic Review
And Meta-Analysis" (2017) 98(1) Physical Therapy.
64 Kapil Dev Singh, “Creating your own qualitative research approach: Selecting, integrating and
operationalizing philosophy, methodology and methods” (2015) 19(2), 132-146 Vision.
65 Yiyi Fan and Mark Stevenson, "A Review Of Supply Chain Risk Management: Definition, Theory, And
Research Agenda" (2018) 48(3) International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management.

34
and illustrate the data. In addition, it explains the causes as well as the impact of a certain
incident. Therefore, research study is highly significant in the process of research work. Research
theory includes the research methodology, research question, research outline. All these aspect
are discussed below.
Research methodology is the process in which data as well as information is collected from
conducting survey66. Then the researcher in order has done data implementation, data selection,
data evaluation, as well as canalization to comer to a conclusion. The reliability of a certain
project or research work depends on the comprehension of the methodology that has been taken
at the time of carry out a research work.
Another important aspect of a research theory is research outline, which is the plan of the study.
Research outline assists a researcher to organize the arguments as well as the perspective of the
researcher. It also provides a profound understanding to the researcher about the entire project or
the research work and it importance. Research outline lets a researcher to categorize the basic
points as well as to prepare the paragraphs that can create a sense.
Next important factor of a research theory is research question. The researcher makes a number
of questions based on research objectives. Therefore, research questions need to be clear as well
as focused on the topic. Usually a researcher prepared a questionnaire so that he do not need to
face confusion while conducting a research. In order to conduct the following research the
researcher has made a questionnaire that contains the question that has been discussed below.
● Can all injuries and accidents in the workplace, be prevented?
● Is the process of developing safety culture in the organization, challenging?
● How difficult is the process of maintaining health and safety in an organization?
● How often have you witnessed or heard about some type of accident in a workplace?
● Workers’ health and safety are at a stake these days. Do you agree with this statement?
● How far do you consider that the manufacturing industries comply with the policies and
standards of health and safety that has been developed by the state or the nation?
● Do you think that a safe and secured culture enhances the aspect of motivation with the
employees?
66 Paul Galdas, "Revisiting Bias In Qualitative Research" (2017) 16(1) International Journal of Qualitative
Methods.

35
● How often do you think the safety and health related policies helps in the improvement of
the environment and the community?
Case Study 1:
In New South Wales, Alive & Well is agricultural is one of the largest industries and creating
11.7 billion revenues per year as found in a survey. It is one of the high-risk industries in
Australia, which records roughly about more than 5000 injuries and illness that includes seven
fatalities over the three years period. Alive And Well industries have been developed in order to
reduce number of fatalities and incidents taking place in firms. In the survey, farmers are sharing
their life stories, which forecast issues on different aspect of Farmer life such as risk towards
child safety, mental health, and impact on injury on operations on farms. In the year, 2014 the
campaign was launched which focuses on NSW farmer conference was the main sponsor. In the
camping the farmers who participated have came across serious injury on farms .The personal
experience is being shared and they are guided how to overcome it67. There are six areas needs to
be focused those are:
· How to use machinery?
· What are the safety measures need to be implemented when kids are on the farm?
· If suddenly injury took place what is the remedial measure should be taken?
· Mental health and depression needs to be taken care of if any farmer suffers
· The working on the livestock is another factor that needs to get focused68.
· Exposure towards sun is another most important factor.
Those are the factors needs to get discussed so that farm safety is important depending on
business network, community to help promote the business.
Research Data Analysis:
The methods need to be selected for data analysis. According to the view of Morgan, the
research should be analytical in such a way that it tells us about the aims of research, and from
where it has been derived. Thematic analysis fits the objectives mentioned at the very starting
point of the chapter to the highest extent compared with different methods for qualitative
industries. The explicative phenomenological analysis is not used because of these methods
67 Viviana Alma Guerrero Silva et al, "A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis Of The Effectiveness Of
Psychological Interventions Delivered By Physiotherapists On Pain, Disability And Psychological Outcomes In
Musculoskeletal Pain Conditions" [2018] The Clinical Journal of Pain.
68 Karina Nielsen et al, "Workplace Resources To Improve Both Employee Well-Being And Performance: A
Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis" (2017) 31(2) Work & Stress.

36
being descriptive and does not require needs of having a questionnaire. The main intention of the
analysis are not developing a theoretical concept hence Grounded Theory approaches are not
chosen69. The content requires a set of pre assumed concepts that are later examined by number
of word counts. Those were also not fit for research objectives. The thematic data analysis
allows for data collection and development of smaller number of underlying goal of research70.
The process of analysis in general terms has three main stages they are: Initial coding; grouping
codes those are interrelated in higher order categories in higher order themes. The number of
people in each groups was depends on the number of volunteers who are able to focus on the
secure release in Normal duties. The senior managers would be considered employing highest
number of workers. It has been considered at least in the first instance, a fundamentally organic.
The more in depth the variable researcher has been considered that at least qualitative approach
was needed. The decision was again reconsider by the associative approach adopted during
preliminary studies. The quality investigation is required of various safety culture and
satisfaction of jobs.
Figure 4: The relation of measure of Job satisfaction and work culture
69 Krzysztof T. Konecki, "Classic Grounded Theory-The Latest Version: Interpretation Of Classic Grounded
Theory As A Meta-Theory For Research" (2018) 41(4) Symbolic Interaction.
70 Loai Aljerf, "Data Of Thematic Analysis Of Farmer׳S Use Behavior Of Recycled Industrial Wastewater"
(2018) 21 Data in Brief.

37
(Source: 71)
The graph shows that people in a work group has been in safer zone related to working culture.
The person who generally demands perception of safety culture in workplace also reported lower
levels of demand and higher level of control than employees who are not positive about their
work place safety culture72.
Interview Data
Interview Manager Supervisor Labor In charge
What do you think
that could have
direct impact on the
safety culture of
manufacturing
industry?
“I personally feel
that infrastructure
improvement is
major concern for
industry growth and
success. It needs to
be dealt in more
positive way.”
“I personally feels
that each employees
needs to be assessed
with individual
highly equipped
machines.
I personally feel a
condition of
working plant needs
to be improved.
If you saw that,
some employees
weren’t using
protective equipment
what would you do?
“I personally suggest
them to use the
equipment.”
“I personally
suggest them to use
the equipment”
“I personally
suggest them to use
the equipment.”
71 Deokhoon Jun et al, "Physical Risk Factors For Developing Non-Specific Neck Pain In Office Workers: A
Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis" (2017) 90(5) International Archives of Occupational and Environmental
Health.
72 Deokhoon Jun et al, "Physical Risk Factors For Developing Non-Specific Neck Pain In Office Workers: A
Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis" (2017) 90(5) International Archives of Occupational and Environmental
Health.

