Management and Operation Report: Leadership and Theories

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of management and operation, focusing on Marks & Spencer as a case study. It begins with an introduction to the company, its management structure, and a comparison of managerial and leadership roles, exploring their distinct characteristics and impacts. The report then delves into various management and leadership theories, including trait, contingency, and systems theories, and their application in fostering organizational growth and sustainable performance. It evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of these theories and approaches. Furthermore, the report introduces operation management, key approaches, and the roles and responsibilities of managers and leaders in achieving operational efficiencies. The impact of the external business environment on operational decisions is discussed, along with recommendations for future improvements within the enterprise.

MANAGEMENT AND
OPERATION

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1. Introduction to the company and organisation chosen and its management structure............1
2. Description on manager and leader and comparison in their roles and characteristics with
special reference to organisation. ...............................................................................................2
.Define the difference of managerial function and leadership roles with apply range of
management theories. .................................................................................................................4
Different management and leadership theories to support growths and sustainable
performance. ...............................................................................................................................4
Description on the strength and weakness of different theories and approaches........................5
Description on how managers and leader impacts on the organisation and provide
recommendation for future improvements. ................................................................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
Description on introduce operation management and explain key approaches to adopted
enterprise.....................................................................................................................................6
Identification on the roles and responsibilities of manager and leader in successful
management of the organisation. ...............................................................................................7
Define the importance and value of key approaches to operation management. .......................7
Evaluation on how managers and leader can be effective in terms to improvement operational
efficiencies. ................................................................................................................................8
Description on the impact of external business environment on the operation management
decision of firm. \........................................................................................................................8

Critical evaluation on application of operation management to manage the factors..................9
Suggest recommendation to bring improvement in future by the enterprise. ............................9
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
The term management can be derived as process that works as to accomplish the desire
and objectives with the use of available resource effectively and efficiently. The term
management may be inclusive of the activities as are planning, organizing, staffing, leading,
directing and controlling the organisational activities in the effective manner. The term operation
management is that area that concerned with designing, controlling the process of production and
redesigning the business operations (Fogliatto and et.al., 2018). This both are crucial element in
order to bring the systematic working in the enterprise.
The present report is depend on the business activities of the Mark & Spenser, it is global
leading brand and engaged in the services that work as to provided service in the manner as food,
clothing retailer. This is one of the largest organisation and promote their business activities in
the effective manner. Furthermore, report will look over the things as are characteristics of leader
and manager, managerial and leadership theories, key approaches to operation management.
Lastly, the recommendation has to be given in terms for the future improvement in the
enterprise.
TASK 1
1. Introduction to the company and organisation chosen and its management structure.
The Marks & Spencer is one of the most large British multinational retailer chain in the
London. It is also listed on the London stock exchange. This firm deals in the services as shop,
clothing, home, furniture, beauty, food, wine, flowers and gifts. The company was taking various
initiatives in terms to render good services to the customer. They works as to provide the quality
product to the customer with the innovative products. They all were taking effective steps in
terms to provide the beneficial services to the customers.
Management structure of Marks & Spenser
The organisation structure of Marks & Spenser is a flat and this types of the organisation
has flat structure. In this types of organisation structure there has limited level of management
between the administrative and front line employees. In this, the structure is followed by the
enterprise in terms to encourage the employees in manner to adopt effective decision making
process. This company also has franchise outlet the overseas. The employee will be providing
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effective training opportunities so it is possible to provide the good and effective services (Gray,
Wharf Higgins and Rhodes, 2017).
2. Description on manager and leader and comparison in their roles and characteristics with
special reference to organisation.
The manager and leader both are essential in terms to provide the great support to them.
Thy both are working as effective backbone to the business activities. There is always a buzz
between the role and function of leader and manager. They both play their role effectively in the
enterprise. Leader is the one who inspires, encourages, and influence the activities of the
enterprise (Ferguson and et.al., 2017). On the other hand, manager is the person who manager
the overall work of the enterprise.
