Operations & Project Management: Analysis of Marks & Spencer Practices

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of operations and project management principles within Marks and Spencer. It begins by differentiating between operation and operations management, followed by a review and critique of the implementation of operations management principles, including lean manufacturing. The report assesses how well the organization's operations management meets its requirements and discusses continuous improvement as a philosophy, describing Lean principles. A continuous improvement plan with justified recommendations is presented, based on the review of operations management principles. The report also applies each stage of the Project Life Cycle (PLC) to a project, supported by necessary documentation, and reviews the effectiveness of PLC using various theories and models, focusing on the application of safe and healthy food projects. The conclusion summarizes the key findings and recommendations for enhancing operational efficiency and project success at Marks and Spencer.

Operations and Project
Management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................4
PART 1............................................................................................................................................4
An explanation of operation vs operations management:...........................................................4
A review and critique of the implementation of operations management principles within the
chosen organization :...................................................................................................................5
Lean manufacturing ;..................................................................................................................6
An analysis of the extent to which the operations management of the organization in the case
study meets the requirements of the organization.......................................................................6
Discussion of continuous improvement as a philosophy and describe the Lean principles......7
A continuous improvement plan, including your justified recommendations for improvement,
based on your review and critique of operations management principles within your
organization.................................................................................................................................8
Application of each stage of PLC in a project which support to necessary supporting
documentation for completion of project..................................................................................10
Review of critique effectiveness of PLC in application of chosen project using different
theories, concept as well as models...........................................................................................11
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Operation management is the part of management that includes the computation of employees,
land , labour in to the ready products. It assist in enhancing the performance as well as
productivity and also the profitability of the respective organization. Apart from that, project
management refers to the effective utilisation of the knowledge, several set of skills, strategies as
well as instrument to offer something which contains value for the people. The following report
is based on the company Marks and Spencer, which specialises in dealing home, food and retail
goods. In addition to this, following firm was founded in the year 1884 by Michael Mark and
Thomas Spencer (Zhou, and Liu, 2021). Company is having their headquarters in London,
England. The following report will cover about the execution as well as reviewing of the several
operation management principles. In addition to this, it will include the continuous plan of
improvement. Moreover to this, the report will include PLC of the respective project that offers
essential results. Furthermore, it will include about the effectualness of the PLC which actually
focuses on the application of offering safe as well as healthy food projects to their consumers
with the utilisation of the several theories and models.
PART 1
An explanation of operation vs operations management:
Operations refers to the performance of the applicable work or a things that is involved in
the usage of process or working of the process. It means to the action and decision as well that is
done by the staff of the company that can impact the services, production, sales, management,
supply chain and many more.
Where as, operation management is the part of management that is linked to the design
and also monitoring of the process of manufacturing (Tarjáni, Kalló, and Pataki, 2021). In
addition to this, redesigning of the functioning of business firm in producing the services as well
as goods. It is the method converting the raw material in to the products that can be sold in the
marketplace. It assists in enhancing the profits of the company. Moreover to this, in context to
the Marks and Spencer , they are offering their consumers with several product that are food
products, home products as well as clothing merchandise.

A review and critique of the implementation of operations management principles within the
chosen organization :
There are several principles which are being obeyed and implemented by the company
Marks and Spencer, for their smooth working of business practices. Additionally, these assist in
smooth attainment of the daily business practices:
 Principles of Reality – It is the initial principle of the operation management as the firm
is majorly concentrating on the issues of management as well as operations also in the
implementation of the strategies and techniques that assist in resolving such issues faced
by the company (Jinbo, Wuqiang, and Guiquan, 2021). It is one of the most essential
way to evaluate the challenges or difficulties which can be faced by the associates of the
Marks and Spencer. As they are required to take appropriate feedback from their workers
and it focuses on putting the demands of their consumers above. In relation to the Marks
and Spencer, management need to focus on the area of demand of their consumers and
make the appropriate strategies in respect to the needs and wants of the consumers in
order to manufacture those goods.
 Change – It can be opted by the companies, as the management of Marks and Spencer,
need to adapt several new modifications as well as latest trends in order to make them
produce something different and unique as well. Company can utilise several innovative
methods in accordance to tackle their staff and their offerings in the marketplace.
 Principles of organisation - This is the principle of operation management as the firm
must have to implement their techniques as well as strategies which assist them in
attaining their goals as well as objectives. There can be the effectual bond among the
several divisions of the company Marks and Spencer in order to make the effectual
relationship with their workers of different departments of the company (He, Li, and
Wang, 2021).
 Accountability – In it associates of Marks and Spencer must make appropriate polices as
well as rules that need to be obeyed by all the employees that are functioning in the
company. Leaders of the company have to cooperate with the member of their company
in accordance to accomplish goals and objectives of the company. Managers of Marks
and Spencer are functioning effectually with their employees which is helping them in
increasing their performance as well as productivity. There are several methods for