38
What is the
important measure
need to get
implemented for
manufacture of
goods?
The communication
with co-workers and
supervisor are strong
enough to implement
the manufacture of
goods.
The working hours
has been segregated
in different slots.
It is very helpful for
labor to get the job
done in time.
What are the
measures required
for safety concerns?
The measures
required for safety
concerns required to
be guided by the
organization.
I personally suggest
the labors and
workers need to be
guided by
organization.
I personally feels
that the workers
needs proper
measures for safety
concerns.
What kind of
equipments is
required for
workplace safety
conditions?
In my prospect
machinery is
required
In my opinion
helmets are required
From my point of
view gloves are
required.
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS
At the time of conducting the research work, the researcher had taken interview of the manager,
supervisor, as well as the labor in charge of the company, Alive and Wells. At first the researches
asked the manager to share his opinion about the aspects those have a direct effect on the safety
culture of the manufacturing unit of their company. The manager replied that in his opinion the
company needs to improve its infrastructure in order to reduce the accidents in the workplace as
in some parts of the manufacturing unit the labors need to work with fire in a congested place. A
little negligence or carelessness can give birth of a disaster. Therefore, the company is trying to
segregate the part from the main production unit73. The labor in charge also agreed with the view
73 ChidiebereOgbonnaya, Peter Gahan and ConstanzeEib, "Recessionary Changes At Work And Employee
Well-Being: The Protective Roles Of National And Workplace Institutions" [2019] European Journal of Industrial
Relations

39
of the manager, whereas the supervisor said that the workers need to be more careful about their
safety. Therefore, the labors always need to use the safety equipments those are provided to them
by the company in order to give safety of their lives.
The individual asked the manager what the manager would do if he notices a worker of the
company not using the safety equipments. In response of the question to the question the
manager of the company, Alive and Wells said that he would, he would personally suggest the
employee to utilize the equipments as these are bought and given to the labors for their safety
purpose. The supervisor as well as the labor in charge had given similar answers. In their
opinion, workers’ lives are precious to the company. Hence, it did not want to lose their lives in
such accidents74.
Next, the researcher enquired about the most importance measures that need to be granted in
order to get safety while manufacturing the goods in the organization. In reply, the manager said
that communication between the labors and the supervisors or labor in charge plays a crucial role
to reduce the accident in the workplace. The workers needs to feel free while sharing the
problems as well as the risk condition with their in charges. Workers’ feedback in this regards is
crucial as it can help the authority in order to improve the condition-manufacturing unit.
However, the labor in charge and the supervisor gave opinion that the segregation of job as well
as the working hour can be helpful to get a positive feedback.
After that, the researcher asked about the measures of safety culture taken by the company. In
reply, of his question the manager said that organization needs to encourage as well as guide the
work force to take the precaution of safety at the time of manufacturing the products. The
supervisor as well as the labor in charge also supported the opinion of the manager75.
At last the individual enquired about the equipments, those are essential for continuing the
production of the manufacturing unit. The manager gave stress on the introduction of latest
machineries inside the production unit, whereas the supervisor and labor in charge were more
specific about giving the answers. They informed that helmets as well as the gloves are essential
equipments that the company needs to be provided to the worker in manufacturing sector.
74 Stephen Wood, Kevin Daniels and ChidiebereOgbonnaya, "Use Of Work–Nonwork Supports And
Employee Well-Being: The Mediating Roles Of Job Demands, Job Control, Supportive Management And Work–
Nonwork Conflict" [2018] The International Journal of Human Resource Management.
75 Lasse Sander, Leonie Rausch and HaraldBaumeister, "Effectiveness Of Internet- And Mobile-Based
Psychological Interventions For The Prevention Of Mental Disorders: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis
Protocol" (2016) 5(1) Systematic Reviews

40
Project Approaches
The safety cultures approach can be segregated into a three groups they are academic, analytical,
and the pragmatic. The academic assessment approach is the things from the past. It is a
descriptive approach where it describes and understands the safety culture rather than judging it.
in order to promote improvement and change76. The specific data and collection methods based
on anthropological and sociological research being abruptly used .The data are based on field
work rather than whole organization using techniques such as:
Observation: To get the overall idea of typical artifacts of organization
Document Analysis: It is to get an idea valued exposed in an organization.
Regular Personal Interviews: In order to get insight details of the company the personal
interviews needs to be conducted on frequent basis to get more about management and safety
practices.
Group Interviews: In an organization, an idea needs to gather about company’s portfolio and
policies they have adopted.
Analytical Approach: This is one of the most important and foremost approach that plays a
specific role in organizational safety culture. The workers and co-workers formed a group among
themselves and sharing their own point of view in a form of standardized questionnaire. The
questionnaire may be framed based on Likert scale or may be asked to put a tick in dialogue box.
The assessment is done because of past events and it is compared with numerical result based on
past performances. It acts as a strong predictor for the performance related to safety and helpful
to researcher, managers, and OSH professionals77.
Pragmatic Approach: The approach aims at assessment an organizational current scenario of
safety culture, highlighting it as a ranking in a dearth of cultural maturity. Its primary focus relies
on the exploration needs to be done in order to improve safety culture of organization to the next
level of maturity. It is a descriptive future oriented approach. The pragmatic and normative
approach towards the safety culture has been shown in the tabular form below.
Title Name of the Journal Origin from
country
Origin Sector Features
76 Catherine Corr, "We Cannot Walk Away" (2016) 19(2) Young Exceptional Children.
77 Désirée Schliemann and Jayne V Woodside, "The Effectiveness Of Dietary Workplace Interventions: A
Systematic Review Of Systematic Reviews" (2019) 22(05) Public Health Nutrition.

41
Mind to Heart
program tools
we have used
Validating a
pragmatic approach
to cognitive
screening in stroke
prevention clinics
using the Montreal
Cognitive Approach
Australia Farming C
Maturity Model
on safety
Culture
Measurement of food
safety culture using
survey and maturity
profiling tools. Food
Control78
Australia Farming and
Poultry
M
Indicator scale
Measurement
System
Measuring
operational
performance of OSH
management system–
A demonstration of
AHP-based selection
of leading key
performance
indicators. Safety
science 79
Australia Farming C
Table: Tools and its Existing Method
Scoring of a safety culture Checklist
The tools consisted of 20 statements, which give description on different aspect of organizational
safety. The statements to be read out by respondents and they have to answer either with YES,
78 Sarah A. Smith et al, "The Effectiveness Of Workplace Dietary Interventions: Protocol For A Systematic
Review And Meta-Analysis" (2016) 5(1) Systematic Reviews.
79 Barbara Zelinski, "Improving The Culture Of Safety: Workplace Safety Unit-Based Teams Interventions
That Work" [2018] The Permanente Journal.

