Investigating Microelectronics in Contact Lenses for Diabetes Control

This research paper investigates the potential of microelectronics integrated into contact lenses for managing blood sugar levels in diabetes patients. The study begins with an introduction highlighting the global prevalence of diabetes and the importance of innovative treatment methods. A systematic review methodology is employed, focusing on relevant databases such as CINAHL and PubMed. The paper explores key inventions, including microelectronics in contact lenses, fasting blood glucose tests, insulin pens with digital memory, and inhaled insulin powder. The core of the research focuses on how microelectronics within contact lenses, made with transparent sensors and gallium zinc oxide transistors coated with glucose oxidase, can monitor glucose levels. The research also touches on gene therapy as a potential treatment. The paper includes inclusion and exclusion criteria, data analysis methods, and discusses primary outcomes like complications related to diabetes. The conclusion acknowledges the limitations of current research but highlights the promising effects of microelectronics in contact lenses, insulin powder, and gene therapy. The report suggests key improvements, such as dietary regimens, and provides a comprehensive list of references.

Types of diabetesTypes of diabetes
Type 1 diabetes-Type 1 diabetes- It is a chronic condition, where the pancreas
produced very little or no insulin.
Type 2 diabetes-Type 2 diabetes- This type of diabetes is caused due to the ineffective
use of insulin in the body. This diabetes type results in physical
inactivity and excessive body weight (Olokoba, Obateru & Olokoba
2012).
Primary outcome measuredPrimary outcome measured
• –Complications related to diabetes damaging the blood
vessels, eyes , kidneys and the nerves
•Risk of heart attack, stroke and reduced flow of blood.
•Chance of diabetic foot ulcer, infections, limb
amputation
•Rate of blindness caused due to diabetic retinopathy,
caused due to damage in the small blood vessels of the
retina.
•Occurrence of kidney failure due to diabetes.
Student Names and ID The resultsThe results
•The research paper focuses on the existing inventions in the treatment of diabetes,
the important being the microelectronics present inside the contact lens.
•The contact lenses are packed with the transparent sensors that helps in monitoring
diabetes (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 2018)
•Working of the Microelectronics in the contact lenses- The process requires the
painful insertion of the under skin electrodes, leading to skin irritation. It also requires
regular replacement (Tumminia, et al., 2015).
•Manufacturing- Indium gallium zinc oxide that helps boost the quality of the image in
smartphone displays. The lenses are made of transparent sheet of transistors made
up of Gallium zinc oxide. The transistors are coated with glucose oxidase, for
breaking down the sugar for the chemical reaction to take place.
•Gene therapyGene therapy
•Gene therapy is being used to produce the insulin producing tissues. The recent
approaches involve the embryonic stimulation and the differentiation of the stem cell
in the Beta cells. Genetic modification is also studied for the rejection or for the
construction of the supersets resistant to the oxidative and the apoptosis stresses.
Data analysisData analysis
Qualitative data analysis was done.
The patterns and the interconnected are being searched for, among the
overlapping themes across the data sources.
The various interconnections are being mapped for.
The theories are built and then verified.
Research methodResearch method
A systematic review will be conducted. Relevant papers will
be selected from electronic data bases by the using
appropriate search terms. Databases like CINAHL and
PubMed for searching the relevant papers.
Keywords used for the studyKeywords used for the study
Inclusion & exclusion criteriaInclusion & exclusion criteria
Research question :Does the use of microelectronics inside the contact lenses helps in controlling the blood sugar level?
Introduction
Aims and objectivesAims and objectives
Importance of the research question
• The importance of the research question lies in the fact that, diabetes is the most common
chronic illness prevalent all over the world. The number of people suffering from diabetes
has risen from 108 million to 422 million in 2014. The global incidence of diabetes among
the adults has risen from 4.7 5 to 8.5 5 in the year 2014.
• It is necessary for common people to have an understanding of the causes and the
consequences of diabetes and the necessary preventive measures to be taken. This
provides the rationale for the research.