operation management which are the most crucial in the company. Such as flexible
specialisation, lean manufacturing, major modification as well as rapid manufacturing.
Lean manufacturing ;
Lean manufacturing is the method of production in which the firm declines their time
consumption as well as decrease in consumption of resource which assist in using in the
commercial functioning and several activities of the company. In context to the Marks and
Spencer, management of the firm are making various creativity as well as innovation that assist
them in making more revenue and profitability (Copola Azenha, Aparecida Reis, and Leme
Fleury, 2021). In addition to this, by utilizing the waste of the firm, the lean production assist the
firm in minimizing their entire expense of manufacturing. Moreover to this, management of
Marks and Spencer, is concentrating on offering this type of production in order to reduce their
industrial or manufacturing waste. Also by utilizing the waste company can try to make goods
with optimal usage of their waste as well as resources. Entire, Marks and Spencer focus to make
sure that there are appropriate operating situations for them throughout their distribution chain as
well as the goods are gained with honesty. Efficiency of resources is linked with the distribution
effectively and minimized cost linked with the energy, waste as well as raw material in which
Marks and Spencer focuses to provide appropriate practices to the suppliers.
An analysis of the extent to which the operations management of the organization in the case
study meets the requirements of the organization.
Operation management:
Operation management is the process which is described as administration over practices
of business making develop higher level of efficiency within an organization. It has been
making importance developed upon conversational material as well as labor into goods up[on
services within efficiency that helps over increasing profit of an organization. Through cratering
balance cost as well as revenue allowing firm upon increasing profit within an organization. It
has been helping in making an organization like Mark and Spencer within production and
redesigning of business operations in production of goods and services. This involves
responsibility making sure business operations in effective terms in relation to various resources
needed for meeting customers requirements. This makes concerned while managing an entire
production or service system through process converting inputs. Also Mark and Spencer
through management operations is able to perform various operations within organization

process. Operations management has helped Mark and Spencer in developing financial stability
by managing money flow through product circulation. Operations is one of the major functions
in an organization along with supply chains, marketing, finance and human resources. The
operations function requires management of both the strategic and day-to-day production of
goods and services.
Discussion of continuous improvement as a philosophy and describe the Lean principles.
Principles of operation management:
Reality: There are different problems that has taken place within an organizations and
are based over operations process within an organization. Operation management of an
organization should be concentrated upon various problems within an organization over tools
and techniques. So, it is important for an organization like Marks and Spencer since they helps in
identifying problems which are been faced by organization. Also, small problems and large
problems within appropriate technique is solved.
Organisation: In this production function is involved which leads over interrelated and
interconnected operations of an organization. It holds importance over elements impacting those
aspects which is used in order to attain profit with various operations. Also through this
relationships are interlinked over different departments of Marks and Spencer making efficiency
increased in more effective way.
Accountability: It is critical to be accountable in the production process. It is critical for
Project and Marks and Spencer to be able to establish various standards and metrics within an
organisation. They must also ensure that the company can meet its objectives using these rules
and regulations. It encourages employees to take responsibility for their work and to put forth
extra effort in order to fulfil the company's objectives. For the company's success, Project and
Marks & Spencer must set distinct goals and objectives for employees for specific time periods,
as well as motivate people to achieve these goals.
Managed passion: Employees who are passionate about their work are seen as great
assets. These employees contribute to the company's long-term growth and performance. It is
critical for the manger in operations to excite personnel so that they can work with enthusiasm
and commitment. Project and Marks and Spencer must motivate their staff and recognise their
skills and capabilities in order for them to provide their best.

Change: Change is beneficial to a company because it allows them to adapt to changing
market trends while also allowing them to remain competitive (Husin, and Khairudin, 2019).
There are numerous new ideas, models, and solutions available for manufacturing organizations
to employ. It is critical for Project and Marks and Spencer to implement numerous organizational
changes that will enable them maintain a long-term steady business.
A continuous improvement plan, including your justified recommendations for improvement,
based on your review and critique of operations management principles within your
organization.
Continuous improvement plan:
There are various organizations that has been contributing over making continuous
improvement recognized over actions based over strengthening quality of products, improving
effectiveness, profit, productivity and creates customers satisfaction. Also implementation of
programs has acknowledge operations within an organization making perfection achieved over
on regular basis(Grover, Kar and Dwivedi, 2020). This is required by an organization upon
adopting changes taking place within an organization as well as division of units improving
decorum of organization making issues solved related over movement of employee during lunch
break. Operations managers of Marks and Spencer should conduct analysis upon different
conditions of an organization helping upon dealing over actions taken by management within an
organization making research to be understood with improvements in these actions. Through
continuous improvement plan has been formed in relation over Marks and Spencer as follows:
Source Principles Outcomes
Cost Six Sigma Operations manager of Marks and
Spencer requires to imply six sigma
within the various business situation for
developing strong administrative
structure of an organization with smooth
and effectiveness. This is one of the most
important business aspect which makes
various components over getting
appropriate results is granted over

