Analysis of Leadership and Management in Operations: Marks & Spencer

This report provides a detailed analysis of leadership and management principles, focusing on their application within the Marks & Spencer organization. It begins by differentiating between the roles and characteristics of leaders and managers, emphasizing the importance of effective operations for company profitability. The report examines situational leadership, various leadership theories (trait, behavioral, and contingency), and their practical application. Furthermore, it explores key approaches to operations management, including lean production, total quality management, continuous improvement, and just-in-time inventory systems. External factors impacting the business environment are also considered. The report highlights how Marks & Spencer utilizes these concepts to achieve its goals and objectives in both UK and international markets, providing insights into strategic decision-making and operational efficiency.

MANAGEMENT
AND
OPERATIONS

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
P1 Different role and characteristics of a leader and a manager ..........................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
P2 Examine the role of a leader and the function of a manager ............................................5
P3 Different theories and models of leadership ....................................................................6
TASK 3 ...........................................................................................................................................7
P4 Key approaches of operations management .....................................................................7
P 5 Importance of operations management ...........................................................................8
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................9
P6. Impact of external factors on business environment........................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
In the new environment, the management and operations are useful for the organisation.
The effective operation is to important for the profitability and for the goodwill of the company.
In this report there are many role and characteristics of the leader in which the leader make the
operations effective and influencing. In the report there are many function which is done by the
manage for the company goals and objectives (Barratt, Choi and Li, 2011). In this report there
are the Marks and Spencer company who sells and provide the women wear, menswear, kids
wear, beauty and home products. This company provide two segment in UK and International. It
has been discussed about the theories and models of the leader. A leader always support their
employees who is working for the organisation. In this report the manager do all these work for
the organisation and for the employees growth.
TASK 1
P1 Different role and characteristics of a leader and a manager
A manager or leader is the main part of the organisation. A leader always support their
employees in any situation. A leader build the confidence and co-ordination between the
employees and improve the confidence of the employees. There are different role and
characteristics of a leader for the Marks and Spencer company profitability (Galindo and Batta,
2013). This company provide all products for their customers. There are many characteristics of
a leader. They are
Comparison Criteria Leaders Managers
Definition They have a role of leading the
teams through performing their
skills they have. On the other
hand they also increase moral
of the staff at the time of crisis.
They show them the
techniques which they can use
to make work more productive
thus brining efficiency.
There are some officials in the
organisations who make sure
that things are going smoothly
without facing any difficulty.
It is their duty to make sure
that employees have sufficient
quantity of resources and skills
to pace the speed of their
work.

Personality Business conditions are
unknown so to attain the goals
leaders believes in taking
calculated risk and they also
have great communication
skills.
They look at the vision and
mission statements of the firm
and then look at the areas
which can stop company to
achieve their targets. Managers
are given this role because
they have great research skills
and believes in dealing with
tough situations.
Focus They focus on improving the
performance of the employees
and try to bring new styles and
techniques which can improve
skills as well.
They have to look at different
activities performed in the
organisation and make sure
that things are done in time.
Organisation They are given the team who
have to obey his decisions and
should work on his orders
because it helps them reducing
their work loads.
They have the support system
of the people who works with
them and try to break the tasks
in pieces so that things can be
executed properly.
Strategy They adopts proactive
strategy.
Managers focus on the reactive
policy.
Risk Risk is part of their decision
making because they know
that if they have to gain big
profits things need to be
developed big.
They avoid taking risks and
take steps to eliminate the
them.
Vision All the vision is focused on
achieving long term targets.
They have short term vision.

There are difference between the role and manager of the company. It means that there is
a difference between the functions and role of managers and leaders. It can also be contended
that there are different theories and approaches which can be examined for the purpose of
differentiation (Mazeika Bilbao and et. al., 2011). Also, the theory which is related to the
management is called as administrative approach. In this approach it has been mentioned that the
manager is entitled to ensure the effective administration in the company.
TASK 2
P2 Examine the role of a leader and the function of a manager
The situational leadership is the adaptive leadership which is
important in situational context. In the Marks and Spencer company a
leader handle of the problem of the company. For that he give the
information about the all product of the company. A situational leadership
always in the flexible condition. A leader provide the information about the
season to the employees of the company. In the company there will be the
many situation which is shot out by the leader of the company (Mollenkopf,
Frankel and Russo, 2011).so the role of the leader is change according to the
time. A leader always help in all situation of the organisation and also help
in motivating to the employees of the conmpany.
A leader work in the different different situation. For example,
according to the time a leader develop their employees and prepare them
for the future. And coach them.
` The situational manager is also work according to the situational time.
Firstly the manager do planning for the project and implement it in the
different situation. After the planning a manager organizing that product
and will staffing that according to the time. An then a manger keep control
on the risk which is come in the risk and implement it according to the time.
A leader train their company employees and motivate them for good
work. A leader always work for the company probability and for its selling.
He is always aware about the all product of the company and introduce new
product in the market.

