Organisation Behaviour Report: M&S, Culture, Motivation, & Teamwork

This report provides an in-depth analysis of the organisational behaviour at Mark & Spencer (M&S), a major UK retail firm. The report examines how organisational culture, politics, and power dynamics influence individual and team behaviour and performance within the company. It explores the impact of power structures, including legitimate, reward, referent, and expert power, as well as political factors like communication systems and employee safety measures. Furthermore, the report evaluates content and process theories of motivation, such as Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, and how these motivational techniques enable M&S to achieve its organisational goals. It also distinguishes between effective and ineffective teams, and applies concepts of organisational behaviour within the context of the company's business situation. The report concludes by summarizing the key findings and offering insights into the management practices at M&S.

Organisation
Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK ..............................................................................................................................................3
Analyse how an organisation’s culture, politics and power influence individual and team
behaviour and performance.........................................................................................................3
Evaluate how content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques enable
effective achievement of goals in an organisational context.......................................................6
Explain what makes an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team.................................9
Apply concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour within an organizational context
and given business situation......................................................................................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
The organization behaviour is basically defined as the behaviour of each and employee
within organization towards their customers. Therefore, the positive behaviour of organization
towards their lower level workers and clients are easily sustained the company overall
productivity in market for long time. For this report the choosen organization Mark and
Spencer which is the biggest retail firm in UK. The company was founded in 1884 and the head
office of this firm is located in United Kingdom (AlManei, Salonitis and Tsinopoulos, 2018).
This company is dealing with wide range of goods which involves fashionable cloths, home
appliances, grocery items and others. The report will be covered analyse how an organisation’s
culture, politics and power influence individual and team behaviour and performance.
TASK
Analyse how an organisation’s culture, politics and power influence individual and team
behaviour and performance
The organization behaviour is referring to deep understanding and application of
knowledge in aspect of human behaviour. The various human behaviours are directly linked with
different components of company. The various external and internal factors which are
responsible for compraising politics, power and culture effectively. In respect of Mark and
Spencer, analysis of culture, power and politics are described below -
Power – It has been evaluated that the strength is controlled and managed with various
group of individuals. In respect of power it shows that company are comparised in to different
kinds of roles and responsibilities effectively. Due to this it is highly essential to all types of
employee's in every department to follow it in systematic manner. In relation to Mark and
Spencer, manager and staff members of this company have full responsibility for accomplishing
their task succesfully in time. They are also responsible for run the activities of company in
smooth flow. The concept of power ultimately support company to achieve their vision, mission
and objectives in short duration.
 Legitimate power – This type of power is comes under the category of formal authority
which are facilitated to every individual within firm because it is connected with job

position and description. The name of this kind of power is positional power and this is
basically based on holding particular post within company by any person.
 Reward power – In this power manager and contrller of organization facilitates
incentives and appraisals to their employees as per the current quality in work. In respect
of Mark and Spencer here manager is providing extra advantage to their each and every
employee. It is given to them only if the employee's will done extraordinary work.
 Referent power – It is also called as organized religion of attributes. This type of power
is basically defined as development, behaaviour and nature of controller which is
responsible for influencing others behaviours as per their current behaviour. With help of
utilizing this type of power organization easily gained their vision, mission and objectives
in short duration (Alnsseraat and Samikon, 2022).
 Expert power – This kind of power is basically dfined as ability which is percessed by
workers regarding seniority which support to showing expertise in different
circumstances. Due to the effective utilization of this power manager is able to handle the
lower level workers smoothly.
Politics – It is related with different types of activities which are carried by non active
employee's within organization. The workers who will not done their task successfully, will
effect the company objectives and done misconduct activities in management. Different types of
sections are compraised in to the management of politics which are classified into various stages.
Those are discussed below -
 Rocks – In context to rock power it refers to rest on communication of individual and the
formal sources of management which involves expertise, title, role and others. In this
kind of power political capital are highly involved which is occurred by employees
effecdtively.
 Weeds – It is basically the compraised form of individual powers and communication
systems. With help of using communication systems in effective manner, organization is
able to run their functions smoothly. Therefoere, this kind of power assist the firm to
sustain their reputation in market for long time.
 Woods – The power of woods will be cover the employee safety within firm by
implementing strong instructions in their workplace area. With help of implementing