monetary funds.
Quality Lean manufacturing The operations managers of Marks and
Spencer uses different techniques with
equipments for purpose of making
operations process in more effective
manner(Machado and et. al., 2017.). In
order to achieve this changes are made
over production process that increases
satisfaction of customers with product
sold by them. It allows more profit to be
generated for an organization like M&S.
Safety Fundamentals In this various features and systems helps
in manufacturing process required to be
examined by the operations manager of
M&S. This holds importance over
collecting data and information helping
over protecting business and private
information from an unauthorized party.
This is one of the most effective way for
determining problem effectively.
Delivery Organisation In this various policies are there which
has been used over actions that has been
taken by operations managers of Marks
and Spencer helping in forming better
strategy over products and services sold
within market. Also this makes delivery
done within minimum time improving
quality of goods and services sold
effectively. This keeps upon reducing
waste within workplace helping

organization achieve goal effectively.
After the discussion over improvement place, it has been marked out that operation
management helps an organization developing needs over taking different actions and
operations. This is an important part which makes loopholes to be identified and operations
process with smoothness. It makes finished product produced with quality that has been accepted
by customers. As per the plan various issues are solved which makes an organization solve
issues by stopping principles of operations in operating process. Different components are used
upon developing assistance for an organization. The operations manager of Marks and Spencer
has adopted various approaches helping inn solving issues making health and safety related
issues solved more effectively(Maher, 2018). Also it has been enhancing Corporate Social
Reasonability by making an organization improve its image within public. The approach that
includes six sigma, fundamentals, lean manufacturing as well as organization and improving
plan helps an organization. As per this improvement as it makes an organization get distributed.
Then it helps in working over policies over health and safety aspect covered more effectively. In
the end makes n organization work over welfare of society making goals and objectives of CSR
responsibility achieved within no time.
PART 2
Application of each stage of PLC in a project which support to necessary supporting
documentation for completion of project
 Project initiation: Initiation stage is that stage used by operations management of Marks
and Spencer making objectives with needs to be fulfilled more effectively that helps in
identifying problems over needs of project. As per this problems gets identified with
opportunities. Operations managers helps upon identifying development of team for
accomplishing goals and objectives of an organization like M&S. This makes project to
be initiated with proper direction and positive approach making goals accomplished in
relation to project.
 Project Planning: This is another stage which has been used in order to make project to
be initiated more effectively through this project's within managements are performed

more effectively which makes basic structure to be prepared for making M&S form
proper ways for procuring resources required within project.
 Project Execution: This stage is based over life cycle of project which make operations
manager of M&S leads over executing project in more effective way.This helps upon
making employee feel motivated towards project completion.
 Project closure: As per the stage project is completed and final delivery is done to
customer over project though using various resources making project completed in more
effective manner. This make M&S improve project completing capacity more effectively.
Business case:
 Executive summery: Managers of operations within an organization like M&S planning
makes delivery of products and services done over online platforms. This keep on
increasing marketing share making customer satisfaction achieved effectively. In helps in
making innovation within market allowed over adopting changes through increasing
profit and sales.
 Goals: The main goal of M&S is based upon increasing profit for an organization by
10% within coming months(Mawad and Bakry, 2021). Also it make aiming developed
over increasing sales of business by 15% within 6 months. This organization reaches with
12% within coming 1year. Thus make organization grow in better manner.
 Solution: In order to address these issues, the corporation is making its products
available through an internet platform. M&S is dealing with challenges connected to
growing their marketing share, which poses a threat to the company.To address these
issues, the company's management and operations plans to sell its products and services
through an internet platform.
 Cost: One of the most essential aspects of a project is the cost, which has an impact on
the organization's profitability. Project management operations managers are in charge of
driving the project and establishing the budget in order to keep costs under control.
 Benefits: This initiative has a number of advantages for businesses, including the ability
to gain market share without difficulty. It also allows them to enhance corporate profit
and sales, which is critical for market success and growth.

Work breakdown structure: Work breakdown structure is a procedure in which work is
separated into different parts to assist the company's management and operations managers in
completing projects efficiently.
Review of critique effectiveness of PLC in application of chosen project using different theories,
concept as well as models
Marks and Spencer has been focusing set up within UK. It has been operating form am
very long time which makes organization progress effectively. Also the main objective of the
firm is based over improving effectiveness with productivity in an organization through which
brand awareness gets created over products and services provided by an organization. Through
such respective various kinds of sales aspects has been covered which makes an organization
deal with various problems existing within an organization. This holds importance as it has
helped organization to conduct business without any problem. Also it makes business
organization use various models making growth possible with right direction. Thus it is
important. As per this different strength over product life cycle has regarding the program and its
development upon respective theories and idea has been discussed as follows:
Initialisation of the stage:
Marks and Spencer should used leadership in an manner that leaders are able to make
themselves involved within judgement making an organization achieve various aspects. Through
leadership style and its various aspects an organizations able to makes more impacted created
within an organization. Also the leadership style make decision making better and more effective
in nature helping in coveting business more effectively.
Planning phase:
Marks and Spencer has been using various kinds which makes leaders over making
decision upon different constitutions. Through making decisions over various aspects. It helps in
designing of programmers not secured over changing as per the condition with effective life
style. Also leaders used upon making programmers develop better effectiveness within planning
of organization(Montes and et. al., 2019).
Execution phase:
In this execution stage Marks and Spencer has been helping over making subordinates
developed with effectiveness. The style has been drooping upon making development done
through effectiveness of an organization. It is used for drooping respective subordinate upon