Organisational Behaviour Report: Marriott International, Task Analysis

This report provides an analysis of organisational behaviour, using Marriott International as a case study. It explores how organisational culture, politics, and power influence individual and team behaviour and performance. The report examines the impact of power dynamics, cultural factors, and poli...Read More

Organisational
Behaviour

INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Organisation's culture, politics and power can influence individual team behaviour and
performance.................................................................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
P2 Content and process theory of motivation..............................................................................5
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
P3 What make an team effective as opposed to an ineffective team...........................................8
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................11
P4 Concepts and philosophies of organisation behaviour.........................................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFRENCES.................................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Organisational behaviour is related to study of human being act within group. Principles
related to organisational behaviour are applied primarily for attempting business operations in
more effective manner. There are several area of research such as increasing job satisfaction,
improving job performance, promoting innovation, encouraging leadership and many more. In an
organisation, behaviour of staff member is related to growth of company. This report is based on
Marriott International which is part of hospitality industry founded in 1927 by J. Willard
Marriott and Alice Marriott. Products offering by them are hotel and resort at worldwide level.
Respective report will going to cover, organisation's culture, politics and power which influence
team behaviour as well as performance. Along with this, Content and process theory of
motivation will implement for encouraging staff members. Furthermore, deference between
effective and ineffective team as well as concept and philosophies of organisational behaviour.
TASK 1
P1 Organisation's culture, politics and power can influence individual team behaviour and
performance
In an organisation, culture, politics and power is the factor which influence behaviour and
performance of individual as well as team. All these factors have wide impact on growth of
company in negative as well as positive manner. Moreover, power is mean of influence which
simply means that power can influence staff and their working behaviour. Manager have power
in organisation which influence behaviour of staff and guide them in right manner for
accomplishing goals in effective manner. Power play essential role in controlling behaviour of
personnel within organisation.
Influence of power on individual and team – In company, manager use power for
guiding and motivating staff with the motive of increasing productivity. Power provide assistant
in completing task within desired manner and help manager is effective decision making. In this
decision taken are related to growth and betterment of staff members. There are several theories
related to power which influence behaviour of individual and team within Marriott International
which are as follows:-
 Coercive power- Coercive is the power given to the individual with the objective of
punishing, terminating any employee in the organisation. In Marriott International this
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power is assigned to managers and CEO (Ball, 2012). These powers are rarely used by
the management with the hope of getting maximum output for the company by the
employees.
 Reward power- It is the power given to the person with the objective of providing
reward, training and development, promotions etc. In Marriott International Such power
is used by Board of directors by taking the permission of CEO rewards can be given to
the employees (Chemers, 2014). If this power is used by the management then
individuals will get motivated as this will help in increasing the skills and knowledge
which will directly result in improving performance of the team.
 Legitimate power- Legitimate power is the power which is given to the person
according to the position in the organisation. The power of the CEO of Marriott
International is legitimate power which gives the authority to put control over its
employees. Use of such power will lead to proper control in the performance of the
individual and the team. This is because the management will know how to control and
manage the performance its employees and team.
 Referent power- It means the power which is given in order to influence the working
behaviour of other employees in the organisation. In Marriott International this power is
used by the leaders to bring confidence among the employees related to their work
performance and loyalty in the organisation. Use of this will lead in increasing the
performance of the team because the individuals will be loyal towards their work and
organisation.
Influence of politics on individual and team
Organisational politics is described as the use of informal efforts or strategies which may affect
the activities of business, selling the idea and attainment of power, etc. According to Chanlat
political behaviour can be divided into three parts which are- decisional, personal and structural.
Managers of Marriott International must take proper decisions and actions to control the political
environment of the organisation so that the work of organisation can be maintained. The
influences of politics on individuals and teams are discussed below-
 Decrease in the productivity- It is seen that those employees who are engaged in the
organisational politics are less concentrating towards work assigned to them which leads
to a negative impact on the organisation (Deckers, 2018). Employees who are more
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interested in finding the mistakes of others directly affects the performance and
productivity of teams. And the individual performance will also be affected as the person
will be less concentrating.
 Spoils the Ambience- Politics in the organisation leads to negative environment and
mismanagement in the organisation. It spoils the relationship of the superior and
subordinate and also with other employees in the organisation.
