Biology Report on Meiosis, Inheritance, and Genetic Condition Examples

This biology report explores the biological significance of meiosis, a crucial cell division process, and its role in sexual reproduction. It details the stages of meiosis, emphasizing its importance in maintaining chromosome numbers and generating genetic diversity through recombination and segregation. The report then delves into inheritance patterns, explaining how genetic conditions are passed from parents to children. It covers autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, and sex-linked inheritance, providing examples such as Tay-Sachs disease, sickle cell anemia, Huntington's disease, and X-linked conditions. The report uses diagrams to illustrate genotypes, phenotypes, and gamete production, providing a comprehensive overview of genetic inheritance. It concludes by highlighting the importance of understanding gene actions and heredity in health, disease prevention, and promoting overall well-being.

BIOLOGY
ASSIGNMENT

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
(a) Biological significance of meiosis.........................................................................................1
(b) Description over inheritance pattern along with examples of genetic conditions.................2
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Biology refers to the nature science discipline that is about the study of living things. It is
extremely wide and broad field because of their wide variety of life experiences found over the
earth (Ding and et.al., 2019). It has been categorized into certain parts and the report is based
upon the human biology. Later this report will highlight the biological significance of meiosis
and explaining the inheritance pattern.
MAIN BODY
(a) Biological significance of meiosis
Meiosis is a kind of separation of cells that trim down the figure of chromosomes into the
parent cell by dividing into part and manufacture four gamete cells. This procedure is required in
order to reproduce eggs and sperm group for sexual imitation. Meiosis can be further divided
into nine stages It has been primarily divided as Meiosis I and the second time it divides into
Meiosis II (Haars, 2019). The outcome of the Meiosis is the configuration of four daughter cells
in each cycle of cell division. The daughter cells are exactly indistinguishable to the mother cells
in figure and dimension but diversified into chromosome numbers.
The recombination and segregation takes place into the meiosis. This is the progression
which occurs into the reproductive organs and result into the creation of gametes. The organic
significance of meiosis is that it is answerable for the configuration of sex cells or gametes that
are accountable for sexual reproduction. This stimulates the genetic in sequence for the
expansion of sex cells and neutralizes the sporophytic cognition. It helps to maintain consistent
number of chromosomes by dividing the same. It is significant as the number has been doubled
after fertilization. Within this course, self-governing collection of paternal and maternal
chromosome takes place. Thus, the chromosomes as well as attribute has been reshuffled which
are inhibited by them. The hereditary alteration occurs because if irregularities in cell division
by meiosis. Moreover, the crossing over produces an advanced mixture of variations and traits.
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(Bio render, 2019)
(b) Description over inheritance pattern along with examples of genetic conditions
Inheritance pattern is a way which illustrates or described the ways through which a
disorder passes from parents to children. Single gene disorder have diversified modes of
inheritance. With the help of identifying pedigree, the genotypes, phenotypes and prediction
over traits that will be passed on in the future has been evaluated (Casanova and Abel, 2018).
This also able to provide knowledge about the ways in which definite alleles are inherited
whether they are recessive, dominant, sex linked and autosomal.
Genetic Inheritance
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Meiosis

Genotype, phenotype of the parents and F1 zygotes
(Bio render, 2019)
Production of Gamets
(Bio render, 2019)
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(Blendspace, 2022)
(i) Recessive autosomal condition
It is among the ways through which a genetic trait and state can be innate. In autosomal
recessive inheritance, a hereditary situation occurs within which one alternative is in attendance
on both replica of provided gene. It is basically a path through which a hereditary mannerism
and conditions can be passed down from parents to the children. It can be occurred when the
child succeed to one copy of changed genetic material from each parent (Donovan and et.al.,
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2019). The parents of a adolescent with having an autosomal recessive status usually do not have
the situation. The unaffected parents are known as carriers because each one can carry one copy
of the mutated gene and can able to pass it to their child. This generates the types of diseases
which includes Tay-Sachs disease, sickle cell anemia, phenylketonuria and cystic fibrosis.
(Bio render, 2019)
(ii) Dominant autosomal conditions
In the autosomal dominant situation, the altered gene is the dominant gene which has been
situated over one of the non sex chromosomes. An individual required only one altered gene to
being affected by this specific type of disorder. A person who is having an autosomal dominant
disorder then in such cases the father has the 50% of the chances of having an affected child
with one altered dominant gene along with having half of the chances of might having an
unaffected child with two typical genes that are also known as recessive genes (Dubourg and
et.al., 2018). Within this, each affected person usually has an affected parent that occurs into
every generation. However, it might sometimes occur in an entity for the first time with no
family narration of the specific state of affairs. With this type of disorder, the diseases occurs
such as Huntington's disease, familial hypercholesterolaemia, achondroplasia,
neurofibromatosis, etc.
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Recessive autosomal condition

(Bio render, 2019)
(iii) Sex linked condition
Sex linked inheritance described as the sex unambiguous example of bequest as well as
appearance when a genetic material alteration i.e. allele is presented over a sex chromosome
which is known as allosome rather than a non-sex chromosome which is referred as autosome.
In humans, generally these are termed and illustrated as X-linked recessive, X linked dominant
and Y-linked. It highly affects the inheritance patterns as sex linkage. It is of two types i.e. the X
linked recessive conditions and X linked dominant condition. In X-linked recessive situation
legacy states the hereditary circumstances that are connected with alteration in genes over the X
chromosome. A male who is carrying will be affected as the person carries only one X
chromosome while a female delivery transformation in one DNA with standard gene over the
other X chromosome is normally uninfluenced.
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Dominant autosomal condition

(NIH, 2022)
On the other hand, the X linked dominant condition, states the genetic conditions that are
allied with transformation in genes on X chromosome. This does not essentially concern the
affect males more than females as the exact pattern of inheritance varied into this and depending
on highly over the that whether the father or the mother has the peculiarity of attention (Ding
and et.al., 2019). All fathers that are affected will have affected daughters while if the mother is
also affected then son will have chances of being affected.
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(Bio render, 2019)
CONCLUSION
From the above report, it has been concluded that the study over the gene actions and
heredity is among the most significant and developing field of biology. It is important to
understand as it involves health and diseases along with promoting preventive measures.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Casanova, J.L. and Abel, L., 2018, April. Human genetics of infectious diseases: Unique
insights into immunological redundancy. In Seminars in immunology (Vol. 36, pp. 1-
12). Academic Press.
Ding, D.Q. and et.al., 2019. Chromosome-associated RNA–protein complexes promote pairing
of homologous chromosomes during meiosis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Nature
communications, 10(1), pp.1-12.
Donovan, B.M. and et.al., 2019. Toward a more humane genetics education: Learning about the
social and quantitative complexities of human genetic variation research could reduce
racial bias in adolescent and adult populations. Science Education, 103(3), pp.529-560.
Dubourg, C. and et.al., 2018, June. Recent advances in understanding inheritance of
holoprosencephaly. In American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in
Medical Genetics (Vol. 178, No. 2, pp. 258-269).
Haars, J., 2019. Inheritance patterns of mitochondrial DNA in Drosophila paulistorum:
substantial paternal transmission and the possible role of mitochondria in speciation.
Online
Bio render, 2019. [Online]. Available Through: <https://app.biorender.com/biorender-
templates/figures/5c8c7ba9d4f2ef3300632942>.
Blendspace, 2022. [Online]. Available Through: <Blendspace.com>.
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