Research on Medically Underserved Populations: Annotated Bibliography

This annotated bibliography focuses on the policy issue of medically underserved populations, compiling and analyzing 10 scholarly sources. The sources cover a range of topics including genomic sequencing in diverse populations, the impact of media strategies on health awareness, uptake of genetic testing, and the relationships between health literacy, genomic knowledge, and communication. The bibliography also examines racial and ethnic group effects on responses to genomic risk information, electronic consultations to improve primary care, screening for Lynch syndrome, health literacy's impact on decision-making, colorectal cancer screening rates, and the use of genomic diagnostics within underserved populations. Each source is summarized with a focus on its trustworthiness, validity, and usefulness for research, adhering to APA guidelines.

Running Head: MEDICALLY UNDERSERVED POPULATION
MEDICALLY UNDERSERVED POPULATION
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Authors Note

1MEDICALLY UNDERSERVED POPULATION
Amendola, L. M., Berg, J. S., Horowitz, C. R., Angelo, F., Bensen, J. T., Biesecker, B. B., ... &
Fullerton, S. M. (2018). The clinical sequencing evidence-generating research
consortium: integrating genomic sequencing in diverse and medically underserved
populations. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 103(3), 319-327.
The CSER consortium project aims to focus on children of the medically underserved
population with different phenotypes comprising of neurodevelopmental, neurological,
immunological, cardiac disorders and even pediatric cancer diagnosis. The project also focuses
on the parents whose fetus has a structural anomaly. The project also aims to provide care for the
hereditary cancer risked people. The participant population size ranged from 850 to 1500
participants. Genomic sequencing was carried out of all the people with varying phenotypes to
address the sufferings of the people prior to its symptom development. This would reduce the
health related distresses of the medically distressed people or the racially downstream people.
Genomic sequencing can identify and address to the clinical and health care utilization judicially
for the common financially poor people.
Ford, M. E., Abraham-Hilaire, L. M., Bryant, D. C., Jefferson, M. S., LaPelle, N. R., Hazelton,
T. R., & Spruill, I. J. (2019). Evaluating a Media Strategy to Provide Health Messages to
Medically Underserved Populations. Journal of the National Medical
Association, 111(3), 270-280.
Studies revealed that racial discrimination of health services still prevails across the
world. The whites get more prioritized more and gets more focus in each and every aspect as
compared to the blacks. This paper focuses on radio based online communication to spread
health awareness and programs related to health over the media so that the whole population
receives the information disregarding the barrier of racial discrimination. The title of the radio

2MEDICALLY UNDERSERVED POPULATION
broadcast was “Closing the gap in health care”. The speech was delivered by an experienced
physician. The speech focused on decreasing the disparities of the health issues faced by the
racially discriminated people.
Gaber, R. S., Thekkekara, R. J., Gil, D. N., Holden, C. M., Metzner, I. A., Marcus, E., &
Ganschow, P. S. (2016). Abstract P6-12-09: Uptake of genetic testing for BRCA
mutations in a medically underserved population.
Genetic testing was recommended for the uninsured people in America. 150 individuals
underwent genetic counselling in America. The people undergoing genetic counselling were of
broad age group ranging from 19 to 74 years old and only five of them were males. Out of the
total population, 67% of the people were uninsured and 30% had a public insurance. A great
majority of 41% of the population had a genetic background of cancer. Genetic testing was
suggested for 112 individuals after the genetic counselling and assessment of the information
provided by the participant. Out of the suggested 112 individuals, only 89 participants turned up
for the genetic counselling. The four males were suggested for and underwent the genetic
analysis test. There were 20 people who was not allowed to attend the test as their testing would
affect the living and their relatives perception towards them. The results of the test revealed that
maximum people were very highly prone to develop cancer as their family ancestors suffered
from cancer.
Kaphingst, K. A., Blanchard, M., Milam, L., Pokharel, M., Elrick, A., & Goodman, M. S.
(2016). Relationships between health literacy and genomics-related knowledge, self-
efficacy, perceived importance, and communication in a medically underserved
population. Journal of health communication, 21(sup1), 58-68.

