Organizational Behavior: A Case Study of Mark and Spencer

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ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................. 3
LO1.................................................................................................................................................4
P1 & M1 CRITICALLY EVALUATE HOW AN ORGANIZATION'S CULTURE, POWER, AND POLITICS
INFLUENCE INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM BEHAVIOR AND PERFORMANCE WITH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO THE ORGANIZATION..........................................................................................4
LO2.............................................................................................................................................7
P2 EVALUATE HOW CONTENT AND PROCESS THEORIES OF MOTIVATION AND
MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIQUES ENABLE EFFECTIVE ACHIEVEMENT OF GOALS IN AN
ORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXT......................................................................................................7
M2 CRITICALLY EVALUATE HOW TO INFLUENCE THE BEHAVIOUR OF OTHERS THROUGH THE
EFFECTIVE APPLICATION OF BEHAVIOURAL MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES, CONCEPTS, AND
MODELS................................................................................................................................... 11
LO3............................................................................................................................................... 12
P3 DEMONSTRATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT MAKES AN EFFECTIVE TEAM, AS OPPOSED
TO AN INEFFECTIVE TEAM....................................................................................................... 12
M3 ANALYZE RELEVANT TEAM AND GROUP DEVELOPMENT THEORIES TO SUPPORT THE
DEVELOPMENT OF DYNAMIC COOPERATION..........................................................................14
LO4............................................................................................................................................... 17
P4 M4 APPLY CONCEPTS AND PHILOSOPHIES OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR WITHIN AN
ORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXT AND A GIVEN BUSINESS SITUATION AND EXPLORE AND
EVALUATE HOW THEY INFLUENCE BEHAVIOUR IN BOTH A POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE WAY....17
CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................... 21
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................22
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INTRODUCTION
Organizational behavior is the study of human behavior who is working for the organization
with the other employees. The study of the human behavior in the organization is the scientific
method or approach to understanding the way how employees are working and enables the
company to understand various areas dedicated to improving the efficiency, job satisfaction,
promoting the employees, etc (Miner, 2015). The study of organizational behavior is the
scientific approach to understand the behavior of the workers and the managers in the
organization. There are various theories which are applicable to understand the culture and
behavior of the organization as it helps in increasing the productivity of the employees working
in the company. In this assignment, the organizational behavior and culture of Mark and
Spencer’s will be understood with the help of different theories, cultural model, philosophies of
OB. Mark and Spencer are also known as M&S and is one of the major British retail company
founded in 1884 by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer. The headquarters is in London,
England, and about 80,787 employees all over the world in the stores. The company offers
clothes, home products, and luxury food products(Mark & Spencers,2019).
(FIGURE1: Mark and Spencers)
(SOURCE: Mark&Spencers,2019
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LO1
P1 & M1 CRITICALLY EVALUATE HOW AN ORGANIZATION'S CULTURE, POWER,
AND POLITICS INFLUENCE INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM BEHAVIOR AND
PERFORMANCE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ORGANIZATION
An organization behavior is referred as the deep study of the human behavior who are working
in the organization, the behavior of the employees form the culture of the organization. The
organization’s culture politics and power influences the behaviors of the employee working in
the organization to a great extent in M&S:
EFFECT OF CULTURE
Organization’s culture plays a crucial role in setting up a unique social and psychological
environment of a business. Organizational culture influences the behaviors of the employees
like the way they interact; the way in which they work in a team the following are a different
culture which affects the organizational culture:
 POWER CULTURE:
The power culture is the culture where some individual in the culture enjoy the decision
making power and enjoy the privilege. The people who are into power are the key
people in the organization delegates the responsibilities to the employees. In this type
of culture, the employees don't have any option other than to follow the orders of the
superior as the decision making power lies in these people. In this type of culture, the
superior is bias to a few employees in the organization.
 TASK CULTURE
The organizations which are result oriented follow this type of culture in the
organization. In this type of culture, various employees come together and as a team or
a group to work on the same goal or task (Cacciattolo, 2014). All the employees possess
a different type of skillset and specialization to perform a particular task in an efficient
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and innovative manner. The task culture improves the productivity of the overall
organization as the employees only focus on the task given to them.
(FIGURE 2: MODEL OF HANDY'S CULTURE )
(SOURCE: Schneider, 2016)
 PERSON CULTURE
There is a certain organization where more importance is given to the employees
working rather than the organizational goals and objectives. In this type of culture, the
employees looks only for money and they are not dedicated at all to work in the
company which decreases the productivity of the organization and the culture becomes
unhealthy and biased.
 ROLE CULTURE
Role culture is the culture where the superior delegates the work to the employees on
the basis of the specialization, knowledge, expertise, and knowledge of the employee so
that the work can be done with best of the abilities and perfection without any error
and ambiguity (Schneider, 2016). In this type of culture the employees are always ready
to take challenges and ownership of the work with the power of doing the task.
M&S
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INFLUENCE OF POLITICS
Political influence plays a crucial role in the behavior of the employee in the
organization. M&S ensures that the politics eliminates the unhealthy politics and creates
an alliance to work in a team for better performance as it focuses on the positive politics
and healthy competition in the organization (Schneider, 2016). M&S encourages
political behavior for building a positive work culture and eliminating the self-serving
among the leaders of the company which will automatically decrease the negative
competition in the workforce.
INFLUENCE OF POWER
The analysis of power is very essential in the organization as it is the main tool to control
the performance of the employee in the organization (Blowers, 2017). M&S do not use
coercive power where the individuals have to behave and work in a particular way
rather the company has used the power culture to monitor the productivity and work of
the employees and the reward is given to employees for the work done.