Influence of culture on individual and team- These are the factor which defines the
norms, values of the organisation and these are to be followed by the individuals. In A.M
Holding Ltd culture is established by employees and organisation(Dolan, J. and et. al., 2017).
Work culture of Marriott International can be described through Handy's cultural typology
model- This model directs organisation to follow some specified culture with values and norms
that Marriott International can apply. It is divided into four parts-
 Power culture- It is assigned to superior having centralised control on their employees.
In Marriott International very less members have this power to control its employees. Use
of this type of culture will increase the performance of the individual as experienced
person will have this power.
 Role culture- It is concerned with roles and responsibilities that employees have in the
organisation. In Marriott International managers play a important role in giving roles and
responsibilities to the employees. These are given on the basis of skills and knowledge.
Individual having skills will get this. So this will bring self confidence in the individual.
 Person culture- In this recognition of employees is done by giving them opportunities to
show talent. In Marriott International this motivates employees to share the new and
innovative ideas. With this company achieve competitive advantage. If such type of
opportunities are given to the individuals than they will provide new ideas for team which
will positively impact the team and individuals performance (El-Maghrabi and et. al.,
2018). Task culture- In this the major focus is on motivating and influencing employees to
work and give best output. In Marriott International the major priority is team spirit
which increases the productivity and performance of the team and desired goals are
achieved in a efficient manner. The individual will also be motivated by this as the focus
will be on giving the best output.
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Impact of power, culture and politics on individual and team behaviour and performance
Individual behaviour and
performance
Team behaviour and
performance
Power In an organisation, when task
are allotted by manager to their
employees in proper manner.
Then it will effect individual
behaviour in negative manner
as well as allotted task are also
not completed within required
duration. Thus, it is important
for manager of analyse skill in
effective manner then allocate
task.
When excessive power is
exercised on the individuals by
the managers, their
performance will reduce which
will also impact their working
behaviour. Due to the reduced
performance of individuals, the
team performance will also be
negatively impacted which
will also create dissatisfaction
in their working behaviour.
Culture When the power are assigned
to wrong persons, then they
can change the working
environment and culture of the
firm which will leads to
dissatisfaction among the
individuals behaviour as it is
not easy to adapt to new
culture instantly. This will also
negatively impact their
performance as they have to
change their working style
which also leads to delay in
work.
When the culture of a firm
changes, the individuals and
teams also needs to make
changes in their working style
which will negatively impact
their performance. And when
the performance of the
individuals and teams
decreases, then their working
behaviour will also get
influenced as they have to
change their working styles
and their predetermined goals
cannot be executed in a timely
manner.
Politics When the individuals involves When the individuals in a team
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in the politics of the
organisation, their efficiency
and performance will be
negatively impacted as they
takes part in the unproductive
activities. Due to this
involvement, their behaviour
also gets impacted as their
performance may not be
satisfactory which will leads to
dissatisfaction among their
behaviour towards the work.
engages in the office politics,
their performance decreases
which will also reduce the
team performance and
efficiency. Due to this reduced
performance and efficiency,
their behaviour towards the
firm and their work will also
change which will create
dissatisfaction in their working
behaviour.
TASK 2
P2 Content and process theory of motivation
Motivation is important aspect within organisation as it help in accomplishing pre-
determined goals as well as objectives. When staff member get motivated their work and interest
get influenced in positive manner. Within this process manager and leader play important role
because if they get motivated in proper manner then only goals will accomplishing in better
manner. There are several theory of motivation which divided in content and process explanation
of these are as follows :-
Content Theory – These theory of motivation explain that why human need get change
with time. There are several theories included in content such as Maslow's hierarchy of need
explanation are as follows :-
Maslow's hierarchy of needs Theory - Maslow's hierarchy of need is basically a motivational
theory which was first formulated by Abraham Maslow in the year 1940. According to his
theory, individuals are motivated by five categories of needs such as physiological or biological
needs, safety and security, love and belongings, esteem and self actualization. These level of
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needs are demonstrated as hierarchical level in the form of pyramid. Maslow's hierarchy of needs
for JW Marriot are:
Illustration 1: Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Source: The Hierarchy of Human Needs: Maslow’s Model of Motivation. 2018
 Physiological needs: These are the most important and prior needs for an individual.
They are at the base of pyramid which means they include the basic fundamental needs
for survival such as food, cloths, water, air, shelter etc. The respective company should
provide all the basic necessities of their employees. They should fulfil all the
physiological needs of their employees such as water. Food, healthy environment etc. So
they can work effectively and efficiently.