In addition to this, it can be said that manager has the essential link between the
employees, customers, suppliers, shareholders, government and the society. Thus, it can be said
that they both are the essential element who are responsible to carry out the function of the
enterprise in the effective mode. Thus the difference between the roles and characteristics of the
leader and manager has been defined in the below presented manner as are-
Basis for comparison Leader Manager
Meaning The leader is the person who
works as to influence the
subordinates in terms to
achieve the one specific goal to
the enterprise.
The manager is the person who
manages the organisational
activities and he is also
responsible for the things as
are planning, direction, control
and coordination (Eveleens,
van Rijnsoever and Niesten,
2017).
Approach In this, leader follows the one
particular approach with the
help as set direction.
In this manager work in
approach to plan the all detail
so that effective step can be
carried out to achieve the
desire success to the
enterprise.
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Attribute He has one particular attribute
towards the work as
foresightedness.
Mind.
Style The leader has the one
particular style as
Transformational (Clark and
et,al., 2017).
The manager will follow the
particular style as
transactional.
Decision In this, the leader work as to
take the one facilitate decision.
With help of it, they are able to
conduct their activities in the
effective and efficient mode.
The manager make the
decision in terms to conduct
the all things of the enterprise
in the better manner.
Aim In this the leader has the one
aim towards the activities of
the enterprise as to have better
growths and development
opportunities.
The manager has the one
particular things as attainment
of the required details. This
will be one of the thing that
will help to organise the things
in the better and efficient
mode.
Change In this, leader to the enterprise
will work as to promote the
changes so that all things can
be carried out in the better and
efficient manner.
The organisation work as to
manage the changes, in this
manager work s to react the
changes in order to bring the
effective and working
environment.
Strives In this, leader perform its
business activities in terms to
effectiveness of the enterprise.
The manager works as to bring
long terms efficient to the
enterprise in order to promote
the growth.
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.Define the difference of managerial function and leadership roles with apply range of
management theories.
The term management is one the effective and efficient ambiguous phenomenon. It is one
of the great deal in order to deal with the planning, organising, administration, monitoring,
control, short term and horizon of the enterprise. In addition to this, managers are tasked with
leading and inspiring the things in the effective manner. The planning action will works as to set
the all thing in the one proper mode. The manager and leader plays the essential role in terms to
achieve the organisational goals. There are various managerial theories that defines the
managerial theories in the following context manner as are-
Trait approach- The trait approach will put their major consideration over the individual traits
rather then differentiated leaders from non-leaders. In this way, there are various essential traits
relates to leadership as are intelligence, achievement, responsibility, participation, self-
confidence, emotional, maturity so that things can be handled in better and efficient manner.
Contingency theory- This is the theory that asserts that manager has to make the decision based
on the situation at the hand rather then the one size that feels the all activities in the enterprise
(Abu Bakar, Othman and Othman, 2018). In this the manager takes the appropriate action based
on the current situation. In this, leader of the Mark & Spenser work as to have the use of the
autocratic approach. This is one of the effective step in order to carry out the organisation
activities effectively.
System theory- In this, the manager who understands the system theory will work as to
recognize that how different system affects the working of the enterprise. It is one of the broad
perspective that will helps to allow the managers examine the events in the workplace. It is
helpful in order to coordinate programs to work as collective goal and mission so that each thing
can be carried out in the efficient manner.
Different management and leadership theories to support growths and sustainable performance.
This both theory plays the crucial role in term to bring sustainable performance in the
enterprise. The one of the main motive is to bring long terms success to the enterprise. Thus,
leadership to the organisation work as to supports growth so that there can be sustainable
performance. Thus, it will be defined in the following contexted manner as are-
 Chaos theory- In this term change is constant. This is one of the effective theory that
works as to recognize the changes and think that changes are inevitable and this are rarely
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controlled. If the activities of the enterprise grow, complexity and the responsibility of
the susceptible events enhanced (Internal and External Environment Factors that
Influences Organizational Decision Making, 2017). This is one of the effective system
that helps to evolve and changes the overall activities of the enterprise.