3MEDICALLY UNDERSERVED POPULATION
The examination of genetic information has increased by many folds these days. The
importance has increased as individuals have understood the value of this information. It was
examined that the education for health was important and it was related to basic knowledge, self
efficiency in certain aspects and an individual gets well informed about his family background
and health issues. Medically underserved population got the advantage and were able to perceive
knowledge about their family health background and were taught to avoid the diseases and live
healthy. 624 patients were the sample number for the test and nearly half of the population had
no health education. Studies revealed that limited health education was proportional to lower
genetic knowledge and decreased awareness of family health issues. Illiteracy lead to
development of lower confidence and more diseases and increase in the frequency of hospital
admission. The ultimate outcome of the test was that health education was important to decrease
genetic related health problems and more patients should be made aware of their genetic issues.
Kaphingst, K. A., Stafford, J. D., McGowan, L. D. A., Seo, J., Lachance, C. R., & Goodman, M.
S. (2015). Effects of racial and ethnic group and health literacy on responses to genomic
risk information in a medically underserved population. Health Psychology, 34(2), 101.
There are very few individuals who respond to the risks of developing genetic disorders
and take action accordingly. Random survey was taken and the results analyzed showed that the
Hispanic people who had no health information were eager and enthusiastic to take part in the
survey and gather knowledge of their health as compared to the whites who were reluctant to
acknowledge any education regarding genetic information. Race affects the responses towards to
the health conditions. The blacks were more participative in nature and had an eagerness to
consult doctors when required and enquiry about their health. The whites disregarding of their
knowledge about health were reluctant to even consult with their family members.

4MEDICALLY UNDERSERVED POPULATION
Olayiwola, J. N., Anderson, D., Jepeal, N., Aseltine, R., Pickett, C., Yan, J., & Zlateva, I. (2016).
Electronic consultations to improve the primary care-specialty care interface for
cardiology in the medically underserved: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. The
Annals of Family Medicine, 14(2), 133-140.
590 patients were referred by primary cardiac clinicians. The consultation was conducted
electronically where near about 69% of the preferred people participated. The online consultation
was enough to inhibit visits to the clinics. The shifting of the cardiac consultancy from visiting to
the clinic to electronic method was relatively better. The intervention group has reported less
visits in clinics for cardiac department.
Parker, J. E., Lin, K. Y., Miller, D. S., & Lea, J. S. (2018). Screening for Lynch syndrome in a
medically underserved population. Gynecologic Oncology, 149, 143.
According to American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the assessment of
genetics can be used for the detection of lynch syndrome. If the screening is diagnosed at an
early age, the development of the syndrome can be prohibited. The individuals with lower socio
economic resources have problems in consulting doctors for a genetic screening. The efficacy of
the genetic screening test is evaluated and the results revealed that it reduces the hospital
admission for medically underserved population.
Seo, J., Goodman, M. S., Politi, M., Blanchard, M., & Kaphingst, K. A. (2016). Effect of health
literacy on decision-making preferences among medically underserved patients. Medical
Decision Making, 36(4), 550-556.
A study was conducted on medically underserved population to acknowledge whether
there is a relationship between health education and decision making capacity. Health is affected

5MEDICALLY UNDERSERVED POPULATION
by both education and lack in decision taking capacity. 576 patients were gathered to participate
in the study required for assessment of the health of the participants. It was found that education
regarding health was essential for the individual to take relevant decisions regarding their life.
There were many aspects which influenced the health literacy like age of the participant, race or
culture of the participant, along with gender. Consultation with a regular physician for health
related aspects was not overwhelming. Results revealed that only in case of medically
underserved population, the health literacy affected the decision making capacity in all
perspectives. The male population were hesitant to prefer a conversation with a doctor and
conclude for a matter.
Sharma, K. P., DeGroff, A., Scott, L., Shrestha, S., Melillo, S., & Sabatino, S. A. (2019).
Correlates of colorectal cancer screening rates in primary care clinics serving low
income, medically underserved populations. Preventive medicine, 105774.
Genetic screening is very effective for the detection of colorectal cancer that would
improve the health of the natives if detected earlier. The colorectal cancer screening was aided
by the analysis based on four different evidence based interventions which increased the level of
screening of the financially backwards medically underserved people. The screening rates were
16.4 % greater in case of evidence based interventions as compared to only screening rates
without any intervention. The screening tests were helpful for those who had low serving income
and the medically underserved population as it was effective in detection of cancer and its
treatment prior to any kind of symptoms development and management.
Strauss, K. A., Gonzaga-Jauregui, C., Brigatti, K. W., Williams, K. B., King, A. K., Van Hout,
C., ... & Kuebler, M. (2018). Genomic diagnostics within a medically underserved
population: efficacy and implications. Genetics in Medicine, 20(1), 31.

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Genetic diagnosis of the medically underserved people or financially poor population
revealed many common neurological disease. This can be prevented if diagnosed earlier. Genetic
analysis is a key weapon to detect the neurological disease. This would make the life of the
deprived healthier and its family better. The medically underserved people needs to be provided
with these facilities by the government to attain a healthy population.