 Safety needs: The company environment should be safe and free from conflicts and
disputes. The company should give job assureity to their employees to give them job
security and stability so that they can work properly without having a doubt of getting
terminated by higher authorities.
 Love and belongings: This is the third basic needs of employees according to the
Maslow hierarchy of needs. The internal environment of the respective company should
be healthy. There should be healthy interactions between collogues and company like JW
Marriott should motivate their employees to work freely without taking any pressure or
stress.
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 Esteem needs: Employees of the company must be provided with appraisals and
promotions. JW Marriott should motivate their employees by giving them rewards and
promotions so that employees could work with more enthusiasm.
 Self actualization : Self actualization are the needs in which person tends to achieve their
respective goals. They actually realizes their calibre that they deserves much more of
what they are doing. In such cases company should support their employees by
motivating them and providing them resources which they can utilize to build their self-
esteem and to achieve their goals.
Process Theory – This is system of ideas which explain that how an entity changes as
well as develop. Vroom expectancy is one of process theory explanation of this are as follows :-
Vroom's expectancy theory- In an organisation, employees play a most important role
who provide their effective contribution in business development practices. They put their efforts
to perform well in order to attain desired results easily. Vroom theory aid in determining factors
that motivates them the most. These aspects are mentioned below as:
 Expectancy: It denotes the belief of employees about their own effort in order to perform
well for their responsibilities. This expectation is the level of difficulty that they
experience at the time of performing task. Thus, organisation requires to identify factors
that motivate employees to deliver quality performance in organisation.
 Instrumentality: It is defining mind set of employees that if they perform well so that
valued outcome will be received. Thus, organisation requires to provide better
performance outcomes to their employees so that they feel motivated towards other
further responsibilities. For this organisation can use different practices as performance
appraisal, rewards, promotions and so on.
 Valence: As per this aspect, individual have different values that they place on a
particular outcome as per their preferences. Therefore, firm requires to identify priority of
individual’s in order to enhance their motivation level easily. Through this, organisation
can enhance their performance criteria and can attain desired outcomes easily.
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TASK 3
P3 What make an team effective as opposed to an ineffective team
Team is the term defined as group of people with different skills and knowledge which
are needed for completing allotted task as well as job role within effectual manner. In an
organisation team play important role for accomplishing their predetermined goals and
objectives. Moreover, with the assistance of team or group different activities performed in
effective manner and result in achieving their goals. Team is divided within two one is effective
and another is ineffective explanation of these are as follows :-
Effective team is important for an organisation because it help in achieving goals and
objectives of company by managing task in appropriate manner. They are most important part of
an organisation because they help in its growth as well as development. Thus, Marriott
International focus on designing team more effectively because it result in its growth and
development. Below mention are some characteristics of effective team explanation are as
follows :-
 Establish company's goal – In an organisation effective team is that which help in
accomplishing goals and objective of Marriott International in effective manner. In
addition to this, effective team are those which assist manager of respective company in
managing their each and every task within proper manner.
 Clear purpose – Effective team in company have their clear goals as well as motive of
doing work. These team know what are their major motives as well as purpose towards
organisation and how these will accomplish.
On the other hand, there is also ineffective team which have lack of communication, poor
leadership, negativity, lack of focus and many more. Such team result in dis-balance within day
to day activities of Marriott Hotel and they have some characteristics also explanation of these
are as follows :-
 Errors and negativity – In working of infective team there are several errors which
occur as well as develop negativity and demotivation within staff members. Thus, it is
important for manager of Marriott to develop team in effective manner so that their will
be no chances of errors.
 Job distribution – In effective team work distribution is not done in proper manner
according to the skills and knowledge of staff. Task are allocated randomly such practices
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give negative impact on Marriott International employees because some may go through
heavy workload and others might not. Thus, it disturb overall working respective
company.
In organisation team play essential role in accomplishing goals and objectives. As there is
wide difference within effective and ineffective team explanation of these are as follows :-
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Aspects Effective team Ineffective team
Objectives An effective team has a
particular objective which is
well understood by all the
team members.
An ineffective team doesn't
have a clear objective and face
difficulties to understand tasks
and goals of the organization.
Working Environment The working environment of
the effective team is relaxed
and informal. The team works
without any pressure.