42
NO or DON’T KNOW. The generation of single digit score is obtained which gives an idea of
organizational safety culture. The scores are generated based on following criteria.
· 16-20 if the score varies in between then the employees are said to be healthy.
· 11-15 in this category the employers are presumed to be in a good shape
· 6-10 in this group the employees are not so healthy also neither unfit.
· 1-5 in this group the organization is very famous.
Safety Health of Maintenance Engineering Tools
The Safety Health Management and Engineering tools were developed for the sake of UK Civil
authority of Aviation80. This tool is helpful to both small and large organization. A farming
industry in this case Alive and Well implemented the safety health of Maintenance Engineering
tools81. In the contrary to safety, health and behaviors related to the safety of the individual
employees of a organization.
Case study 2
We will now discuss about one of the renowned companies that we will be setting up an example
in the case study in the following discussion. The elaboration of the discussion will set up as an
example of case studies on the research paper. The critical analysis will take place in the
guidelines and we will focus on the scope of research and highlighting safety key cultures and
manufacturing in industries. The SAFETY TRAINING OBSERVATION PROGRAM gives
ideas of a path of a workplace safety culture in Emerson’s Rosemount analytical and
measurement technologies. A difference of opinion of people can make a huge difference in
work place and safety behaviors. The reason for discussion is solely highlighted on the fact that
it ideologies the aspect of different point of view as a company.
In the year 1890 in St. Louis, Missouri the company named Emerson was found as a
manufacturer of fans and electric motors . It is globally placed and one of the leading industry in
wires and technologies. Since, the little more than 25 years the company added feather to the
wings, where company turned to global technological powerhouse giants from regional
manufacturer. In recent times or to be precisely said it has become an innovative solution in
bringing engineering and technologies at the same time together. The worldwide customer base
80 Liu Jie et al, "A Systematic Review Of Research On Anti-Disaster Capability In Urban Disaster" (2017)
10(5) Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review.
81 Farhad Anvari and Rodger Edwards, "Maintenance Engineering In Capital‐Intensive Manufacturing
Systems" (2011) 17(4) Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering.

43
gets benefited not only from commercial market also gets benefited from consumers as well as
customers in industrial sectors. The company’s success rate depends on certain aspect like
integrity, commitment of employees around the world, and skillful success towards employees.
Emerson aims at creating the global frontrunner in the short span of time by adding core values
to an employee, work culture, promotion, and supportive nature on diversity, cultivating respect
for an individual and embracing inclusion, and cultivating respect for individuals that can
ultimately create a difference in an environment. The most interesting aspect of the company was
their reputation and efforts were not perplexed and even not gone unnoticed82.
A core Value – Healthy and Safety of Workers
The most important factors of a developed company lie in its core values that are its safety and
health oriented matters of employees. The expectation of the company is to attain that level of
management of employees or workers so that they should not only anticipate or identified the
hazards but also made that hazards get identified and solve or at least precaution to be taken so
that it minimizes and become negligible. In any reputed company whether it is an Emerson or
any other company, the company aims at to develop a goal and to create and sustained a healthy
and safety life at workplace. It will enhance employees in corporate led efforts in critical areas of
work such as :
 The implementation of global safety and standardization of health, which are
based on strongest regulations around the globe.
 The scheduled tracking of trending an injury globally starting from lost time
related injuries, medical oriented treatment, restricted treatment and first aid.
 Globally conducting or performing safety and health audit operations.
On quarterly basis, corporate safety council issued a report on safety concerns of all the
employees concerned. The local camping is held around the world globally where the focus is a
part of employee’s health and other safety related issues needs to be discussed. In Boulder
Coldaro where Emerson plant produce different kinds of pressure flow meters, which decides an
extra step on improving safety culture. The behavior based safety management programs based
on DuPont Sustainable Solution is organized frequently. Safety Training Observation Program
for each employees concern in Emerson is totally based on the idea that safety of each and
individual employees are equally important. It will not only help the employee who had
82 Pavel Kim, "Much Done, But Even More Ahead" (2017) 20(3-4) Corporate Reputation Review.

44
participated in the safety camping in new dimension but also procures about compelling a formal
observation.
The Success Rate of Emerson at Plant Site
Katrina Schneible a Compliance manager of Emersion said that, The training has not only
provided safety of employees in work place but also it helps them to stay fit at their own place .
The plant sites aims at decreasing the number of an injury and empowering employees to talk
about their safety. They are literally thankful to the Safety Training Observation Program
employees who provide training and combination of the efforts to the people about willingness,
skills development to work more safely and fruitfully at the work place.
STOP focuses on the following issues:
 The safety precaution we should follow daily.
 The observation is not only important at the same time communication is another
important aspect need to be considered and hence for such cases training is
necessary.
 The coworker’s safety is also an important aspect that should not be neglected as
well, It gives an idea on how group of individuals work together to feel safe at
work place.
 The interaction of peer groups and condition that prevails work together to
produce safe and unsafe situations
 Each and every employees required and they have been motivated to take part in
Safety Training Observation Program and by that they can get encourage of
mindset where safety is an everyday measure every one must follow in
workplace.
 The identification of hazards has an immediate effect after been joined in the
Safety Training and observation Program. The employees get special training on
observation or watchfulness related to safety, and they asked to use their mind’s
eye in order to perform any job or task.
 The site safety culture has totally been improved due to increased observation of
Safety Training Observation Program to each and individual employees.

45
Case study 3
In the year 1910, Cuming Smith & Co. started to make fertilizers in Western Australia’s
Bassendean. They were the very first company to produce superphosphate and CSBP originated
from it. In the year 1927, Cuming Smith Mount Lyell Farmers Fertilizer Limited or CSML was
established but in the year 1963, Boral was able to buy the share owned by Mount Lyell and it
was then that the company was named Cuming Smith British Petroleum and Farmers Limited or
CSBP. The firm CSBP Limited is located in Kwinana, Western Australia that manufactures
chemicals and fertilizers. They are the subsidiary of the WesCEF and a part of Wesfarmers
conglomerate. The company is in charge of producing various products related to the industrial
sectors, agriculture as well as mining. These include fertilizers, various industrial chemicals,
different wood-plastic composites as well as polyvinyl chloride or PVC. The company has two
different subsidiaries, namely ModWood Technologies and Australian Vinyls, both of which are
based in Victoria and it jointly owns the Queensland Nitrate Project along with Dyno Nobel. The
company has a plant and soil laboratory as well as distribution centres of regional fertilisers in
various areas including Bibra Lake, Bunbury, Geraldton, Albany, and Esperance.
The company as stated above manufactures variety of products and involves hundreds of
employees. They contribute a lot to the society as well, especially for youth education,
environmental sustainability, community wellbeing, agricultural sustainability, and more.
However, the focus of the company is to look after the safety and the health of the people and of
the communities where they carry on their operations. CSBP Limited makes sure that the
products that are being manufactured being mostly chemicals and toxic items are done in a safe
and secured environment on the site of the firm. The employee wellbeing and health is vital for
their existence and they have a regime of preparing safety reports too. The center is has first-aid
staffs such as part-time doctors, occupational nurses and even physiotherapists. The company
operates in accordance to the regime of Safety Reports since its initiation and focuses on all the
measures to control risks. Working with chemicals and certain fertilizers exposes the employees
as well as the community to various risks and the measures to control them have been
implemented. The Safety Report is able to describe the whole facility, identifies and summarizes
possible risk assessments methods and risk outcomes and finally, presents all the key elements to
mitigate them83. The company works under the Dangerous Goods Safety Act of 2004 and the
83 Yangpeng Wang, Ulrich Alois Weidmann and Huashen Wang, "Using Catastrophe Theory To Describe
Railway System Safety And Discuss System Risk Concept" (2017) 91 Safety Science.