various guidelines employees are able to do their work with full passion and interest for
long duration.
 High level ground – In aspect of high level ground it is refers to the combination of
different policies and work according to various structural management method. With
help of utilizing different policies top level management easily handle their workers
smoothly.
After the evaluation of politics it is understood that in some situations the concept of politics are
worked for employees within firm effectively in various aspects. Thsoe aspects are highly
responsible for reducing employee performance, spoilation of employee ambiance and
demotivating the workers.
Culture – In respect of culture it represents the ways where the structure of company
culture which are adapted by the section of manager (Amrutha and Geetha, 2020). In this way
management operates their activites in smooth manner. It is also defined as the group of
individual performance which is totally depend on the culture of management functions. But
there is a side of positive and negative working environment within higher authority where
employees of company are done their task with high productivity which is beneficial for gaining
structure of management in limited time period. In respect of Mark and Spencer, the employees
and manager of this company adapted the model of Charles Handy Culture which are
described below -
 Power culture – It shows that different types of adjustment are already made within
firm. These is a group of person who follows various tasks and programes in effective
manner which is essential for enhancing company success rate at higher rate. The owner
of organizaation determined the efficiency and effectiveness in the procedure of decision
making to each person.
 Task culture – This kind of culture represents the group of those workers who are able to
perform their work and activities in effective and systematic way. It is considered as one
of the very essential theory and this theory is directly linked with different sections within
management.
 Person culture – In this kind of culture employees easily feels that they are highly
valuable for company which leads to increase the growth of company easily. Due to

maintaining this type of feeling employees easily put their contribution in workplace
premises for fulfilling their personal requirements in aspect of money and other purposes.
 Role culture – In respect of role culture employees are delegated with different roles and
responsibilities. That means here management of Marks and Spencer is providing various
task to employees according to their specialization, interest and qualification. With help
of this culture employees easily get the idea that what best they are able to do and ready
for accepting the challenges.
Infuence of politics, power and culture at workplace -
It has been evaluated that culture, power and politics of organization are strongly
interconnected with the services of firm. Due to this influence are strongly produced on
individual and team behaviour and performance. This will measured and examined the nature of
management to their employees within firm (Arieli, Sagiv and Roccas, 2020). Basically there are
four kinds of culture which are already mentioned above and those are power culture, task
culture, person culture etc. With help of providing flexubility and proper use of culture authority
of Mark and Spencer, easily maintained positive relationship with their clients and wokers for
long time. But in respect of politics it creates negativeness between employees in their
workplace areas which leads to effect the individual and team behaviour and performance. The
factor of power is refers to the leading activities and these ativities are handled by higher
authority in business which leads to sustain their goodwill in market.
Evaluate how content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques enable
effective achievement of goals in an organisational context
The motivation is defined as the procedure which is essential for keeping goal oriuented
behaviour in working environment of company. Due the effective utilization of motivation
procedure performance of the employees are easily gained. It also assist the firm for gaining
competitive advantage and profit in market. The main purpose for adapting these theories is to
get clear understanding that in which manner workers of Mark and Spencer get motivated at
maximum level in low time. In respect of motivation theories are categorised into two parts
which are described below -
Content theories – This kind of theories are also known as theory of motivation which is
beneficial for enhancing the motivating the behaviour of employees by facilitating focus on

internal factors. The different types of theories which are comes in category of content are
Herzberg two factor theory and Maslow's Hierarchy theory which are described below -
Maslow's Hierarchy Theory – This kind of theory is based on various real facts which
shows the importance of every individual needs. The needs of individual are shown in shape of
pyramid which consist of various stages. Those stages are basic, physical, psychological and
social needs. Due to the effective use of this theory firm easily motivates their workers
effectively.
 Psychological needs – It is the first step of this theory and here basic needs of every
individual are includes and it is highly essential for survive their life decently. Those
fundamental requirements are cloth, air, water, shelter, food etc. With help of fulfilling
these requirements in time workers easily put their full contribution in their job role for
long duration.
 Safety needs – In this step safety and security needs of individual are highly consider by
company (Bamfo, Dogbe and Mingle, 2018). Those requirements are job security,
financial security and health security. In respect of Mark and Spencer, they are
facilitating effective income and health insurance to their employees which leads to
enhace their satisfaction level at higher rate.
 Social needs – In this step living humans are get converted into social animals. Due to
this they needs belongings, friends and family for decreasing the lonliness feel
effectively. In context to Mark and Spencer, top level management of organization are
developed different types of groups for encouraging employees effectively. The names of
those groups sports team, club parties etc.
 Self – esteem – After fulfiling the above mentioned requirements humans always
concentrating on desires to have an self confidence and ego. The workers of firm wants to
live their life with high respect in community. In respect of Mark and Spencer, they are
providing promotions to their employee's in specific time period. Due to this their
performance are easily in higher rate in low time.
 Self-actualisation – This step is connected with workers where they carried their work
effectively for gaining the self fulfilment and full realization. Due to this workers do their
work in efficient manner.