 Theory X and Theory Y- In this theory, management and individuals works as to
strongly influenced by the beliefs and workers attitudes. Under this, Theory y believes
that worker are naturally driven and takes the responsibility, in this leader also encourage
the participation from the workers. The leader is the person who works as to influence the
subordinates in terms to achieve the one specific goal to the enterprise. Theory x focuses
over terms as to naturally driven as to enhance the productivity so that thing will be taken
in the effective and efficient manner.
Description on the strength and weakness of different theories and approaches.
The cognitive approach comes with lot of strength and it will be also helpful in terms to
gain the lot of the things in the effective manner. There are some of the strength and this will be
defined in the below presented manner as are-
1. The social exchange theory works as to ignores the culture context and variations of the
culture. This is the theory based on the rewards concepts and this will be helpful in terms
to organise the each thing in the better and efficient mode (Syafii and Andre, 2017).
2. In this term, it can be said that cognitive factors of the person affects the affects the
behaviours, individual experience and biological structures etc. This will be helpful in
terms to carry out the all function in the systematic manner. Thus, it can be said that
cognitive approach has its own strength and weakness and this will also be helpful in
order to carry out all the function in appropriate manner.
Description on how managers and leader impacts on the organisation and provide
recommendation for future improvements.
The skills of the leadership art not tangible. There are many leader who are born with the
specific leadership ability that anybody can learn to improve the skills of the leadership. With the
help of the self awareness training the all the things can be done in the proper manner. The
manager is the person who works as to manages the all the function of the enterprise. He should
perform their work in one proper direction so that long term objectives can be achieved.
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In addition to this, the role of the manager in the workplace has the most significant
impact on the performance of the Marks & Spenser. In addition to this, it can be said that they
aligning the performance of their departments and staff in order to overarching the goals of the
enterprise (Hunt, 2017). In this manner it can be said that they all play vital role in shaping the
culture of the organisation.
Thus, there are some recommendation in order to take future changes in the enterprise and that
has been defined in the below presented manner as are-
1. The manager should work as to conduct the all things effective with help of making
proper coordination with employees so that all things can be done in the proper manner.
2. The leader should understand the importance of the teamwork as how to incorporate the
skills. In this term, it can be said that the skill of the company will be difficult to set the
trust and respect from the staff.
TASK 2
Description on introduce operation management and explain key approaches to adopted
enterprise.
Operation management is one of the efficient term in order to full fill the certain
responsibilities. This is one of the effective term and it is kind of the multi disciplinary field that
put their major consideration in terms to managers the all operational activities of the enterprise
(Gray, Wharf Higgins and Rhodes, 2017). In addition to this, it is essential in terms to planning
and controlling the all product and services. The Marks & Spenser is taking various initiative in
order to promote the business function in the well effective manner. Thus, the various key
approaches to operation management has been defined in the below presented manner as are-
 Six sigma- It is term that will be helpful in order to focus on the aspect of the quality. It
is well disciplined, data driven and that also work as to have proper elimination of the
defects. This is one of the effective strategy that helps to bring improvement in the
working of the enterprise and function that works as to manage the all things efficiently.
It is one of the implementation that works as to bring reduction in the things so that
whole thing will be conducted effectively.
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 Lean production- The lean production to management is an approach that works as to
cutting out the waste and ensuring the quality of the products. The Marks & Spenser will
be responsible in term to take the operational activities of the firm in the effective mode.
This is one of the systematic method in terms to have waste minimisation so that things
can be conducted in the better manner (Fogliatto and et.al., 2018). The lean production
will be helpful in order to cut the cost and conduct the all things effectively.
 Contingent approach- The term contingent approach is based in the theory of the
management and to derive the proper effectiveness so that all things can be conducted
with help of effective planning, organizing, leading and managing the all things in the
appropriate manner. In addition to this, it can be said that the success of the leader is the
function of the various contingencies in the form of subordinates, task and the group
variables. This is one of the effective term in order to conduct the things in the proper
manner.
 System approach- The system approach based on the assumption that works as to break
down the complex into simple terms in order to better understanding of the complexity so
that things can be done in the better manner.