There are three approaches of the leadership. They are-
1. Trait theories- The traits theory of the leadership is the determine
the success of the leader. Traits theory anticipate the behaviour of the
leader.
2. Behavioural theories- The behavioural theory is the one main theory
of the leadership. It could be the employees oriented and production
oriented theory.
3. Contingency theories- Contingency theory tell about the work
which is only done for the organisation purpose not work for the others.
This theory is useful for the leader of the company (Peng and Lai, 2012).
They all approaches is most important for the leadership in the
different different situational contexts with is works for the organisation
goals and for the objectives.
P3 Different theories and models of leadership
There are three theory of the leadership. They are situational, system
based and contingency theories of the leadership. They are given below-
1. Situational theory- situational theory is the one theory of the
leadership. Situational theory is created by the Dr Paul Hersey.
The situational theory is totally successful for the leaders. In the
situational theory the leader emphasis on the project and also
emphasis on the empowerment of the people. The situational
theory is based on the modern era. The situational theory of the
leadership is based on some parts they are- supporting,
employment, empowerment and directing. In the situational
theory it manage and control the all situation of the Marks and
Spencer company (Slack, 2015). It is the cited company and its
leadership is based on the situational theory.
2. System based theory- The system based theory is that theory
which is work systematically for the achieving of the company

goals and objectives. This theory totally depend on the system.
The system theory explain the thought about the dynamic and
simplicity of the environment. The system theory of leadership is
treats the organisation as a system. This system based theory is
based on two types they can be closed and open but some
system based theory treats the Mark and Spencer company as
the open system and some companies is based on the closed
system of the system based theory.
3. Contingency theory- The contingency theory has been prepared
to organisation a corporate world this theory also lead the
company and depend on the internal and external situation of
the Marks and Spencer company. A dependent leader always
apply the effective style of the leadership for the right situation.
They theories which is useful for the effective leadership. The
contingency theory of the leadership is depend on the
contingency or dependency of the leader. Contingency theory
determine the effectiveness and efficiency of the leader which is
depend on the action and situation of the company (Subramanian
and Ramanathan, 2012). The Marks and Spencer company provide
the useful resources for their leadership and convey them for
the effective leadership. They are the three models and theories
of the leadership which is useful for the leader.
It has been assessed that there are various approaches that are used in the context of
Marks and Spencer company. The company has used the situational form of leadership. In this
concept it has been explained that the leaders have adopted its own form of leadership in the
context of respective situations (Weitz and et. al., 2012). It means that the leader of Marks and
Spencer has performs according to his own style of leadership in different situations. The main
strength of this approach is that in this approach, its implementation is easy and simple. On the
other hand, it is negative because it is complex in nature.

TASK 3
P4 Key approaches of operations management
The Marks and Spencer is a company which provide the women wear,
kids wear, menswear, beauty products and home products. There are two
segment of the company. The first one is the UK and second one is the
International. This company provide the product to the public that's why it
is the Public LTD Company. It provide the all product to the seller and in
the retailing. The first owner of the company is the Michael marks who
started the company. A manager always does work for the Marks and
Spencer company. He co-ordinate the all department of the organisation
and provide the information about the existing market. The Marks and
Spencer is the largest company because it is the public limited company
(Westbrook and et. al., 2012). It provide the product for the all level of the
country.
There are many key operational approaches of the operational
management. They are given below-
1. Lean Production-The lean Production is the elimination of the
waste. Lean production is the tool that as waste is eliminated
quality improve and increase the production and reduce the cost
of the product.
2. Total Quality Management- The quality management is a system
which is depend on the principle in which all level of the staff
maintain the high quality of work. all employees of the
organisation maintain the high quality of the product and
improving in goods, services, and process of the operations
management.
3. Continuous improvement- continuous improvement in the
management of the operation is useful for the organisation. If
there are many resources in the organisation that can the all