Herzberg's motivation theory – In this kind of theory also Mark and Spencer is highly
focusing on motivating their employees in their job roles and responsibilities. Due to providing
effective motivation, the success and growth of organization are highly enhanced in short
duration. The herzberg's theory is also known as two factor theory cleanliness and hygiene are
very important within firm.
 Motivating factor – In front of employees the presence of various factors are not
necessary. But it played major role for influencing productivity of workers regarding
their job. The elements which are comes under this factor are promotion, respect, growth
and others.
 Hygiene factor – It is basically the summary of those elements which did not provide
satisfaction to employees within company (Garas, Mahran and Mohamed, 2018). But
reality is that it is very important to keep the presence of all those elements between
employee's in company's workplace. The of those elements which comes under these
factors are safety, working atmosphere, healthcare policy etc. Without the proper
presence of these elements employees easily get demotivated and their performance get
reduced.
Process theories – These kind of theories will help in analysing the psychological and
behavioral procedure of individual which is essential for motivating the workers effectively. Due
to this the management of Mark and Spencer is able to maintain their objectives, mission and
vision in market for long duration.
Skinner's Reinforcement Theory – In aspect of this theory, good behaviour and attitude
of managers towards their employee's is one of the effective strategy for completing the task in
time. According to this theory the management of Mark and Spencer is majorly concentrating on
values of employees internally. In every organization managers need to facilitate respect to lower
level workers and also understands the employee feeling internally and treated them in positive
way. It leads to enhance the productivity of employees at maximum level. In addition to this if
the workers of company are not handled their assessment in effective manner then it is the duty
of manager for tells their mistakes in polite manner.
Vroom's expectancy theory - The theory is developed by Victor Vroom and it is highly
beneficial for analysing different factors where the productivity of workers is based. This theory

is mainly comparises of various elements which involves skills, knowledge and ability The
stages which are involved in this theory are described below -
 Valance – If the higher authority of company wants to motivate their employees then
they needs to evaluate their requirements in effective manner. For conducting this top
level management need to consider various reward systems, promotions, time off and so
on.
 Expectancy – In this kind of factor manager of company maintained communication to
the expectaation of company with help of their employees (Hashem and Iida, 2022). For
fulfilling various company expectations management are facilitating effective training to
their workers which leads to enhance the work efficiency at large scale.
 Instrumentality – It is the final step of this model and here organization made effective
communication with their employees in workplace area. Management also promised
them to facilitate rewards for developing the motivation level effectively.
Employee motivation techniques -
The technique of motivation is basically refers to intrinsic and extrinsic influences that
lends in the job satisfaction which facilitates meaningful contribution to organization activities
and performance. The different types of motivation technique which is considered by manager of
Mark and Spencer to motivate their workers are -
 Sharing performance to enhance performance – When company recognized the events
of profit sharing, it facilitates a significant pride to every individual. With help of
facilitating advantages of workers, they always maintains their honesty and dedication
towards firm for long time.
 Radient positivity – Developing strong positive work culture in workplace is a very
important and common technique for encouraging individuals at maximum level. For
encouraging the employees effectively management of Mark and Spencer is needs to
organize various activities with their subordinates effectively. Those activities are music
session, games etc. which leads to enhance the level of motivation in low time.
Explain what makes an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team
The workers of company is highly considered as the most valuable asset for sustaining
the company success and growth in market efectively. Due to the effective success of company
management is able to deliver best quality goods and services to users for long time. In this way