46
Department of Mines and Petroleum assesses whether the risks can be accepted. The company
has implemented control measures that are extensive in order to control off-site risks. Other
measures include:
● Safe and secured engineering design
● Good maintenance
● Reliability programs
● Training programs based on competence
● Disciplined auditing
● Inspection programs
● Emergency management capacity or capability of quality.
Along with the operational techniques being safe, the company also gives a lot of attention
towards the emergency response aspect. The Kwinana operation has developed an emergency
team of response onsite as well as a response centre for emergency that is equipped fully. CSBP
Limited is a part of the organization Kwinana Industries Mutual Aid that focuses on the
emergency response of joint industry in order to be able to share the expertise of emergency
response as well as resources when an emergency arrives. The production of sodium cyanide and
the process of storing as well as dispatching them is done with compliance to the regulations of
the industry. Compliance with the SRS or the security risk substances is done too as this
legislation enables the minimization of the security risks of the manufacturing, laboratory using,
storing as well as transporting of ammonium nitrate that the company is involved with as its
operational unit. CSBP Limited sells to approve and licensed customers only.
Products that the company deals with include nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, and ammonia that
are termed as being dangerous and the firm has to maintain high standards of safety to
manufacture or store them. The porous pill nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, etc are delivers
through facilities that are excellent to ensure that the compliance aspects are kept intact, which
include:
● Australian Dangerous Goods Code
● SSAN/Security Risk Substances regulations for the use of ammonium nitrate
● International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code
● Major Hazard Facility regulations
● Main Roads WA regulations

47
● Dangerous goods equipment and licenses required for transportation providers’ trucks
and drivers
The company is further responsible for providing unique material safety data sheets or MSDS for
all the products including the items that are not classified for being hazardous by Work Safe
Australia. The team of people responsible for the management of safety and risks liaises on a
regular basis with the legislative body Department of Mines and Petroleum and complies with
the safety reports of Major Hazards Facility as well as the risk assessments. The compliance with
the Dangerous Goods Safety Act of 2004 requires maintaining the Regulations and Codes of
Practices that includes:
● Dangerous Goods Safety (Major Hazard Facilities) Regulations 2007
● Storage and Handling of Dangerous Goods Code of Practice
● Safe Storage of Solid Ammonium Nitrate Code of Practice
● Petroleum Pipelines Regulations 1970
● Dangerous Goods Safety (Road and Rail Transport of Non-explosives) Regulations 2007
and more.
The company even focuses on the safety of the production of sodium cyanide that includes
compliance with:
● Department of Health – Poisons Permit
● Department of Environment and Conservation – Environmental License
● NICNAS Registration or the National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment
Scheme
● Department of Mines and Petroleum – issuing the license for sites using dangerous goods
along with Dangerous Goods Safety Act 2004 Regulations
The company CSBP Limited, therefore, shows that the compliance with all the safety measures
for the manufacturing of products is necessary for the aversion of risks in the workplace, which
in turn keep the employees engaged and loyal and the environment along with the community of
the country safe. Whatever, changes might be done, the focus of the company never shifts from
the importance of the health and safety for the people working within the firm, which is why the

48
company is emerging as a leading producer of chemicals and fertilizers too and has been able to
sustain successfully for so long.
Case Study 4
General Motors Canada Limited is a subsidiary of the General Motors. Its headquarters are at
Oshawa, Ontario in Canada and was founded in 1918. It designs, manufactures, and sells
automobiles and auto parts all over the world. General Motors Canada is one of the largest
dealers in the automotive industry in Canada.
The main purpose of this study is to understand about the workplace safety culture in
manufacturing companies and bring into light various problems leading to accidents in
workplace. The study also aims at discovering, planning, and implementing various strategies to
create a safe and healthy workplace84.
Understanding Workplace Dangers for General Motors Canada Limited
In any manufacturing company, workers are exposed to a number of risks in the workplace. In
particular, an automobile manufacturing creates several dangers for its workers. General Motors
Canada Limited confronts several challenges regarding health and safety in its workplace. Some
of them have been discussed:
1. Fire Risk- Unforeseen blasts and explosions may occur in the workplace, which leads to
firebreak out. Workers can be severely injured due to this and can even die. In addition to
this, arc flash, which creates intense heat and pressure, also causes hazards to workers’
health and safety.
2. Accidental tumbles and falls- Heavy objects or risky auto parts may fall from a certain
height. Sometimes workers may be badly bruised due to such incidents.
3. Electric Hazards- Workers working with electricity, for manufacturing items like auto
parts, are at high risks of being harmed85.
4. Exposure to unhealthy air- While manufacturing running gears or testing new
automobiles, the air quality deteriorates. Workers are exposed to such harmful air
conditions, which can cause several health issues.
84 De Jesus-Rivas, Mayra, Helen Acree Conlon and Candace Burns, "The Impact Of Language And Culture
Diversity In Occupational Safety" (2016) 64(1) Workplace Health & Safety
85 Dayton, Lindsey and Rudi Batzell, "Uniting Academic Workers: Graduate Workers Organize With The
United Auto Workers" (2017) 91 International Labor and Working-Class History

49
5. Unsafe machinery and equipments- Malfunctioning or inoperative machinery and
equipments pose a threat on workers’ safety. If machinery is not functioning properly, it
may cause accidents in the workplace.
6. Improper training- If the workers are not trained effectively to work with complicated
machinery and equipments, workers’ are exposed to higher danger. The workers may use
those in a wrong way leading to self-harm.
7. Workload- Sometimes, over work and improper division of work can cause a lot of
trouble to the workers.
Figure 5: The Motor Manufacturing Structure
Source:86
Steps taken by General Motors Canada Ltd. to ensure safety in its workplace:
The operations of General Motors Canada Ltd create various health and safety challenges. The
company took some appreciative measures to improve safety culture in the recent years. For
controlling risks caused by fires, proper electric control panels and fire extinguishers were made
available. Proper arrangement of risky objects can help to reduce accidental falling of articles.
The Company provided the workers with necessary safety gears like proper jackets, hats, and
facemasks. Electrical equipments were to be handled with a lot of care and keeping in mind the
safety regulations. Maintenance and examining of several electrical equipments and machineries,
86 "Design & Manufacturing Die For Louvers Of Motor Casing" (2018) 4(5)

50
at regular intervals, were conducted and the Company installed latest technology and
machineries. Building certain health and safety policies were also helpful. Workers were trained
to use complicated and complex machinery effectively and were taught about several safety rules
and regulations, which need to followed in the workplace. Workers involvement in planning and
development process of health and safety systems can help in better understanding of policies, on
the part of workers87. They become aware of their responsibilities, as workers are also
somewhere responsible for their safety in the workplace. Sufficient breaks were provided to the
workers as and when required. Effective team leaders and supervisors were employed for the
task of guiding the company in planning safety strategies and communicating them clearly to the
workers. Workers were influenced to report about every incident in the workplace and give their
feedback or inform about any difficulties they are facing or their grievances.
In the recent years, a notable progress has been observed in the safety culture of General Motors
Canada. All these efforts lead to better employee morale, as the employees started to feel that the
Company cares about their health and safety, which in turn lead to better performance by
workers and as result to the advancement of the whole company. This is how the company could
improve its occupational health and safety culture.
Experimental Methods
Manufacturing Analytics
Manufacturing analytics is an arithmetical method of analysis manufacturing data based on some
rules and terminologies, which helps in upgrading to better techniques and procedures and at the
same time, understanding and anticipating better methods and practices to minimize related
problems88.
A productive manufacturing analytic should be well organized, flexible, and effective for all
kinds of manufacturing data.
SPC- Standard Process Control (SPC) is a technique of Manufacturing Analytics, which is
useful in computing, improving and controlling the nature and quality during the manufacturing
87 G., Vatsala and Vijayakumar A. B., "A Study On Health And Safety Policies Adopted By Gokaldas
Exports - (Jdc) For Women Workers" (2018) 15(9) Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied
Education
88 Rahman, Md. Habibur and Azizur Rahman, "Strategic Fit: Model Development And Fitness Analysis Of A
Manufacturing Unit" (2019) 7(1) Production & Manufacturing Research