Keywords Thesaurus terms
Type 2 diabetes Diabetes Mellitus
Microelectronics
in contact lenses
Electronic chips
Gene therapy Genetics
Initial Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Inclusion Exclusion
Primary research,
secondary research
Case studies , editorials
Language: English
Country UK
Year of publication:
2012 to 2018
Older than 2012
Peer reviewed journal
article
Research methods:
Qualitative
Key inventions assessed
• Primary intervention focused in this study- Microelectronics inside contact lenses to control
the blood sugar level.
• Other interventions would involve fasting blood glucose test- invention of innovative chip for
the measurement of autoantibodies in the blood.
• Insulin pen – Adding digital memory function in the insulin pen. As the patient snaps the
timer cap on the insulin pen, the timer starts to work (Tumminia et al. 2015).
• Insulin powder- These can be used as alternative to rapid acting insulin powder . The
powder can be inhaled before meal with the help of a device that is similar to an inhaler for
the asthma. It is quickly absorbed in to the blood stream (Mohanty & Das 2017).
• Caution- The device should not be used in patients suffering from obstructive pulmonary
disease.
ConclusionConclusion
According to the researches, there are almost no cures for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes remission occurs
in partial complete or prolonged remission.
Diabetes can be cued or delayed by proper diet, physical activity, regular screening, medication. Use
of microelectronics inside the contact lenses, use of insulin powder and gene therapy had been
showing a promising effect.
LimitationsLimitations
Less number of papers has been chosen for the study and further researches, still have to be carried
on regarding the use of microelectronics in the contact lenses. Researches are still carried on
regarding the consequences.
The scope of researches in the field of gene therapy is also large and needs extensive research.
Suggests Key improvementsSuggests Key improvements
Treatment of diabetes would involve the maintaining proper dietary regimen, uptake of food with lower
glycemic value.
ReferencesReferences
American Diabetes Association, 2004. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 27(1), pp. 88-90.
Buse, J. et al., 2009. How do we define cure of diabetes?. Diabetes Care, 32(11), pp. 2133-2135.
Chawla, A., Chawla, R. & Jaggi, S., 2016. Microvascular and macrovascular complications in
diabetes mellitus: distinct or continuum?. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 20(4), p.
546.
da Silva, J. et al., 2018. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and living with a chronic condition:
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Diabetes Research Institute Foundation, 2018. Diabetes Research Institute. [Online]
Available at: https://www.diabetesresearch.org/about-DRI
Karishma, K., 2018. Diabetes epidemic: 98 million people in India may have type 2 diabetes by 2030.
[Online]
Available at: https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/98-million-indians-
diabetes-2030-prevention-1394158-2018-11-22..
Lee, R., Wong, T. & Sabanayagam, C., 2015. Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular
oedema and related vision loss. Eye and Vision, 2(1), p. 17.
Mohanty, R. & Das, S., 2017. The inhaled insulin-current direction of insulin research. Journal of
Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 11(4), p. OE01.
National Diabetes Data Group, 1979. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other
categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes, 28(12), pp. 1039-1057.
Olokoba, A., Obateru, O. & Olokoba, L., 2012. Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review of current trends.
Oman Medical Journal, 27(4), p. 269.
Reaven, G., 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes, 37(12), pp. 1595-1607.
Sherwani, S. et al., 2016. The significance of HbA1c test in diagnosis and prognosis of diabetic
patients. Biomarker Insights, 11(1), pp. BMI-S38440.
Skinner, T., Scott, I. & Martin, J., 2016. Diagnostic errors in older patients: a systematic review of
incidence and potential causes in seven prevalent diseases. International Journal of General
Medicine, 9(1), p. 137.
.Tumminia, A. et al., 2015. Integrated insulin pump therapy with continuous glucose monitoring for
improved adherence: technology update. Patient Preference and Adherence, 9(1), p. 1263.
Microelectronics in the contact lenses
Insulin Powder
Type 2 diabetes