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LO2
P2 EVALUATE HOW CONTENT AND PROCESS THEORIES OF MOTIVATION AND
MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIQUES ENABLE EFFECTIVE ACHIEVEMENT OF GOALS IN
AN ORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXT.
Motivation is the feeling which comes within from an individual to do a particular task for
fulfilling the organizational goal and objectives. The motivation is also of two types one is the
intrinsic motivation which comes from the will of the individual because the individual has the
desire and zeal to do the work and is highly satisfied with what he is doing. Another type of
motivation is the extrinsic motivation which is an external force of motivation applied to the
employees working in the organization this motivation can be given in the form of rewards,
incentives, etc. the following are the content and process theory of motivation which affects
the achievement of the goals in M&S:
CONTENT THEORY OF MOTIVATION
 Maslow’s model: M&S is executing the need theory successfully as this theory focuses
on satisfying the basic needs to fulfill the further needs of the employees (Bowman,
2016). The hierarchy of the need starts from psychological needs, love safety needs and
belongingness, self-esteem and ends at self-actualization need.
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(FIGURE 3:MASLOW’S HIERARCHY THEORY)
(SOURCE: Bowman, 2016)
 HERZBERG TWO FACTOR THEORY
This theory talks about the two factors that affect the motivation of the employees in
M&S. The first factor is those which increase the motivation include good working
condition, recognition, job status, responsibility, etc (Herzberg, 2017). Another factor
that affects motivation is the bad working condition, poor relationships with colleagues,
salary, etc. this demotivates the employees and reduces the productivity of the
employees.
(FIGURE 4: HERZBERG’S TWO FACTOR THEORY)
(SOURCE: Herzberg, 2017)
PROCESS THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
 VROOM’S EXPECTANCY MOTIVATION THEORY
This theory focuses on individual motivation depending on the three different variables
M&S has implemented this theory to apprehend these causes. The factors the first one
is the Valence it denotes the emotional observation of the employees toward the work
and reward for the same. The second variable is expectancy it refers to the confidence
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which employee has on their expectation from their work (Bowman, 2016). The third
variable is instrumentality, it refers to the employee’s perception regarding the
achievement of the expectations.
(FIGURE 5: VROOM’S MOTIVATIONAL THEORY)
(SOURCE: Bowman, 2016)
 ADAM’S EQUITY THEORY:
This theory peoposed M&S to keep a balance between the input of the employees and
the output given by the company to keep them motivated by giving those rewards,
recognition, incentive bonus, etc. on the basis of the output carried out by them.
(FIGURE 6: ADAM'S EQUITY THEORY)
(SOURCE: Cook and Artino, 2016)
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M2 CRITICALLY EVALUATE HOW TO INFLUENCE THE BEHAVIOUR OF OTHERS
THROUGH THE EFFECTIVE APPLICATION OF BEHAVIOURAL MOTIVATIONAL
THEORIES, CONCEPTS, AND MODELS.
The motivational theories which are used in M&S for motivating the employees create an effect
on an individual level and team level. On an individual level, the employee gets highly satisfied
as the needs and wants are fulfilled by the organization makes the employee motivated and
dedicated towards the work and makes him/her loyal towards the organization. It eradicates
the personal interest of the employees and develops a sense of belongingness to the company
which gives appositive impact on the overall output and profit of the company (Wheeler, 2016).
The motivation theories also affect the team collectively in the organization the team feels
motivated and want to do their work with high productivity and efficiently this can be
understood by the following behavioral approach:
Task v/s relationship leadership: This method is task centered and relationship centred. The
leaders in M&S keep the employees motivated by completing the task and interacting with the
employees this resulted in a healthy relationship and clarification of the interpersonal
relationship
Psychodynamic Approach: This method studies the several theories of the motivation of the
employee toward their work. The managers of M&S understood that motivation of the
employees to a great extent depend on their past experiences and motives and the leaders
understand the motivational pattern of the employees to make them motivated to work in a
dedicated manner for the goal and objectives (Theeboom, 2016).
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LO3
P3 DEMONSTRATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT MAKES AN EFFECTIVE
TEAM, AS OPPOSED TO AN INEFFECTIVE TEAM
A team is a group of members who work together for a specific task in the organization, teams
in M&S has made good and healthy relationship with the employees which has increased the
efficiency to a great extent following are the types of team which result in the formation of an
effective team (Burke et al., 2017):
FUNCTIONAL TEAM: M&S has formulated this type of team in which the members are gathered
to perform the same purpose but assigned different responsibilities the control of such team is
done by the manager and lead them to the organizational goal (Forsyth, 2018).
PROBLEM-SOLVING TEAM: M&S has formulated such teams for solving the problems in the
company. This type of team resolves various issues and crunch so that effective ways can be
carried out. The formation of this type of team is done to solve various problems in the
company the problems, may be of various kind like a problem in various department, conflicts
among the team member, external factors, etc. (Galegher et al., 2014).
PROJECT TEAM: This type of team is formulated for completing a particular task. M&S has
formulated such teams here different employees come together for completing the project
effectively. The main motto of this type of team is to have input from the department to
achieve the organizational goal.
VIRTUAL TEAMS: Virtual team is teams which do not have a physical existence but has virtual
existence and work for the origination. M&S have a virtual team which constantly works online
for the organization sitting in a different location.
With an increase in globalization and increased market competition M&S have formalized
different types of the team to overcome all sort of inconvenience and problems in the
organization. If there is no proper channel of the teams then it becomes difficult to increase the
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