51
process, in accordance with the control limits and specification needs. SPC is implemented with
the aim of providing various output modes according to the role and abilities of a particular user
and improving productivity89.
Six Sigma- It is that part of manufacturing analytics which uses statistical analyzing method for
improving methods and procedures. Six Sigma is a continuous process. It is very important for
advancement, as it helps in eliminating deficiencies and flaws. Design of Experiments (DOE) is
a vital tool of Six Sigma. The parameters should be firm and only normal variations in the
analysis can take place, for such tools. Bill Smith is the father of Six Sigma.
Manufacturing Analytics’ applications should study and the database that is underlying90. For
proper integration, technologies like Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) and Structured Query
Language (SQL), this is used to communicate with a database. Data aggregation simply refers to
the gathering all data information into a proper data structure for the purpose of analyzing,
describing and outlining. Data Aggregation should be able to provide statistical methods of
sampling and conduct arithmetical transformations effectively.
Role based analytics as the word suggests is based on the level of an individual person in terms
of his/her knowledge and position in the manufacturing process. Everyone from different roles
like operators, controls for quality check, engineers, and managers are benefitted from the
analytics.
KPIs can be prepared by applying manufacturing analytics, in the particular field. KPIs select
certain variables through analysis and sets limits for initiating action and obtaining the desired
results.
Manufacturing Analytics is used at all levels of the process and it exerts with all types of data91.
89 Mosa, Walid Fediala Abd El-Gleel et al, "The Role Of Biofertilization In Improving Apple
Productivity―A Review" (2015) 05(01) Advances in Microbiology
90 "Business Analytics In Performance Assessment Of Food Manufacturing System" (2017) 2(2)
91 "A Generic Data Analytics System For Manufacturing Production" (2018) 1(2)

52
Sampling Technique
In case of conducting a research work sampling technique plays a crucial role. It determines the
precision of the outcome of the survey. Therefore, a tiny mistake in sampling method can lead
the result of a certain research to the wrong direction. The sampling in so important that in the
absence of it the entire research may become obsolete. Sampling provides a researcher the extra
importance to his research work. The researcher required to adhere sampling process in order to
maintain appropriate result with the research work. There are four types of sampling, which are
discussed below.
 Accurate sampling: In this process, appropriate data is collected while doing the
research.
 Purposive Sampling: In this process, samples are acquired from the world.
 Quota sampling: In this process judgment are required in order to select units
from each part of the information.
 Convenience sampling: In this case, the samples are selected based on the
researcher’s opinion.
In this study, the researcher the researcher has followed a proper sample size to conduct the
quantitative as well as qualitative method. The researcher also has purposive sampling process as
this method allowed the individual to choose the sample as per the researcher’s own perspective.

53
Ethical Consideration
Ethical consideration has a great significance in every research work. At the time conducting a
research, the researcher needs to adhere the following norms of ethics.
 The researcher needs to provide consent at the time of doing the research.
 The individual need to maintain the confidentiality of the person who gives the
information
 The researcher required to ensure the privacy to the participants.
 The individual also need to make sure that the anonymity of the firm is protected.
 The researcher need to introduced himself or herself before asking question to the
respondents
 The individual cannot use unacceptable language92.
Research ethics are utmost important while conducting a research work. It introduces the aims as
well as objectives of a research to the respondents and enhances their knowledge. It reveals the
importance of collaborative work like fairness as well as mutual respect93.
Research Limitations
In the process of doing the research, we have to come across certain limitations from company
end. In any manufacturing industry, there are some methodological problems that they have to
face. It has direct or indirect effect on the potential problems that arises and suggestions, which
has an impact on the conclusion of the research as well. There are various methods, which are
addressed while doing the research and will be elaborated and discussed in the review below.
There are lots of problems and limitations we have came across which are the issues related to
selection of a sample, for statistical analysis of insufficient sample size, lacking of proper studies
on previous research on the topic, Instrument techniques and methods to collect data .
 Issues Related to Selection of sample:
When the sampling method is done on a random basis, it does not have a direct reflection on
general participants or workers concerned in a manufacturing industry94. The appropriate
selection of sample is necessary for the geographic score of the participants. In other words we
92 "EMA Tells Drug Companies To Make Sure Licences Are Valid In Light Of Brexit."
93 "Limitations Of Planning In Scientific Research" (1948) 161(4080).
94 Ali M. Shahzad and Mark P. Sharfman, "Corporate Social Performance And Financial Performance:
Sample-Selection Issues" (2015) 56(6) Business & Society.

54
can say that the company sometimes are not ready to cooperate with the research analyst. These
issues we had faced while researching for safety in a manufacturing industry.
 Inadequate data for statistical analysis:
In the process of conducting a research, the mandatory necessity is to get ample amount of
sample size to get a positive outcome of the research95. In Alive and Wells, farming industry had
provided larger sample of food grains and hence in some cases it has been found that precise
outcome is not possible96. It would be a great idea to ensure that statistical tests required ensuring
the sample to be considered in Alive and Wells needs to be generalized in context with the
scientific calculation tools.
 Lack of Foregoing studies on Research:
In most of the cases, we have found that previous or foregoing studies of Research is lacking
while conducting a research97. It is one of the necessities that we need to do in accordance with
research methodology. In the process, the researcher already had information from previous case
studies.
 Instruments used for data collection
In a company, suppose say in this case Alive and Well it may occur that the research findings
may not up to the mark. The findings and the variables need to be précised, which includes
different types of survey questions and answer given by employees, may vary from individual to
individual. So the need for collection of data to the mark is very essential in the survey process.
 Limited access of Data:
The data analysis is another factor that acts as a barrier or limitation towards the researcher who
is conducting the research. In most of the cases, the data provided by the company mismatches
with the ones that is original. It needs to be verified regarding its authenticity and originality.
 Constraints of Time:
The time framework is so much important in any field, over here also it is very much important
for researcher to frame a time in order constrained a dead line of the research.
 Conflicts related to Personal issues and cultural bias:
95 Alexander Cedergren, Jonas Johansson and Henrik Hassel, "Challenges To Critical Infrastructure
Resilience In An Institutionally Fragmented Setting" (2018) 110 Safety Science.
96 Swana Swalve-Bordeaux, "Inadequate Statistical Evaluation" [2018] Deutsches Aerzteblatt Online.
97 Michaela Driver, "The Lack Of Power Or The Power Of Lack In Leadership As A Discursively
Constructed Identity" (2012) 34(3) Organization Studies.