The working environment is
usually stiff and tensed. The
members of the team are
mostly under pressure.
Members Contribution It includes group discussions
in which all the members of
the team participate and
discuss relevant points to
achieve their tasks.
It does not include any serious
group discussions. Only few
people are tend to dominate the
discussions and mostly end
with irrelevant points.
Decision making They usually reach to a
consent agreement in which
general agreement always
takes into action. They try to
avoid formal voting to reach
any conclusions.
Actions are taken immaturely.
Real issues and discussions are
mostly overlooked by the
team. Decisons are mostly
made through formal voting.
Conflicts Resolutions An effective team always tries
to avoid conflicts between
team members and takes
disagreements sportingly.
Disagreements are mostly
consider as demotivation to the
team members, they never take
them sportingly and the end
discussion turn into disputes
among team members.

Belbin model of team – By this model it has been identified that team role as an
tendency to behave as well as contribute others in appropriate manner. With the assistance of
Belbin team development model manager of Marriott International will be able to build team in
appropriate manner. By knowing opportunities and strength it become easy to predict strength
success. There are various role in this model explanation are as follows :- Plant: These member play important role within organisation as they are responsible for
implementation of effective tool as well as technique which are undertaken while
conducting operational activities in effectual manner. As well provide assistance in
accomplishing predetermined targets. Resource allocator: In this, manager need proper fund, staff members and essential
resources which assist in performing assigned task or activities in effective manner. For
attaining the same, manager provides resources to employees with the motive of
effective executing business activities. Co-ordinator: It is essential role in that manager of company provide information to
staff members and make them aware related to objectives. Along with this, give
guidance for accomplishing goals and objectives.
 Shaper: It involves responsibilities given to group members with the motive of
performing activities in effectual manner. With the assistance of shaper role, manager of
team analyse performance of employees working within team in easy manner.
TASK 4
P4 Concepts and philosophies of organisation behaviour
Path goal theory is based on specifying leadership style and behaviour which is appropriate for
the employee and the organisation. The main motive behind this is to increase the employees
motivation and satisfaction level. This leadership theory brings the maximum output from the
employees.
Path goal theory can help Marriott International in knowing the characteristics and
activities of the employees . The organisation will analyses the capabilities of its employees. So
that they are able to deal the challenges in the effective and efficient manner. This theory will
guide Marriott International in making best decisions for its employees and maintaining a
adequate work culture. This will promote motivation among the employees. Marriott
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International must use participative leadership style which will direct management to know
views and feedback of their employees.
Classification of path goal theory-
Employees characteristics- It will help employees in having specific skills and
capabilities according to the needs and requirements. The manager of Marriott International must
motivate their employees by guiding them properly. The organisation must know the needs and
demands of its employees to motivate them.
Task and environmental characteristics- It focuses on identifying the major issues
faced by the employees at the workplace. It will also help the managers of Marriott International
in solving and overcoming those issues in the best possible manner. The problems will give
negative impact on the employees of Marriott International And the organisational goals will not
be achieved.
Leadership styles- leadership styles helps the leader or manager in guiding and monitoring the
employees of the organisation. There are various styles to lead and guide people. They are
discussed below-
 Participative style- Participative style offer guidance to the employees of Marriott
International and also encourages them to involve in teamwork so that input can be
drawn from the employees and the effectiveness of decision is increased. It is considered
as a positive leadership style because the employees of Marriott International will have
self confidence among them and will also have a sense of belongingness towards the
organisation.
 Directive style- In this style the leader takes decisions on their own without the
interference of its employees. This is considered as negative leadership style because if
the managers of Marriott International will adopt this then the employees may be
dissatisfied and demotivated towards their work . This is because they are not being
involved in the decision making process in the organisation. This may also lead to
increase in employee turnover and absenteeism.
CONCLUSION
After going through above discussion it has been summarised that, organisation
behaviour play important role in growth and development of company. Along with this it is
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important to have positive atmosphere within company as it help in conducting day to day
operations within effective manner. Moreover, it will assist in providing healthy working
environment to staff as well as encourage them in performing task in effectual way. Apart from
this, each and every corporation have their own power, politics and culture which have negative
or positive both type of impact on company and staff performance. Moreover, motivation is
necessary so motivational theories utilise for that which have positive impact on encouraging
staff members.
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