Microbial Fuel Cell for Electricity Generation and Leachate Treatment

This report delves into the application of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) for electricity generation and leachate treatment, specifically focusing on landfill leachate. The project introduces the concept of MFCs and their potential in treating wastewater while simultaneously producing energy. The report comprises an introduction outlining the aim, objectives, problem statement, scope, and justification of the project. A comprehensive literature survey of five journal articles provides background information on MFC technology, leachate characteristics, and various treatment methods. The methodology section discusses different MFC operational principles, wastewater analysis, and cell voltage determination. The report analyzes the significance of the research and provides an outlook for future developments. The report also includes figures, tables, and abbreviations for clarity, and concludes by summarizing the findings and emphasizing the potential of MFCs as a sustainable solution for wastewater treatment and renewable energy generation. The project is focused on a modern approach to treating leachate using MFCs and highlights the energy-intensive nature of traditional wastewater treatment and the need for more efficient and sustainable technologies.

Running head: ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author’s Note:

1ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
Table of Contents
1 CHAPTER 1- PROJECT INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION:-......................................................................................................5
1.2 AIM:-.......................................................................................................................... 5
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT:-.........................................................................................6
1.4 OBJECTIVE:-.............................................................................................................7
1.5 SCOPE:-....................................................................................................................7
1.6 JUSTIFICATION:-......................................................................................................7
1.7 REFERENCES:-.......................................................................................................9
2 CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Journal 1:-................................................................................................................ 10
2.2 Journal 2:-................................................................................................................ 13
2.3 Journal 3:-................................................................................................................ 16
2.4 Journal 4:-................................................................................................................ 18
2.5 Journal 5:-................................................................................................................ 21
2.6 References:-............................................................................................................. 24
3.1 Introduction:-............................................................................................................ 25
3.2 Discussion:-.............................................................................................................. 25
3.2.1 Types of Methods:-............................................................................................25
3.2.1.1Two gas cylinder concepts:-.........................................................................25
3.2.1.2 MFC operation:-.............................................................................................26

2ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
3.2.1.3Wastewater Leachate:-....................................................................................26
3.2.1.4 MFC calculation in digital Multimeter:-............................................................27
3.2.1.5 Waste Water Analysis:-..................................................................................27
3.2.1.6 Cell voltage Determination:-...........................................................................29
3.2.2Ohmic losses:-....................................................................................................30
3.2.3 Significance of these Research:-...........................................................................31
3.2.4 Outlook:-................................................................................................................ 31
3.3 Conclusion:-............................................................................................................. 32
3.4 References:-............................................................................................................. 33

3ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Current Generation
Figure 2.2 COD power and current densities
Figure 2.3 Organic Loading rate of Coulombic efficiency
Figure 2.4 Voltage and Power output of Dual Chamber MFC
Figure 2.5 Stability and voltage generation of COD
Figure 2.6 Mean power Density Flow rate
Figure 2.7 BOD5 removal efficiency
Figure 2.8 BOD loading rate
Figure 2.9 Two Chamber MFC
Figure 2.10 Single Chamber MFC
Figure 2.11 COD and BOD removal surface area
Figure 2.12 Density vs. Current Graph
Figure 3.1 MFC in digital Multimeter
Figure 3.2 Cell Voltage Determination
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Description of Landfill Leachate
Table 2.2 Mean Value of leachate
Table 1.3 MFC Substrates

4ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS
I. MFC – MICROBIAL FUEL CELL
II. BES- BIO ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS.
III. CE- COULOMBIC EFFICIENCY
IV. LL- LANDFILL LEACHATE
V. SPW - STARCH PROCESSING WASTEWATER
VI. DW- DYE WASTEWATER
VII. COD- CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
VIII. BOD- BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
IX. HRT- HYDRAULIC RETENTION TIME
X. BET- BRUNAUER–EMMETT–TELLER
XI. TOC- TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON

5ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
CHAPTER 1 - PROJECT INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION:-
In this report are demonstrating the research about electricity generation and
leachate treatment using MFC. In this project, two steps microbial fuel cell will be
invented to electricity generation and treat wastewater instantaneously. Several
microbial cells will be establishing, and microbes will be grown on the biofilms electrodes
(Damiano, Jambeckand Ringelberg, 2014). The performance calculation of the system in
terms of electricity generation and pollution removal will be determined using several
methods. The wastewater treatment is an energy-intensive activity, by using planned
technology energy can be produced while wastewater treatment, unlike current
processes which are energy exhaustive. This exhaustive energy will turn wastewater
treatment plants from negative to positive energy. Treated wastewater can be used for
other industrial and domestic purposes which will finally protect the freshwater
(Sonawaneet al., 2017). This project is estimated to deliver a maintainable explanation
for wastewater treatment and energy generation.
1.2 AIM:-
The objective of this project is to produce a modern while treating leachate
applying a microbial fuel cell. In this project, the report is describing the detail description
of landfill leachate and also displays about the MFC where leachate is using (Koóket
al. ,2016). It is a crucial manufacturing challenge due to the variable and high
absorptions of melted solids, colloidal and dissolved organics, heavy xenobiotic organics

6ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
and metals. The aim of this project also demonstrating the wastewater treatment and
energy generation where the MFC is used.
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT:-
The wastewater treatment technology is likely to stimulate trickling filter, sludge
process, and membrane bioreactors. These stimulated outputs are severe energy-
intensive. The project maker to watch out other energy-efficient methods, which is
implementing for wastewater treatment. In the current situation, there is a necessity for
reliable and suitable technology (Rahimnejadet al., 2015). These technologies should be
cost-effective, wanting a few energy for its effective action and should make less sludge.
The landfill leachate has been pumping to off-site wastewater treatment services
for removal. It is to off-site services has produced opposition from plant owners due to
more rigorous effluent discharge standards (Leeet al., 2015). When settled to a
wastewater treatment capacity, leachates can delay with UV disinfection by actively
reducing UV light. Leachate may also cover high ammonia concentration and heavy
metals that may be inhibitory to the organic processes.
This developing technology is relevant in wastewater treatment because of its
exclusive capability of adapting the chemical vitality of organic leftover, counting low-
wastewaters and lignocellulose biomass, into chemical, electricity and hydrogen
products or driving bio-reduction of organic or inorganic oxidized contaminants such as
tetrachloroethene and nitrate (Nguyen, Kakarlaand Min, 2017). The device based on the
specified opinion is called microbial fuel cell that adapts chemical vitality to electrical
energy with the help of the catalytic response of bacteria. In micro fuel cell and the
substrate is reacted in the anode chamber making protons, CO2 and electrons.

7ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
1.4 OBJECTIVE:-
The purpose of these assignments is that with the help of this project, the project
maker can manufacture two-chambered MFC. This experiment shows that the MFC
produce renewable energy by varying the usual matter into power with the benefit of
microbes (Choiand Ahn, 2015). In the recent study, an attempt has been made to
discover the outcome of molar absorption of a salt bridge on electron-transporting
potential and to determine the bioelectricity generation efficiency. In these assignments
are trying to implement current generation technique which can be useful for microbial
fuel cells. The opportunity of alternative resources is one particular method of making
power is with the help of MFC, which can reduce fossil fuels usage (Koóket al., 2016). In
this project also displays that the MFCs can produce energy directly from electricity
connection or producing hydrogen fuel energy. Biological fuel cell adapts the chemical
energy of carbohydrates like alcohol and sugar indirectly into electrical power.
1.5 SCOPE:-
The scope of these reports is that with the help of this project, the project maker can
manufacture two-chambered MFC. This experiment shows that the MFC produce
renewable energy by varying the usual matter into power with the profit of microbes. The
scope of this project is to produce a modern while treating leachate applying a microbial
fuel cell. In this project, the report is describing the detail description of landfill leachate
and also displays about the MFC where leachate is using
1.6 JUSTIFICATION:-
There is a recognized technology for ammonia or organics removal in mature and
young leachate. The aerobic processes realize the denitrification and nitrification
process, which are decrease the oxygen demand for landfill leachate treatment (Choiand

8ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
Ahn, 2015). A first design standard for the treatment plant was to integrate substantial
elasticity in the treatment processes to permit for predictable variations in leachate
quantity and quality throughout the outside of landfill site. The investigation will deliver
an innovative and more effective treatment system for complex wastewater. It can be
carried out, and the most useful is that with the treatment, one can necessarily connect
the electricity as well (Leeet al., 2015). It can be a self-powered treatment skill. Not like
the predictable processes, it can finally break down most of the carbon compounds and
acetate to water and carbon dioxide. So the title of this project is adequately justified.

9ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
1.7 REFERENCES:-
Choi, J. and Ahn, Y., 2015. Enhanced bioelectricity harvesting in microbial fuel cells
treating food waste leachate produced from biohydrogen fermentation.
Bioresource technology, 183, pp.53-60.
Damiano, L., Jambeck, J.R. and Ringelberg, D.B., 2014. Municipal solid waste landfill
leachate treatment and electricity production using microbial fuel cells. Applied
biochemistry and biotechnology, 173(2), pp.472-485.
Koók, L., Rózsenberszki, T., Nemestóthy, N., Bélafi-Bakó, K. and Bakonyi, P., 2016.
Bioelectrochemical treatment of municipal waste liquor in microbial fuel cells for
energy valorization. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, pp.4406-4412.
Lee, D.J., Chang, J.S. and Lai, J.Y., 2015. Microalgae–microbial fuel cell: a mini review.
Bioresource technology, 198, pp.891-895.
Nguyen, H.T., Kakarla, R. and Min, B., 2017. Algae cathode microbial fuel cells for
electricity generation and nutrient removal from landfill leachate wastewater.
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(49), pp.29433-29442.
Rahimnejad, M., Adhami, A., Darvari, S., Zirepour, A. and Oh, S.E., 2015. Microbial fuel
cell as new technology for bioelectricity generation: a review. Alexandria
Engineering Journal, 54(3), pp.745-756.
Sonawane, J.M., Adeloju, S.B. and Ghosh, P.C., 2017. Landfill leachate: A promising
substrate for microbial fuel cells. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,
42(37), pp.23794-23798.

10ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Journal 1:-
These research paper are electricity compeers in microbial fuel cells. Five
researchers ProfessorBestaminOzkaya, ProfessorAfsin Yusuf Cetinkaya, Professor
Mehmet Cakmakci,ProfessorDoganKaradag, and ProfessorErkanSahinkaya are
publishing these journal paper in 18th August 2012. The purpose of this study at
calculating the presentation of a dual chambered regularly fed bacterial fuel cell with
electrodes (Ti-TiO2) (Özkayaet al., 2013). These performance evaluations are mainly
occurring for the different power of wastewater and HRT, which can be used for
bioelectric generation.
This research paper aims to classify the MFC and generate electricity through
biochemical energy (Özkayaet al., 2013). According to the journal paper, the reader
observes that protons and electrons are shared in the cathodic chamber by an ion
acceptor like potassium ferricyanide or O2. In these study also identifies different
methodologies which can rise the detailed analysis of micro fuel cells.
The researchers are using some method which can be helpful to complete these
articles (Özkayaet al., 2013). First of all, they are using leachate characterization
methodology, which can specify that the leachate is very much biodegradable (Özkayaet
al., 2013). After the completion of collection methodologies, the researcher is setting up
microbial fuel where the dimension of cathode and anode is (5*2*0.15) cm. According to
the research, the electro catalytic covering was accepting with the updraft decay of
mixed metal salts scattered on titanium (Özkayaet al., 2013). In this research are also
provide some detail table which can display the characterization of landfill leachate.

11ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
Table 2.1 Description of Landfill Leachate
In this journal, the researcher is also demonstrating some outcomes in different
point (Özkayaet al., 2013). At first, they are initiating fuel cell efficiency and describe how
the COD is developing in the specific timelines. In this assignment, they also deliver the
COD consequence on the presentation of the fuel cell (Özkayaet al., 2013). The
graphical demonstration of these journals is providing the efficiency of fuel cell, power
generation process and OLR impact.
Figure 2.1 Current Generation

12ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
Figure 2.2 COD power and current densities
In the discussion section, these journal are describing electricity grouping form
leachate. According to the scholar(Özkayaet al., 2013), the substrate loss efficiency is
very low, and it usually helps to gainthe wastewater generating process. In the
discussion section also demonstrate the coulombic effectiveness according to the
loading ratio (Özkayaet al., 2013). The substrate increase generation usually processes
for the leachate strength and power generation.
The consumption of MFC for electricity group is stimulating due to producing
combustion free and less polluted bioelectricity unswervingly from biological matters.
Figure 2.3 Organic Loading rate of Coulombic efficiency

13ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
So the termination of these articles is describing the detail calculation of the
current generation, which was search in the cathode materials. In these articles are also
construct the detail demonstration of fuel cell which can maintain the electrode stability
and efficiency.
2.2 Journal 2:-
This journal article is describing the supportable approach for electricity
generation in MFC (Youet al., 2006). Professor Shi J you and their teams are published
these research paper on 15th March 2006. In this research paper, the researcher is trying
to recognize the variance in center resistance for two fuel cell systems (Youet al., 2006).
These systems were the principal reason for occasioning in the variation of power
generation. This journal paper delivers a monetary route for the energy recovery process
in leachate.
The aim of this paper delivers the economic process of wastewater dumping.
This journal paper provides the MFC potential in a different practical manner (Youet al.,
2006). In this journal, the electricity generation in fuel cell was exploring for the first time
with the critical insides like feasibility, concentration and plot volumetric.
In this research paper, the researcher uses some critical methods which can help
to complete this article (Youet al., 2006). At the initial state, they use MFC apparatus
where anode was prepared by activated carbonand that was wrapped by a rubber plug
with two penetrated holes used for attaching the sampling and circuit correspondingly
(Youet al., 2006). In the Leachate preparation methodologies of this research paper
activated the bioprocess wastewater process, which can be enabled to the fuel
controlled treatment plan.

14ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
Table 2.2 Mean Value of leachate
In this research paper, the researcher provides some calculative outcome which
can identify the resulting value of MFC and power output segmentation (Youet al., 2006).
This result verified that it was probable to produce electricity not only from acetate,
glucose and municipal wastewater but also from leachate. This leachate constant was
approximately identical to the MFC internal resistance where the output is highly
powered and store in the fuel chamber.
Figure 2.4 Voltage and Power output of Dual Chamber MFC
In the discussion, displays the cyclic volumetric concepts and MFC application for
leachate treatment (Youet al., 2006). The cyclic volumetric idea is partially
recommending that the electrons unconstrained from contributors were accepted away
fromarespiratoryenzymeata definitepointduringNADHredoxprocess and present the
biofilm solution. In these articles are also describe some merits and demerits of MFC

15ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
(Youet al., 2006). These could be recognized by mounting the more effective
configuration of MFCs, enhancing the anode presentation including organicissues and
the resources, using substitute electron acceptors withadvanced redox potential,
aswellas decreasing theinternal cell resistance.
Figure 2.5 Stability and voltage generation of COD
So in the conclusion part of this paper state that the currentefficiency could be
created from leachate in the calculated MFCs (Youet al., 2006).MFC has also presented
an outlook in concurrent power generation and leachate treatment, but there continued
further investigation into further growth of power generation.
2.3 Journal 3:-
Professor John Greenman and his team are publishing e-journal, which is very
much interrelated to the comparison with aerated filter and MFC (Greenmanet al., 2009).
This study mainly investigates the performance of wastewater treatment and also
generate the volatile conditions of higher fuel efficiencies.
In this research paper, the researchers are trying to identify the generation of
leachate in connected with wastewater removal (Greenmanet al., 2009). The researcher
is trying to compose in different quantity and quality variance of the wastewater leachate.

16ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
In these study are also demonstrate the various methodologies which can be performed
for the BOD removal and MFC laboratory analysis.
In this research paper, the researcher is using some innovative methods which
can help display different performance of BOD (Greenmanet al., 2009). The leachate
sampling method can be extracted from the laboratory analysis and setting up the
energy generation of BOD removal. These methodologies are exploiting the total
probable surface area of the electrode to the leachate (Greenmanet al., 2009). Their
methods are also measuring the recirculated systems of MFC, which can be analyses
spectrometric plasma – optical emissions.
Figure 2.6 Mean power Density Flow rate
The result section of these articles can demonstrate the activated sludge of
useful output levels which can contain the anodophilic electrode (Greenmanet al., 2009).
The reader of these journals is also observed the removal efficiency techniques of
wastewater, which can be working on the different setup of BOD volume (Greenmanet
al., 2009). Different graphs of these journals are demonstrating on BOD flow rate,
loading ratio and PH factor, which can be measured different efficiencies of outlet and
inlet rates.

17ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
Figure 2.7 BOD5 removal efficiency
In this research paper, the researcher is relating MFC and ventilated filter based
on leachate operating condition. According to the researcher (Greenmanet al., 2009),
the variance in the active volume of the two system due to altered properties of the
support material of the organic ventilated filter as well as ventilation. These research
paper are also outcome of the hydraulic preservation and flow rate on the perspective of
MFC performances (Greenmanet al., 2009). These paper are also describing the PH
measurable condition as well as COD removal efficiency.
Figure 2.8 BOD loading rate

18ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
The researcher concludes that these MFC systems could participate with other
conservative biological structures in the behavior of landfill leachate while further work
essentials to be acceptedto improve the operating condition and configuration.
2.4 Journal 4:-
These research paper are displaying about the substrates of MFC, which can
produce sustainable energy (Pantet al., 2010). In this research paper are demonstrating
about the fuel cell, which can be exploring in an organic substrate. These articles are
providing several substrates which evaluate performance and limitation of MFC (Pantet
al., 2010). The primary purpose of this research is to provide the mechanism of
sustainable energy making with the help of wastewater techniques.
These research paper are mainly generating Hydrogen fermentation techniques
and also produce the electro-hydro genesis (Pantet al., 2010). The researcher of this
paper is trying to discuss the several pollutants which can be adapt the MFCs enhance
performance.
Figure 2.9 Two Chamber MFC

19ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
Figure 2.10 Single Chamber MFC
According to the research, the scholar is displaying the two-chamber MFC
mechanism with the help of electron transfer methodologies (Pantet al., 2010). The
biomass and wastewater can be generating from the microbial activities, which are very
much useful to create MFC demonstrations. The wastewater techniques also define
starch processing that can enhance fuel efficiency in terms of reaction and
temperatures.
Table 2.3 MFC Substrates

20ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
In the result section of this paper delivers the modern outputs in terms of several
MFC substrates. For the density, activity is very much helpful to react to the metabolic
efficiency of human organic structure (Pantet al., 2010). These result section can also
demonstrate the different way which can be considered the threshold structure
according to the reactor design.
Several things are discussing these journal-like inorganic substrates, sunlight,
and wastewater etc. (Pantet al., 2010). All of these substrates are using for making
sustainable energy resources. The MFC substrate is designing for recovering the
leachate and wastewater making. The MFC served with gradually decomposable waste
was more effective the expressions of electricity manufacture perhaps due to the
production of intermediates supporting electricity construction.
The researcher concludes that the several substrates are using in MFC for
making sustainable energy which can help to make wastewater for the cell.
2.5 Journal 5:-
In this research paper are displaying about the scale-up the plurality of microbial
fuel cells (Gálvez, Greenmanand Ieropoulos, 2009).This research paper establishes the
MFC system's capability to treatleachate with the additional advantage of producing
energy.
According to this research, the researcher is displaying about the MFC structures
which can be activated through the different organic mechanism (Gálvez, Greenmanand
Ieropoulos, 2009). The principal scope of the present research paper was to recognize
the capacity of the MFC technology to eliminate chemicals fromlandfill leachate, and
also increase the hydraulicretention period.

21ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
In the methodology section, the researcher is using different analytical methods
which can be performed for both COD and BOD (Gálvez, Greenmanand Ieropoulos,
2009). In the experimental condition section, the researcher is trying to analyses the
carbon efficiency and connected series. Through these methodologies, the researcher is
also displaying carbon veil techniques and finally describe the proper fuel removal
tracking systems.
Figure 2.11 COD and BOD removal surface area
The researcher is illustrating their outcomes, and according to these outcomes,
the superior performance is increased for the expected values (Gálvez, Greenmanand
Ieropoulos, 2009). Furthermore, the specific degradable chemical components are
usually concentrated for the bacteria consumption of fuel cells.

22ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
Figure 2.12 Density vs. Current Graph
The discussion section is also discuss the effect of electrode surfacing,
enhancing with the help of system performance and electrode functionality (Gálvez,
Greenmanand Ieropoulos, 2009). Last, of these journals, the research is trying to display
the anaerobic degradation mechanism with the help of wastewater and landfall
concepts.
In these journals, the researcher is displaying the connection through the
different simultaneous treatment, and these are trying to increased power output and
efficiency of conventional biological compounds.

23ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
2.6 References:-
Gálvez, A., Greenman, J. and Ieropoulos, I., 2009. Landfill leachate treatment with
microbial fuel cells; scale-up through plurality. Bioresource Technology, 100(21),
pp.5085-5091.
Greenman, J., Gálvez, A., Giusti, L. and Ieropoulos, I., 2009. Electricity from landfill
leachate using microbial fuel cells: comparison with an aerated biological filter.
Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 44(2), pp.112-119.
Özkaya, B., Cetinkaya, A.Y., Cakmakci, M., Karadağ, D. and Sahinkaya, E., 2013.
Electricity generation from young landfill leachate in a microbial fuel cell with a
new electrode material. Bioprocess and biosystems engineering, 36(4), pp.399-
405.
Pant, D., Van Bogaert, G., Diels, L. and Vanbroekhoven, K., 2010. A review of the
substrates used in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for sustainable energy production.
Bioresource Technology, 101(6), pp.1533-1543.
You, S.J., Zhao, Q.L., Jiang, J.Q., Zhang, J.N. and Zhao, S.Q., 2006. Sustainable
approach for leachate treatment: electricity generation in a microbial fuel cell.
Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A, 41(12), pp.2721-2734.

24ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
CHAPTER 3- METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction:-
This research is mainly related to the leachate electricity generation using a mfc
The project maker is using some methodologies, which can be helpful for this project
completion. This maker of this project tries to divide this into three different parts. In the
initial phase is named as fabrication, after the fabrication phase, the project maker made
the MFC operation. The last part is the analysis phase, where the project maker made
some mathematical calculation and identified real time value. These chapters are very
much related to the research methodology, which can be helpful to complete this project.
The researcher uses two cylinders concepts and also use landfill leachate, which can be
analysing wastewater and PH collections method.
3.2 Discussion:-
3.2.1 Types of Methods:-
3.2.1.1Two gas cylinder concepts:-
The microbial fuel cell will involve two glass cylinders of one litre capacity both
with the graphite electrodes. These two-chambered gas cylinder will be linking by a
glass bridge holding a proton exchange membrane. Cathodes and Anodes will be made
of the equal materials graphite.A multimeter is delivered to measure voltage and
resistance. Both electrodes are linking with external direct current supply as well as
multimeter with copper wires. The MFC depend on living biocatalysts (Zhanget al.,

25ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
2014). These enable the movements of electrons during the systems instead of chemical
catalyzer oxidation of fuel at the anode and cathode reduction. In this project the voltage
and current supply are connected to the gas cylinder theory. The two-chambered current
produces from the MFC systems and also deliver the different sequence which can help
to generate wastewater leachate.
3.2.1.2 MFC operation:-
MFC will be functioning in batch mode for one month, and the process will be
removed to a continuous way subsequently with the HRT in 7 hrs. Domestic wastewater
will be composed of several architectures which will be protecting with anaerobic sludge.
These sludge are forming of the chambered septic tank bottom (Mathuriya
andYakhmi ,2014). A DC power single output voltage supply will be used to regulate the
electrodes. In the microbial cell, the digital micrometres will be used to record currents
and potentials during the tests. The reactor temperature will be kept between 25- 40
degree Celsius and pH will be sustained in a range of 6.35-7.75 during
experimentations.
3.2.1.3Wastewater Leachate:-
The composition of leachate differs significantly from different landfill connecting
exact on-site individualities. One of the most dangerous machinery in leachate is heavy
metals. There is an increasing concern concerning the build-up of dense minerals in
groundwater and soil. Several types of water are responsible for the existence of
substantial metals in the landfills. Resources like painting waste, electronic waste and
used batteries rise heavy landfills metal contents. There are some valleys in this area of
Al Amrat landfill. The Al Amrat here is a valley opening from these landfill position and
another one at the (AL Amrat) landfill edge. Leachate leaks the discharge and

26ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
assembles in pools in the valley channel placed at the Al-Amrat edge (Vázquez-Larioset
al. ,2014). The environment of AL-Amrat landfill depends on several factors and
characteristics (Hernández-Floreset al., 2015). It is also deviations over time as the
waste decompose, there are no dimensions that deliver assumption on the long term
fate of substantial metals in the atmosphere because the information present is
infrequent. There is no such evidence regarding the measure of dense metals over the
soil. This research information is restricted to experimentations that try representing
landfill models and concentrations that try to forecast the modifications that might occur
within the Al Amrat landfills in the future.
3.2.1.4 MFC calculation in digital Multimeter:-
To implement the MFC, the researcher of these project must a load resistor (R)
anduse high resistive Digital Multimeter. At first, the researcher is trying tocalculate the
output voltage (E)in an open circuit (Yuan, Dengand Chen 2014). It is connecting by the
voltmeter, and it is known as EMF. This EMF is joining to the resistor and calculates the
power drop (V) transversely. In conclusion, analyze the internal resistance from the
power divider equation: [V/E = R/(R + Rin)].The load resistor current is constantly
verifying with an electrochemical terminal. Then the output voltage of the MFC is
restrained by a digital multimeter with a data attainment structure.
Figure 3.1 MFC in digital Multimeter

27ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
3.2.1.5 Waste Water Analysis:-
Wastewater will be analysed for pH,total suspended solids, nitrate, dissolved
oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, conductivity, Volatile suspended solids, phosphate,
biochemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids,and nitrate, using standard methods
(Qin and He 2014). Cell voltages will be resolute openly from the voltage difference
between the cathode and anode. The energy is measured using Ohm’s law using the
calculated power. The electron flow delivered to the cathode, which will be measured by
using the equationElectric charge = A*T (Coulomb). The electric charges value will be
adapting to the Electron number (mole) by separating Faraday constant: Mole of e- =
Charge (C)/F. Without permitted DO, waters and lakes become dilapidated to aerobic
creatures, including the invertebrates and fish. DO is to proportional to heat, and the
extreme oxygen that can be melting in the water at 0°C.
The 5-day BOD experiments activate by placing effluent samples and water into two
standard 50 to 350ML in BOD bottles. Each sample is analysed directly to calculate the
original dissolved oxygen absorption in the sewage, frequently using a Winkler titration.
The decisive BO demand is a parameter that counts the oxygen compulsory for the total
biochemical deprivation of organic matter by water microbes. The basic calculation of
BOD is BODt=BODu(1−e−KT ) Where BODu is the final BOD. The oxygen
consumption rate is commonly used in scientific models to forecast the effect of an
overflow on getting bodies like the water resources.
The chemical oxygen Demands (COD) calculates the oxygen amount, which is
mandatory to oxidize organic composites in water resources chemically. COD is
frequently used to evaluate the BOD as a secure connection occurs between BOD and
COD. Still COD is a much faster, more precise test than the BOD. Chemical Oxygen
Demand is the total quantity of all organic and inorganic chemicals in the wastewater.

28ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
The BOD is a quantity of oxygen amount compulsory for the microbes to damage the
living components present in the sewer. The COD values replicate the inorganic and
organic composites, which can be oxidized by dichromate with the quaternary nitrogen
compounds and explosive hydrocarbons. The metals concentration was unstoppable as
a toxicity output.In every hybrid system involve of horizontal flow, and vertical flow
systems decided theatrically. In hybrid created wetlands, HF and VF compliment made
the proficient system.
Consequently, it is probable to make the wastage whose organic oxygen demand
is low, and that is partly denitrifying and fully nitrified. The entire nitrogen would be much
condensing in the final overflow (Taoet al., 2014). The DO and PH were resolute for
using a portable multi-parameter analyzer. The chemical limits like COD, nutrients and
metals were determined to give to the standard logical methodologies for the wastewater
examination. These were calculated using COD structures. The processed samples
were then estimated with a spectrophotometer.
The methodology was built on the reaction between aluminum chromazurol and
ions, which is explained by spectraphotometrical. The pH of the sample must be within
range (5–12). The pH will be accustomed to Sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide
solution.The DO represents the absorption of biological or chemical mixtures that can be
oxidized, and that might have potential pollutant (Zhang, Hu and Lee, 2016). The DO
concentrations can lead to reduced maturation and development increased fish mortality
and habitat degradation.
3.2.1.6 Cell voltage Determination:-
The cathode and anode potentials regulate the general presentation of a
microbial fuel cell (MFC). Thus far, this project has absorbed on accepting the

29ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
performance of the individual electrodes, but there has been no enquiry of how the
cathode and anode potential changes as another function.
Figure 3.2 Cell Voltage Determination
A broadly used and thoughtful design is a two-chamber MFC built in an outdated
"H" shape, generally containing of two bottles linked by a tube containing extractor which
is generally an exchange membrane. A broadly used and reasonable strategy is a two-
chamber MFC built in some potential shape (H). The two bottles joined by a tube
comprising aseparator which is generally a (+) ion-exchange membrane. A reasonable
way to connect the containers which are fixed and heated into a U-shape.
3.2.2Ohmic losses:-
The ohmic losses in an MFC contain both the resistance to the electrons flow
through the interconnections of electrodes, and the flow resistance of ions over the
CEM, which can be denoting cathodic and anodic electrolytes (Karthikeyanet al., 2016).
It can be decreasing by reducing the electrode spacing, using an Ion membrane with a
low resistivity. If the potential anodes become too small, and electron transportwill be
reserved, and possible fermentation substrate may deliver microorganisms energy. The

30ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
probability of weak anode effect and its potential impact onthe power generation stability
which should be notified infuture studies.
3.2.3 Significance of these Research:-
This report can be accepted because it is most valuable with the treatment.
These can necessarily connect the voltage as well. It generates lesser solid wastes from
the development and the energy produced can be used in sludge aerating. These
conventional processes can fully break down most of the carbon compounds and
acetate to water and CO2. This MFC will deliver an energy-positive explanation for
wastewater treatment.
The investigation of this study will deliver more effective treatment system for
difficult wastewater. This research study will understand the procedure will open
innovative ideas for research in Oman. With the help of this research, the Oman people
easily identify their wastewater problem and solve it quickly. These can be used for other
industrial and domestic purposes which will eventually protect the freshwater. These will
also help in constructing the research ability of Oman.
3.2.4 Outlook:-
These designs need developments because the issues recognized scale-up of
the procedure and this stay critically. The success of exact MFC presentations in
wastewater treatment will be subject on the absorption and biodegrade-ability of the
biological matter in the influent. These projects are successful, and huge people are
getting advantages. Sometimes MFC is suffering from poor structural issues and bad
electricity connectivity. That is the difficulties of this project.

31ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
3.3 Conclusion:-
The three chapters of these report are presenting on the research about
Wastewater treatment in landfill leachate with the help of MFC. In the introductory
section of the report, the writer explains the scope and objective of this research. Which
can demonstrate how landfill leachate is useful for the fuel cell. After completing the
introductory part, the researcher describes five journal reviews in chapter 2. In this
second chapter, the report writer demonstrates a different researcher standpoint on
these topics. In the last section of this report identifies the project methodologies and
significant, which are the crucial part of these project.

32ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
3.4 References:-
Hernández-Flores, G., Poggi-Varaldo, H.M., Solorza-Feria, O., Romero-Castañón, T.,
Ríos-Leal, E., Galíndez-Mayer, J. and Esparza-García, F., 2015. Batch operation
of a microbial fuel cell equipped with alternative proton exchange membrane.
international journal of hydrogen energy, 40(48), pp.17323-17331.
Karthikeyan, R., Selvam, A., Cheng, K.Y. and Wong, J.W.C., 2016. Influence of ionic
conductivity in bioelectricity production from saline domestic sewage sludge in
microbial fuel cells. Bioresource technology, 200, pp.845-852.
Mathuriya, A.S. and Yakhmi, J.V., 2014. Microbial fuel cells to recover heavy metals.
Environmental chemistry letters, 12(4), pp.483-494.
Qin, M. and He, Z., 2014. Self-supplied ammonium bicarbonate draw solute for
achieving wastewater treatment and recovery in a microbial electrolysis cell-
forward osmosis-coupled system. Environmental Science & Technology Letters,
1(10), pp.437-441.
Tao, H.C., Lei, T., Shi, G., Sun, X.N., Wei, X.Y., Zhang, L.J. and Wu, W.M., 2014.
Removal of heavy metals from fly ash leachate using combined
bioelectrochemical systems and electrolysis. Journal of Hazardous materials,
264, pp.1-7.
Vázquez-Larios, A.L., Solorza-Feria, O., Poggi-Varaldo, H.M., de Guadalupe González-
Huerta, R., Ponce-Noyola, M.T., Ríos-Leal, E. and Rinderknecht-Seijas, N.,
2014. Bioelectricity production from municipal leachate in a microbial fuel cell:
effect of two cathodic catalysts. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,
39(29), pp.16667-16675.

33ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND LEACHATE TREATMENT USING MFC
Yuan, H., Deng, L. and Chen, Y., 2014. Optimization of biodrying pretreatment of
municipal solid waste and microbial fuel cell treatment of leachate. Biotechnology
and bioprocess engineering, 19(4), pp.668-675.
Zhang, H., Chen, X., Braithwaite, D. and He, Z., 2014. Phylogenetic and metagenomic
analyses of substrate-dependent bacterial temporal dynamics in microbial fuel
cells. PloS one, 9(9), p.e107460.
Zhang, Q., Hu, J. and Lee, D.J., 2016. Microbial fuel cells as pollutant treatment units:
research updates. Bioresource technology, 217, pp.121-128.