55
The study’s legitimacy can be hampered by cultural background on perspective of certain
phenomena. It might also possible that researcher is more biased towards data and result of
hypothesis and argument.
Survey Results
Some experimental results are analyzed below98:
Q.1 Can all injuries and accidents in the workplace, be prevented?
Options No. of
Respondents
Total No. Of
Respondents
Response
frequency
Yes 21 100 21%
Somewhat 68 100 68%
No 11 100 11%
Table1: The table showing the Experimental Results on Respondents of Workers.
Source: Author’s creation
98 Scott, Hannah S., "Extending The Duluth Model To Workplace Bullying: A Modification And Adaptation
Of The Workplace Power-Control Wheel" (2018) 66(9) Workplace Health & Safety

56
Figure 5: Representation on Histogram
Source: Author’s creation
Q.2 Is the process of implementing safety culture in the organization, challenging99?
Options No. of
Respondents
Total No. Of
Respondents
Response
Frequency
Yes 32 100 32%
Somewhat 51 100 51%
No 17 100 17%
Table 2: Implementing of Safety culture in an organization
Source: Author’s creation
99 Wang, Bing, Chao Wu and Lang Huang, "Emotional Safety Culture: A New And Key Element Of Safety
Culture" (2017) 37(2) Process Safety Progress

57
Figure 6: Representation on Histogram
Source: Author’s creation
Q.3 How difficult is the process of maintaining health and safety in an organization.
Options
No. of
Respondents
Total No. Of
Respondents
Response
Frequency
Very difficult 35 100 35%
Slightly
difficult
45 100 45%
Not difficult 20 100 20%
Table 3: Response frequency table of Health and Safety in an organization.
Source: Author’s creation

58
Figure 7 Representation of data on Histogram
Source: Author’s creation
Q.4 how often have you witnessed or heard about some type of accident in a workplace?
Options No. of
Respondents
Total No. Of
Respondents
Response
Frequency
Frequently 73 100 73%
Rarely 27 100 27%
Table 3: Frequency response Table showing number of respondents.
Source: Author’s creation

59
Figure: 8 Representation of data on Histogram
Source: Author’s creation
Q.5 Workers’ health and safety are at a stake these days100. Do you agree with this statement?
Options No. of
Respondents
Total No. Of
Respondents
Response
Frequency
Yes 68 100 68%
No 32 100 32%
Table 4: Frequency response Table showing number of respondents
Source: Author’s creation
100 Wiwanitkit, Viroj, "Hepatitis B Preventive Behavioral Intentions In Healthcare Workers" (2016) 7(4)
Safety and Health at Work

60
Figure 9: Representation of data on Histogram
Source: Author’s creation
Q6. How far do you consider that the manufacturing industries comply with the policies and
standards of health and safety that has been developed by the state or the nation?
Options No. of
Respondents
Total No. Of
Respondents
Response
Frequency
Strongly agree 26 100 26%
Agree 30 100 30%
Neutral 14 100 14%
Disagree 17 100 17%
Strongly disagree 13 100 13%
Table 5: Frequency response Table showing number of respondents
Source: Author’s creation

61
Figure 10: Representation of data on Histogram
Source: Author’s creation
Q7. Do you think that a safe and secured culture enhances the aspect of motivation with the
employees?
Options No. of
Respondents
Total No. Of
Respondents
Response
Frequency
Yes 76 100 57%
No 24 100 43%

62
Figure 11: Representation of data on Histogram
Source: Author’s creation
Q8. How often do you think the safety and health related policies helps in the improvement of
the environment and the community?
Options No. of
Respondents
Total No. Of
Respondents
Response
Frequency
Frequently 82 100 82%
Rarely 18 100 18%
Figure 12: Representation of data on Histogram
Source: Author’s creation
Quantitative Analysis Results
The results of the survey questions have been discussed and analyzed below:
Q.1 Can all injuries and accidents in the workplace, be prevented?

63
For this question, out of 100 respondents, 21 said yes, 68 said somewhat and 11 said no. As most
of the respondents were workers at some manufacturing industry, they have a better
understanding of the topic. By examining the participants’ perceptions, we can understand that
workplace injuries are not very easy to prevent, but with proper analysis of accidents and
development of protective measures accordingly, most workplace accidents can be prevented.
Workplace injuries can largely affect an organization’s functioning and its productivity and
sales. There can be several types of workplace injuries and accidents like fire accidents, blasts or
explosions, transportation accidents, machinery malfunction and so on. Acts of violence among
employer, injuries due to falling of risky objects, muscle or bone injuries while lifting heavy
objects or falling and tripping, misuse of complex equipments are some other types. Several
types of machinery related accidents and injuries can be minimized by implementing some
protective measures, like examining and repairing old machineries, planting new and latest
technology machines, ensuring that the workers are wearing suitable safeguards, training of
workers for using complicated technologies and keeping all the required protections while
working.
Q.2 Is the process of implementing safety culture in the organization, challenging?
For this question, out of 100 respondents, 32 said yes, 51 said somewhat, 17 said no. This shows
that the implementation process requires the management to go through many challenges but
major respondents are workers and not policy makers. These challenges can be both regarding
making the workers operate according to the strategy as well as monetary issues.
While developing safety culture, several barriers and challenges have to be faced. The process is
very time-consuming. It takes a long time to implement the safety culture perfectly and it takes a
lot of effort to make the workers understand and follow it. It can be risky as well. The time,
money and effort of the policy makers are at a stake, mostly in cases when there is a negative
impact on the organization. Analyzing past incidents is a good idea but it cannot help in
identifying exact causes for all such incidents. Sometimes, providing the workers with all the
required protections or safeguards and fulfilling all their needs can be a little costly for the
organization. Regular examining of machineries and providing training to employees also
requires considerable money and effort. Getting safe, quality equipments at affordable prices is
also a challenging task. Hiring intellectual safety managers for this task can be helpful.
Q.3 How difficult is the process of maintaining health and safety in an organization?

64
For this question, out of 100 respondents, 35 said very difficult, 45 said slightly difficult and 20
said not difficult. Most of the respondents agreed to the point that maintaining health and safety
in an organization is slightly difficult but only a few respondents are from the management
setting, so most of them might not be well aware of the difficulties.
Making workers’ work according to the safety culture and follow the rules and regulations is for
sure a difficulty. Older workers often face difficulty in using latest technology machines and
equipments. Some other difficulties are managing regular tasks and seeing whether the safety
culture is being followed properly in the workplace. There are no specific performance indicators
for safety culture, which makes it quite difficult to judge the success or failure of an
organization’s safety culture. The workers should report, to the higher authorities, even about the
slightest incidents, which can create a harmful work environment, but communicating all such
information to the top management is not an easy task, especially in case of a complex
organization structure. Tackling all the incidents and trying to find a solution for each of them
requires a reasonable time, effort, and money. There might not be a solution for all the incidents.
Sometimes, providing proper solutions for each one of them might make the organization bear
huge losses. Seeking advice from an expert can help to minimize these difficulties.
Q.4 how often have you witnessed or heard about some type of accident in a workplace?
For this question, out of 100 respondents, 73 said frequently and 27 said rarely. By looking at the
results, we can understand that most of the respondents have witnessed or heard about some type
of accidents in a workplace, which means that occurrence of workplace accidents has become a
very common thing.
International Labor Organization (ILO) states that more than 1 million workers are severely
injured or even dead at workplace, every year. Most of such accidents take place due to human
errors, almost around 80% to 85%, be it on the part of the management or the workers. The
statistics showing illness, injury and fatality rates at workplace, is a serious issue and requires
considerable measures for protection of employees. According to International Labour
Organization, proper use of safety protections, following the prescribed safety precautions and
having the necessary information about handling complicated machinery and equipments can
help in saving around 600000 lives every year. This means that these are some of the most
common causes of workplace incidents.
Q.5 Workers’ health and safety are at a stake these days. Do you agree with this statement?

