Unit 5: Micronutrients I: Vitamins, Deficiency, Function, and Disease

This assignment on micronutrients, specifically vitamins, covers a wide range of topics. It begins with an overview of thiamine and its role, then moves on to discuss vitamin C deficiency (scurvy) and the distinction between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins. The assignment explores cofactors, vit...Read More

Unit 5 – Micronutrients I:
Vitamin

1. A brief paragraph on Eijkman and thiamine?
Christian Eijkman had discovered not all diseases which were caused by microorganisms
such as bacteria and viruses, but while also some due to having the dietary deficiencies, specific
keeping the main focus on the deficiencies of certain vitamins (Blicharz and et.al., 2020).
Thiamine which enables the body in using the carbohydrates as energy. Along with play the
effective role muscle, heart and nerve.
2. Scurvy is related to which vitamin deficiency?
Scurvy happens with the lack of vitamin C. This leads to having some symptoms such as
weakness, anaemia and skin problem. As the well-being should know about such types of
vitamins which can cause the harm to body and lead for component in connective tissues.
3. List which vitamins are fat soluble and which are water soluble?
Vitamins have been classified as fat soluble (vitamins such as A, D, E and K) and water
soluble (vitamins such as B and C). These both groups can be determines about the how much
vitamins acts are present within the body. While this vitamins are being important in keeping boy
health and safety for which the longer several can be done.
4. Perfect opportunity to remind ourselves what cofactors are?
Cofactor that can be metals or some small organic molecules. While this can be perform
with having the primary section (Cotton and Lechtenberg, 2020). This could be able for assisting
about the necessary, reaction with having the enzyme that cannot perform alone.
5. Find out more specific details about vitamin absorption.
Vitamin absorption that can done through directly into the blood stream as food break
down during the digestion or this can be involves due to having the supplement dissolves. This
might be just because of having as body consist much of the water and many water-soluble
vitamins which can easily circulate into body.
6. Find any more pro-vitamins?
Antioxidant, Retinol, Cholecalciferol. Ergocalciferol, these are such as pro-vitamins
compounded that converted more having the body to vitamin (Bueno and et.al., 2020). While
such types of vitamin and pro-vitamins needs to be more dissolved and easily carried with bile
salt system.
7. Does requirement for thiamine change during pregnancy and lactation?

It might be well established for the thiamine that increased the requirement during the
pregnancy and lactation.
8. What are the major tissues that contain thiamine?
Human storage of thiamine is consist about the 25 to 30 mg (Sambon, Wins and
Bettendorff, 2021). This generally keep their concentration towards having the muscle, liver,
kidneys, brain, heart etc.
9. Can treatment with thiamine reverse the damage referred to when one has
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
Yes, the treatment with the reverse having the damage that could referred for having the
one with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Along with having long term condition for their
working and that could also led for improvement.
10. What is the difference between dry beriberi and wet beriberi?
Wet beriberi which can affects by heart and circulatory system. In some extreme cases,
wet beriberi that can cause heart failure. Dry beriberi damages the nerves which can led for
having the reducing muscle eventually and strength.
11. Does requirement for riboflavin change during pregnancy and lactation?
Riboflavin is not only safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding, as many doctor suggest
that this could increase human intake (Palacios and et.al., 2021). In addition to the 1.2 to 1.3
milligrams of riboflavin recommended for teenage and adult-age women, experts suggest taking
an extra 0.3 to 0.4 mg.
12. Greatest concentrations of riboflavin are found in which tissues and find any other
function?
Riboflavin is founded basically in some of the foods and that could be added to many
fortified body. While this can be recommend for having the proper digestion for food including
the following meals such as egg, organ meats etc.
13. What is the name given to the cracks and inflammation at the corners of the mouth?
Angular cheilitis is skin causes one or both at corner of mouth. This can be become more
painful and inflamed.
14. Are requirements for riboflavin increased in certain disease states?
As this can led for having the exposure for stress and certain drugs due to which this can
causes the well being body and harmful for longer stay (Lambertz and et.al., 2020).

15. How else is niacin referred to?
Niacin referred to the vitamin B3 which is an organic compounded that could lead for
having the essential human nutrient.
16. What happens to excess niacin in the body?
Some excess niacin that could take place by red blood cells to form the circulate reserve
pool (Kamalakannan and et.al., 2020). This can cause the easy bruising, vomiting and liver
damage.
17. What is the photo below showing?
The photo states about the niacin deficiency that can causes due to having the skin cancer
or some medicine reaction which can cause high skin diseases. This can be occur while having
the corn availability with 70% in body.
18. What is vertigo?
Vertigo is a sense of dizziness that gives the feeling of imbalance and sensation similar
to motion sickness or spinning of surrounding. It is an acute and sudden debilitating condition
that affects the body in sensing balance.
19. Define convulsion.
This means that condition in which muscles need to take some relax and contract quickly
while having the causes due to uncontrolled more about the shaking of the body (Rashid, Nasrin
and Rahman, 2020). This can led with some medical disorder, certain drugs, high levers etc.
20. Why should care be taken during cooking and processing of vitamin C?
Vegetable are generally sources of vitamin C. Which can be lose due to cooking in water.
In fact while having boiling and that can reduced the vitamin C rather than any other methods for
cooking.
21. Short paragraph about the James Lind
Lind entered in British navy which extended due to the English channel in 1747. He
have also work on scurvy which is basically based on their spots and many other thing that could
be essential for making history about the work. The overall the process that can easily recovered
in which the human being can come to know about their diseases.
22. Which tissues have high concentrations of vitamin C?
Kakadu plums it is known as the highest tissues which have to make their concentration
towards the vitamin C. While this could also contain the 5,300 mg per 100 grams.