product effective. And continuous improvement is also
important for the growth of the all employees of the company.
4. Just in time- just in time is an part of stock in which the
employees increase the profitability and can reduce the risk and
cost of the organisation. It also decrease the waste of the
organisation and increase the goods and services of the Marks
and Spencer. This method also help in the forecast the demand
for the future. They all are the key approaches of the operations
management.
P 5 Importance of operations management
Importance of operation management.
 It is important for manufacturing industries. In an organisation the operation is begin
from the raw material till it is convert into the product (Zinck and Griffith, 2013). If
company make a product for the customer then it should be deliver on time and the
quality of product must be good. Some managements tasks are involve in business. It
involves planning,staffing,controlling,motivating and directing.
Their are three types of planning in an organisation:-
 Tactical, strategic and operational. In strategic planning is an organisation process in
which direction, strategy and decisions on allocating its resources. In strategic decision
the managers will give the direction to the employees for the regarding of their work. If
they do their work on time it will consume the time management.
 In Operational planning the milestone is set by the head of department and conditions are
given to the employees in operational planning they explain how and what part you have
to work on. Operational risks are tho0se risk which will be arises by the system, people
and the process such as physical, legal, environmental and fraud. In an organisation the
upper management will make the rules and assign the work to the lower level.
The ways to add value success in your business.
 Choose right people for your organisation
 provide better service to the customer
 add value in your product
 changing plans

 make new strategies
 create better image
leadership approaches by which business get success. if the operational management of
marks and Spencer do their work by coordination and culmination of business to achieving the
targets and goals which has been set up by the company.
If leaders and managers can improve efficiencies of operational management for the success of
business they have to build some strategies by which business will earn maximum profits and
would not be suffer in the market shares. If the operational management is better then it will
helpful for the employees by it they do not have to work in under pressure.
It has been assessed that leaders and managers of the company are the most important
part of any organization. In the context of an organization Marks and Spencer, it has been
evaluated that they make their efforts to the company so that they can make their organization
profitable and effective (Zurich, 2017) Through their contributions and effort it has been
explained that there are many functions which make them profitable and effective. From this
approach it has been evaluated that they make decisions in the betterment of the company by
satisfying the needs of the company.
TASK 4
P6. Impact of external factors on business environment
Corporate social responsibility: If the environment of mark & Spencer will positive
then it create good impact on employees. An enterprises should take some social measures it is
helpful for the mark and Spencer. Their are some other sectors public, health, social,are less
likely to take environment measures. Some legal aspects also effects the corporate social
responsibility. Political factors: the rules and regulation which is made by the government are
change accordingly to the time. Day by day some new policies will made by the government
(Slack, 2015).
Business ethics: The business word means the organisation which provide goods and
services. Ethics means the rules which is made by the organisation to achieve the certain goals
and targets. The organisation has to find and obtain needed resources to control and coordinate
external activities . Ethics means custom or character. It means the moral of judgement, rules of

conduct and standards. The principle and values of a business it means obligations to create
positive impact and reduce negative impact on society is being corporate social responsibilities.
Stakeholders: stakeholders are the owner of an organisation companies sell shares and
partial ownership to the stakeholders in exchange for equity to operate business (Weitz, and et.
al., 2012). They are sole proprietor or partners in a firm who earn the profit. They are the
another type of owners in a firm. If they will not invest money in a small business the will not
earn profit fast accordingly to the time.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Business Ethics and Stakeholders leaders and
managers should account factors in making operational and management decisions. The
corporate social responsibility of managers in a firm the manager have to analyse the situation of
the firm that the policies which are made by the government it will be beneficial for the
stakeholders because they are also the sub owner of the business.
The factors which are effecting the corporate social responsibility, business ethics are the
environment factors such as the work which is done by the employees in an organisation it is
done correctly or not some of them are in stress or doing work comfortably.
Critical evaluation of Operation management factors that effect business environment the
advantages are we know about the strength of the employees that how they can work.
The external factors are very important in the context of the company as they are highly
influential by them. In the context of Marks and Spencer it has been evaluated that it is effected
by its stake holders , business ethics and stake holders (Zinck and Griffith, 2013) The leaders of
the managers make those decisions which are for the betterment of the society and its stake
holders. Also, it has been contended that the company should ensure the business ethics in their
operations so thjat it can ensure CSR in the premises.
CONCLUSION
From the above mentioned report it has been concluded that in the
Marks and Spencer company which is produce the product in the retailing.
In this report it has also mentioned about the work of the leader and the key
approaches, its functions and about its work in the different different
situation. In this report it has also been mentioned that there are various
external and internal factors which are responsible to affect the operations

of the cited company. In this report it has also been explained that a leader
and manager plays an important role in the context of the Marks and
Spencer organization.