65
For this question, out of 100 respondents, 68 agreed to the above statement, while only 32
disagreed. It is quite clear from the results, how much risk the workers have to take every day
while working, especially in risky industries, for example, the ones related with mining,
manufacturing heavy goods using complicated technologies. If they are working for an
organization even after being aware of the risks, the company should take the responsibility of
their safety at workplace.
The health and safety of workers are at stake due to various reasons like unhealthy or polluted
workplace, complicated machineries, and risky equipments, malfunctioning of machines, injuries
from falling or slipping, getting hurt due to falling of heavy objects or sharp and spiky objects,
overburdening of tasks and so on. Mental health of workers can be affected due stress of work
overload. The management should try its best to provide job satisfaction to the employers and try
to cater to all their reasonable needs, and at the same time maintain its company’s profits in
monetary terms. A safe and healthy working environment is after all a basic human requirement.
Q.6 How far do you consider that the manufacturing industries comply with the policies
and standards of health and safety that has been developed by the state or the nation?
Out of the 100 respondents who answered this question, 26 people stated that manufacturing
companies always follow the acts, policies and the regulations or standards that the state or the
nation or the organization in itself have formulated in order to provide a healthy work
environment and culture along with a safe working space. 30 people only agreed to the statement
as often organizations fail to keep up with the changing standards due to the employees not being
educated or trained enough. 14 people could not present any kind of opinion following the shifts
in the management policies of the firms. 17 people disagreed to the fact that the companies who
manufacture or produce items always checks their safety standards as there are other aspects like
storing, transferring, transporting, etc., that are part of the process as well, but are often
neglected. There were 13 people who strongly disagreed to the statement as companies often fail
to safeguard the employees because of the economic expense that is often linked to the
standardization of the security or safety measures.
Q.7 Do you think that a safe and secured culture enhances the aspect of motivation with the
employees?
Out of the 100 respondents, 76 people agreed that the motivation of the employees gets enhanced
when they work in an environment that functions towards their improvement as well. They feel

66
involved and an important part of the association they work in, if the employers value them
through the steps of keeping them away from harm, risks, or hazards. Their loyalty towards the
firm increases as well. 24 people were not in favor of the statement as they think that it is not
only the policies of safety and health that contributes to the improved motivation of the
employees but there are various other aspects that are linked to the concept of motivation.
Q.8 How often do you think the safety and health related policies helps in the improvement
of the environment and the community?
82 people out of the 100 respondents claimed that the environment and the community is
frequently improved and enhanced by the policies of health and safety as organizations working
with dangerous goods or hazards takes up more precautions to safeguard the environment against
it. The community gains through the development of employees and their families. However, 18
people stated that it rarely is the case as firms are more concerned about profit and success that
the environment or the community.
Time Table
Tasks Week
1-2
Week
3-4
Week
5-6
Week
7-8
Week
9-10
Week
11-12
Week
13-14
Week
15-16
Selection of the topic
and approval
proposal (Developing
a comprehensive
model of
manufacturing and
production safety
culture)

67
Secondary data
collection and
literature review
Recognizing the
research methodology
Collection of data
Analysis of data
Findings
Recommendation and
conclusion
Final submission and
celebration
Figure: Gantt chart
(Source: Author’s creation)
The above Gantt chart describes the schedule of the research work. The word ‘Gantt chart’ has
been named after the Henry Gantt as he has invented this method. In this research the individual
has selected the topic in the first weeks of the research. Then he started collecting the secondary
data as well as the taking the interview of the employees of the company Alive and Wells and the
work continued to entire second, third and fourth week. At the end of the fourth week the
researcher recognized the research methodology. The individual made the research outline and
prepared the questionnaire.
During the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth week the person acquired the data from various
sources. In the following three weeks, the researcher concentrated in analyzing the data that he
has collected. At the end of the tenth week to entire twelfth week the person observer the key
findings of the research work. On the thirteenth and fourteenth week, the researcher concluded

68
his entire effort. At the same time, he has provided some recommendation to in order to ensure
the safety measure in the manufacturing as well as the production sector of the company. At last
on the fifteenth and sixteenth week he submitted the project. Therefore, it is visible that it took
entire sixteen week to the researcher to complete the study.
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION
Project discussion is the section where the researcher illustrates as well as interprets the
importance of the key findings of the entire study. This section is a crucial part of every research
as it deals with the following the aspects.
 Through the project discussion, the researches can demonstrate the ability with which
the individual can think critically regarding the given issue. It also help the researcher
to innovate latest and creative idea in order to resolute the problem.
 It also denotes the reason that is underlying in the research work. It also shows the
areas where the further researches can be carried out in order to improve the present
situation.
 The project discussion also highlights the significance of the research. It also describes
the contribution of the research in finding the resolution of an issue. It identifies the
gas in the research works that were carried out in the earlier days.
In addition, the project discussion forces the reader to think critically so that the reader can give
his or her contribution in order to provide an innovative resolution of the certain issue.
The thesis is a proof that the researcher had done enough effort in order to acquire the
appropriate knowledge regarding the safety issue in the working environment. The researcher
had had a lot of study with the help of which he had come to know that in earlier days the issue
of the safety culture in the manufacturing industry was given little importance. As a result the
disasters took place frequently. These accidents caused a huge financial loss to the companies as
they might lose their assets as well as the human resource. This condition hampered the
company’s image or the reputation. On the other hand the affected families not only had to suffer
from the bereavement but also from the huge financial loss. Chernobyl disaster in 1986,
accidents in King’s Cross-in 1987, Piper Alpha Oil factory in 1988 and many more are the
burning examples of the poor as well as the careless safety culture in the production and
manufacturing organizations.

69
Whit the passes of time people have become more and more concern about the safety issue in the
workplace. Several researches have been conducted in order to create the awareness regarding
the safety culture inside the manufacturing unit of a company. With the similar purpose the
individual has conducted a research work on the issue of safety measure. He chose a company,
named Alive and Wells and did a survey among the employees as well as the management. The
researchers figured out that the workers are quite satisfied with the safety measures with the
company though according to the opinion of some workers the accidents in the workplace can be
reduced however, it cannot be checked completely. With the help of proper precaution as well as
by adhering the safety norms, the chances of the accidents can be reduced.
On the other hand, the researcher understood that the management of Alive and Wells were
highly aware. They consider their workers as the most precious resources. Therefore, they are
concerned about the safety of their labors. The management has a plane to buy latest machineries
as well as the safety equipments in order to provide safety to their employees. They also
encourage and educate their labors to use the equipments those are essential for their safety of
lives. The supervisors as well as the labor in charge always have an eye on the safety matter of
the employees inside the organization. They talk with the worker and collect regular feed back in
order to improve the safety culture inside the company. With the help of the joint effort of the
workers as well as the management of the company, Alive and Wells were able to reduce the
chances of the unfortunate disaster or accidents in the workplace.
The study also reveals that many researches need to be carried out in order to increases the
awareness in some other industry such as locomotive, plastic factory, automobile industry,
petrochemical industry and many more. It is true that an appropriate safety culture can minimize
the risk of accidents in the workplace. The management has a crucial role to enhance the safety
culture inside a company such as,
 The management can take the decision that what activities will be carried out the inside
the company.
 The supervisor has the provision to decide how to carry out the role or the activity that is
expected by the management.
 The management can provide proper training to their worker to ensure that they can use
the safety equipment so that no unfortunate accident can happen.