23. What can you say about the prevalence of scurvy today?
This could be important for knowing about the vitamin C in human body. Through which
this also come to know about how diet plan and which might be important for taking the major
steps towards having the better option.
24. What does the evidence say regarding vitamin C treating colds/flu?
However, the first vitamin C that could allow tested the cold symptoms and there was
some of the evidence that can produced the large dose and make their benefits for having the
lower causes (Schiraldi, 2021). Lower supplementation that do not causes the large appear in the
prevention from the cold.
25. Is vitamin D, known by any other name?
As vitamin D can be caused by many other names with having the different brand name
such as Drisdol, Calciferol, cholecalciferol, 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol, and ergocalciferol.
26. Does requirement for vitamin D change during pregnancy and lactation?
This could be important for having the better vitamin D with 10 micrograms. While this
could led for level of supplementation for increasing ever sustain nutritional vitamin D status.
While vitamin D must be important during the pregnancy and lactation.
27. Who is at risk of low vitamin D and why?
The age group of the 65 or lower level of vitamin D due to having the changes in diets,
sun exposure or many other factor. While this could be highest risk in having low with the
vitamin D in body.
28. Find out at least 3 interesting facts about osteomalacia .
This could be receive more about from the sunlight such as middle east and also causes
which can include the traditional diets, dark skin, full body clothing and low calcium (Peacock,
2021).
29. Who may need vitamin D supplements and why?
High age people are required to having vitamin D while for having the proper diet and
this could also led them for having the proper estimation in keeping the proper diet and make
sure for having the high impact over the body.
30. What is beta-carotene?
It is types of red, orange and yellow pigment which approximately provide the 50%
vitamin A and this have been founded while by taking fruits, vegetables and whole grains.

31. Does requirement for vitamin A change during pregnancy and lactation?
Yes, while all types of vitamin are to be required at time of having pregnancy ad
lactation. Which might be important for the baby and mother for keeping their proper growth and
also make them for working with having the better effective role.
32. How else may these requirements be reported?
The old ages people are mainly required to report from which they can gain high impact
over the vitamin types and make sure for having long life.
33. Find out about absorption and metabolism of vitamin A.
Absorption and metabolism of vitamin A keep the human body with having the growth
and development, maintain about the cellular, reproduction and various other activities which
could be important for the high absorption rate (Iftikhar and et.al., 2020).
34. What other issues may once have if they are deficient in vitamin A?
The issues that can be creates such as Dry Skin, Dry Eyes, Night Blindness,
Infertility and Trouble Conceivin, Delayed Growth and Throat and Chest Infections.
35. What are carotenoids?
While this segment produce within the yellow, red and orange colours in plants, fruits
and vegetables. While this can be the various types of carotenoids and produce many bright
colours.
36. Find out a little more about vitamin A toxicity. How common is it?
While this can be found out with the various methods such as skin irritation, peeling etc.
Therefore, this cannot appear for overtime where the skin can appear with having the various
yellowish orange.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Blicharz, A. and et.al., 2020. Beriberi disease–a picture of thiamine deficiency in
underdeveloped and highly developed countries. Journal of Education, Health and
Sport. 10(9). pp.407-414.
Bueno, A.V.I. and et.al., 2020. Ensiling total mixed ration for ruminants: A
review. Agronomy. 10(6). p.879.
Cotton, T.R. and Lechtenberg, B.C., 2020. Chain reactions: molecular mechanisms of RBR
ubiquitin ligases. Biochemical Society Transactions. 48(4). pp.1737-1750.
Iftikhar, M. and et.al., 2020. Transport, metabolism and remedial potential of functional food
extracts (FFEs) in Caco-2 cells monolayer: A review. Food Research International. 136.
p.109240.
Kamalakannan, A. and et.al., 2020. Mushrooms–A Hidden Treasure.
Lambertz, C. and et.al., 2020. Effects of a riboflavin source suitable for use in organic broiler
diets on performance traits and health indicators. animal. 14(4). pp.716-724.
Palacios, C. and et.al., 2021. Current calcium fortification experiences: a review. Ann. NY Acad.
Sci, 1484. pp.55-73.
Peacock, M., 2021. Phosphate metabolism in health and disease. Calcified tissue
international. 108(1). pp.3-15.
Rashid, A.M., Nasrin, T. and Rahman, L., 2020. Iron insufficiency predisposes febrile seizure in
children.
Sambon, M., Wins, P. and Bettendorff, L., 2021. Neuroprotective Effects of Thiamine and
Precursors with Higher Bioavailability: Focus on Benfotiamine and
Dibenzoylthiamine. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22(11). p.5418.
Schiraldi, G.R., 2021. The Adverse Childhood Experiences Recovery Workbook: Heal the
Hidden Wounds from Childhood Affecting Your Adult Mental and Physical Health. New
Harbinger Publications.
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