Identification on the roles and responsibilities of manager and leader in successful management
of the organisation.
The leader and manager of the Marks & Spenser will be the person who should perform
their business activities in the well and proper manner. The leader is the person who provide
direction, instructions and guidance to the group of individuals (Ferguson and et.al., 2017). He
should perform his role as to bring better integration in all the activities so that they can perform
their business function in well proper and efficient manner.
The manager has a job title in terms to demote an employee in terms to proper follow up
for the duties and responsibilities that lead to proper functioning of the organisational activities.
The manager who is responsible for the department he can work as to directly reporting to the
employees so that he can do his activities in the proper manner.
Define the importance and value of key approaches to operation management.
The operation management is that area that concerned with activities as designing and
controlling the overall thing in the better manner. The Mark & Spenser puttying their major
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consideration over various approaches and this all will be helpful in order to bring systematic
working to the enterprise.
 System approach considers the organisation as a dynamic and inter related part of the
enterprise. In this term it can be said that the continuous and effective interaction of the
sub units will help to attend long term goals to the enterprise.
 The six sigma is also helpful in order to bring the improvement in the quality of the
products by taking various steps in order to bring improvement in it.
 Lean production will help to have the use of waste full resources so that there can be
minimisation in wasteful resources and things can be conducted effectively and
efficiently.
Evaluation on how managers and leader can be effective in terms to improvement operational
efficiencies.
The leader and manager to the enterprise will be responsible in terms to design and
perform the organisation function function with the proper improvement and excellence in the
company strategic, competitive and operation values as speed, cross purpose adaptability and to
put proper focus on customer needs (Eveleens, van Rijnsoever and Niesten, 2017). This will be
the core function in order to enrich the growth to the enterprise. In addition to this, operational
efficiencies can be improved in terms to achieve the organisational goals and objectives. With
the effective step of manager and leader the operational efficiency of the Marks & Spenser can
get improvised.
Description on the impact of external business environment on the operation management
decision of firm. \
The external business environment impacts the working of the enterprise in the huge
context. Thus, it has been defined in the following context as are-
 Political legal dimension- This dimension can affects the working of the enterprise in
the huge context (Clark and et,al., 2017). In addition to this, law of business, politics,
business government relation affects the working of the enterprise in the huge context.
 Economic dimension- This will be inclusive of the factors as are inflation, interest rate
and unemployment. This all are the factors that affects the demand for the products. This
all can impact the working of the Marks & Spenser in the huge context.
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 Socio culture dimension- The changes in the customs, values, demographic
characteristics will be helpful in order to conduct the business activities properly. This all
are needed to be well studied by the managers. The Marks & Spenser needs to take
proper initiatives in terms to understand the demand for product and services so that they
undertake the things effectively.
 Technological dimension- The managers to the enterprise must put their focus over
technological implementation so that they can able to conduct the operational activities
effectively. Furthermore, with help of using of techniques they can conduct their
operation in effective manner.
Critical evaluation on application of operation management to manage the factors.
The manager and leader should understand the impact of the external business
environment. In order to cope up with it, they must conduct their activities in the proper manner.
With help of undertaking the business function in the proper manner. The all other things can be
done in effective manner (Abu Bakar, Othman and Othman, 2018). In addition to this, the
strategic management and all other things will be beneficial in order to perform the business
functions properly.
Suggest recommendation to bring improvement in future by the enterprise.
The recommendation to improve business function are needed to be given. The one of the
main purpose is to bring systematic working so that all other things can be conducted effectively.
Thus, it has been defined in the following context as are-
 The manager must be responsible person in order to improve the training facilities and
this will also be useful in order to handle the responsibilities of the staff in the efficient
manner.
 With the help of being the effective leader he can able to committed to all the aspects of
the running the firm in the efficiently manner. This will be effective term in order to
reach the desired aim of the enterprise.
CONCLUSION
From the above summing up report it can be concluded that manager and operational
activities plays crucial role in order to bring systematic working in the enterprise. The present
report is based on business activities of Marks & Spenser. In addition to this, report has covered
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