70
· The management can collect the feedback not only about the work report but also about the
safety report in order to improve the condition of the workplace.
CHAPTER 6: RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommendations for the development of Safety Culture101
1. Safe Communication: Safety policies and regulations should be communicated efficiently to
all the workers and they should be explained properly safety practices, in order to create a
healthy and safe work environment.
2. Reporting: Workers should be asked to report about accidents in the workplace, to the higher
authorities.
3. Risk management: It is a crucial task and should be done in the best and most positive way.
4. Training: Workers should be trained to handle and take precautions while handling risky
equipments102. Their feedback should be taken and related issues should be solved.
From the above discussion, it has proved that modern people have become more concern about
the safety culture in the manufacturing as well as the production industry. That is the reason
people in recent day are taking enough care regarding health safety in the workplace. The
authorities along with the management have become quite meticulous about the safety culture to
prevent the accident and unwanted financial loss as well as the loss of human resource.
Therefore, they are also taking innovative approaches to put a restraint on the issue. However,
negligence and carelessness are still visible in the safety concern inside the workplace which
takes a great toll of workers’ lives. Therefore, the researcher has provided some recommendation
in order to improve the situation for upcoming days.
• At first stress on creating the awareness for safety culture inside an organization needs to
be implemented. Is has been noticed from the earlier incidents that lack of awareness regarding
the risk factors led to several accidents in the workplace.
• The workers need to be trained properly on a regular basis in order to ensure that they can
act according to the training at the time of emergency without having confutation or panic.
101 Aburumman, Mohammed, Sharon Newnam and Brian Fildes, "Evaluating The Effectiveness Of
Workplace Interventions In Improving Safety Culture: A Systematic Review" (2019) 115 Safety Science
102 Rulli, Tina and David Wendler, "The Duty To Take Rescue Precautions" (2015) 33(3) Journal of Applied
Philosophy

71
• The company needs to encourage the workers so that they use the safety equipments in
order to avert the accident. In this way, they can reduce the chances the disaster in the workplace.
• The company can apply penalty to those workers who do not follow the safety norms of
the organization.
• The organization can start a system in order to ensure the regular supervisory on the
safety culture of the company.
• The supervisor can check the quality of the performance of their subordinates regarding
the safety culture inside the manufacturing as well as the production unit.
• That management needs to handle the safety issue with more care. The company needs to
understand that a little negligence can lead to the devastating the accidents.
• The risk prone sector of the manufacturing unit of a company needs to be segregated so
that if any unfortunate incident takes place in the unit then the rest part of the company can
remain unaffected.
• The company needs to provide the proper safety equipment to their workers, such as
helmet, safety jackets, hand gloves, fire jackets and many more.
• Fire extinguisher, fire alarm need to be mandatory equipments for those companies those
work with the fire or the similar materials that can causes accidents.
• On the other hand the government of the country needs to introduce enough law in order
to force the organization so that they treat the safety norms with proper responsibility.
• The government needs to take care so that companies do not neglect the matter of the
employees’ safety. As an example, the government can apply penalties on that company who
violate the safety norms.
At last it needs to be kept in mind that workers are the most important aspects of every
organization. Therefore, the loss of the human resource can lead to the severe loss for the
company. The unfortunate death of the employees the companies has to face severe loss because
it does not only lose it precious human resource but also it has to take the great financial burden
because of the compensation that the company needs to give the affected families in order to
provide monetary supports. On the other hand the families of the dead or injured worker have to
face a lot of adverse financial situation because of the sudden disaster. It is true, that no monetary
help can compensate the lives of the beloved person whom their families loss for ever. Hence, it

72
was one of the aims of the researcher to put a restrain on the accident of the various workplace
specially ion the production as well as the manufacturing companies.
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION
The study or the research totally highlighted about the fact that is base on comprehensive model
of manufacturing and production safety culture where it aims at delivering the safety culture at
work place. The surroundings and environment in the work place is one of the basic criteria that
need to be developed. The whole research is based on the idea related to the several factors and
issues we came across the whole thesis. Now we are concluding this part on and on average basis
of giving emphasizes on the prospect of how we have organized the ideas that had generated and
on overall attempt to make an effort regarding the employees satisfaction in working place. The
majority of the issues compromise of how the entire research has been done and sorted out
depending on the many factors where those kinds of discussion has been highlighted so that the
understanding and gradually proceedings and findings related to the statistical point of view has
been discussed.
The comprehensive analysis has been started with the Executive summary then we came across
the introduction, under the introduction section we had discussed about the following topics
where we have highlighted about the facts about the work place scenario and the dimension,
which is required in any work culture about production safety. In between this, we had
mentioned about the acknowledgement of those helpful dignitaries who had helped in
formulating the research or thesis. Interestingly, we also shared the fact of rationale of the study
that is related with research such as finding the possible reason on why the research has been
taking place, and from which angle we may get throttled while conducting the research and how
to get rid of it or overcoming it. The entire presentation is base on the several kinds of surveys,
case studies, and the relevant and supportive documents. The entire framework in the course of
studies being is being implemented on results and reporting. We have also given brief discussion
on project brief and discussed some issues regarding accumulation of different or various kinds
of methodology. The aim of the research has been discussed properly with a view of giving an
estimated idea related to the methodology and regulatory measures being analyzed in the
meanwhile of discussion.

73
The main motto of the research paper or thesis paper is being thoroughly engraved about the
production safety and ideas that required to be identified. The scenarios have been created so that
it can be precisely discussed and on that point of view, an idea is accumulated with the several
factors keeping in mind and tried to be implemented. The main issues or problems that can
originate while running an industry or an industry can faced is pre assumed and on basis of those
supportive example or proof, the research has been conducted. The outcome now depends on the
research paper after being thoroughly analyzed.

74
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Appendices
1. Can all injuries and accidents in the workplace, be prevented?
Yes Somewhat No
2. Is the process of implementing safety culture in the organization, challenging?
Yes Somewhat No
3. How difficult is the process of maintaining health and safety in an organization?
Very difficult Slightly difficult Not difficult
4. How often have you witnessed or heard about some type of accident in a work place?
Frequently Rarely
5. Workers’ health and safety are at a stake these days. Do you agree with this statement?
Yes No
6. How far do you consider that the manufacturing industries comply with the policies and
standards of health and safety that has been developed by the state or the nation?
Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree

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7. Do you think that a safe and secured culture enhances the aspect of motivation with the
employees?
Yes No
8. How often do you think the safety and health related policies helps in the improvement
of the environment and the community?
Frequently Rarely
Maps, Tables and Pictures

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