the positive relationship between organization and customer are developed within short duration.
In context to Mark and Spencer they developed the strong and talented team within organization
which is highly essential for utilizing company resources in optimized manner.
The characteristics of effective team is compraises of objectives in clear manner which
includes vision, mission, task and goals of teams. Workers of company feels comfortable and
relaxed which assist in decreasing tension and signs of higher authority. It is also essential for
encouraging the members of team which leads to enhance their participation level (Khan and
Bayat, 2019). The another specification of effective team is that communications are open
between employee and employer.
Tuckman Model of team development
In context to Mark and Spencer it is a very important model for achiving knowledge
about different types of task in efficient manner which are comes in the category of developing
team. Due to the effective use of team development concept firm is able to run their functions in
smooth manner.
 Forming – In this stage employees are gathered in the form of group and they shows
their behaviour. After the development of team each member introduced themselves to
others Then after that task are allocated to each member by higher authority.
 Storming – Here the members of team are get engaged in their task which is provided by
higher authority which leads to develop trust for each other. Here aims are distributed
into small parts which leads to increase the work efficiency of team.
 Norming – Here team members are move towards the hormogenious pratices of working.
That means various rules and regulation are accepted by team members for run the
business activities smoothly which are developed by top level management.
 Performing – This type of process is developed by team members for fulfilling the
mission and objectives of company. In this stage team members within firm are worked
in effective manner according to their skills.
 Adjourning – In this stage after the completion of various task team and their purpose
are totally dissolved.
Difference between effective and ineffective team -
Basis Effective team Ineffective team

Atmosphere Effective team are highly
responsible for strong and
friendly environment within
organization workplace area.
But due to the use of
ineffective team ambience in
company workplace area get
problematic between
employee's. It leads to
decrease their performance
effectively.
Clarity Here work and objectives of
company are defined in clear
menner for each employee's
(Miminoshvili and Černe,
2022).
But here task and objectives
are not cleared in effective
manner. Because in effective
team did not provide value to
their work.
Decisions Here decisions are made by
top level management
according to the suggestion of
their team members.
But here decisions are taken by
higher authority according to
the majority.
Expression of ideas Here different types of ideas
are expressed by workers
according to open manner and
free basis.
Due to the issue of criticism
here ideas which is taken by
workers are hide by them.
Apply concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour within an organizational context
and given business situation
All types of concepts and philosophies of organizational behaviour are totally based on
the essence of workers and organization. At the time of doing task the nature of individual in
firm is being consider as quality which are processed in individual way. The individual
difference, motivated behaviour and perception are some factors which affects the nature of
perople. If organization needs to accomplish their objectives and goals, then manager of
company needs to encourage their workers continuously. In respect of Mark and Spencer, they
adapted various types of leadership theories for encouraging their workers are discussed below -

Path goal theory -
This kind of theory is basically defined as behaviour of leader which is essentiaal for
sustaining the performance and job satisfaction level of employees. Here the main function of
manager within company is to always provide right direction in their job role.
 Directive leadership – In this leadership managers allowed their followers to identify
that what are the top level management expectation from them. Here manager also
shedule the task and facilitate right direction to workers for fulfiling expectations
effectively.
 Supportive leadership – In this kind of leadership management are very approachable
and friendly. Here manager is always focusing on the welfare of staff members and
provide faacilities in equal menner.
 Participative leadership – In this kind of leadership leader always take opinions from
their follower and allowed participation in the process of decision making effectively
(Paillé and Meija-Morelos, 2019).
 Achievement oriented leadership – In this type of leadership leader provides
complicated or challenging task to their followers. It leads to increase the capabilities and
abilities of followers at higher rate in their work in low time.
Contigency theory -
In this type of theory organizational behaviour is effectively used to manage, assist and
predict the employees behaviour. Due to this firm easily understood that in which manner
individuals are motivated effectively. There are different kinds of situational factors which
impact the study of organizational behaviour and connects it with the behaviour of workers.
According to this theory there is no specific leadership styles which is suited for all kindes of
situation. For enhancing the effectiveness of leader it is essencial for him that he effectively
evaluate all kinds of circumstances. In this way the leader of firm easily sustained their
reputation between team members easily. In respect of Mark and Spencer, the theories of
leadership impact the efficiency of leader.