Microservices Architecture: History, Types, and Advantages Report

This report provides a comprehensive overview of microservices architecture, a software development strategy that is a variant of Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). It begins with a historical perspective on computing, tracing its evolution from the Abacus to modern personal computers. The report then defines software architecture, emphasizing its importance and outlining various types, including client-server, component-based, monolithic, and peer-to-peer architectures. It highlights the advantages of software architecture, such as improved IT infrastructure design, code reusability, and reduced risks. The report also discusses the quality scenarios used to prevent system failures. The report also includes a discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of the various software architectures. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of microservices architecture for developing large applications and reducing the limitations of traditional monolithic architectures.

Running head: MICROSERVICES ATRCHITECTURE
MICROSERVICES ARCHITECTURE
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

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Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
History of Computing................................................................................................................2
Software architecture and its advantages...................................................................................3
Popular software architectures...................................................................................................8
Conclusion................................................................................................................................11
References................................................................................................................................12

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Introduction
Microservices are a software development strategy. It is a variant of the Service
Oriented Architecture (SOA). In case of Microservices architecture services are fine-grained
and protocols used are very lightweight. In present scenario, this architecture is very popular
because it mainly follows the agile software development methodology. It is used to develop
single applications of small services (Liu et al., 2020). Each service are running within its
own procedure. Enterprises are moving towards the Microservices architecture because they
are moving to the agile software development and they are showing their interest in DevOps
as well as continuos testing. It can be deployed independently.
This report highlights the history of computing (Mazzara et al., 2020). In this report,
definition of software architecture, its importance and main types of software architecture is
discussed.
History of Computing
In early 300 B.C, Abacus was used for performing some computing. It was used in
Babylon, currently known as Iraq (Khan, 2020). Schikard invented a counting tool in 1623.
The name of tools was calculating clock. After a few years, calculator was invented by
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibneiz. He also invented the calculus, binary numbers and many
important concepts of mathematics. He also developed many important ideas of logic as well
as philosophy.
With the help of binary, inventors was able use the punch card systems for their first
electronic computer systems (AbuDaqa et al., 2020). Later on, IBM adopted this technology
and used it very efficiently. At the time of Second World War, IBM and Harvard University
jointly created a computer named Harvard Mark I computer. The length and breadth of this

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computer were respectively eight feet and fifty one feet. It had 750,000 parts including
seventy-two accumulators and sixty-two rotary switches. Each of these switches could be
used as a constant register.
In 1966, HP company build their first computer named HP 2116A. Many instruments
were present within that computer (Khan, 2020). In 1974, HP Company designed a memory
processing system. For designing this system, DRAM (Dynamic Random Memory Access)
chips were used.
In 1975, the first personal computer was designed named MITS Altair computer. It
was situated inside a box and assembled by the purchaser (Leonardi et al., 2020). The former
Chief Executive Officer of Microsoft, Mr. Bill Gates was inspired by this development and
dropped out the Harvard University. After a few years, first computer of Apple Company was
launched into the market. The name of the computer was Apple I.
After this invention, computers became smaller, easier to use and powerful. In 1981,
Osborne Company launched Osborne I computer into the market. It was the first laptop
which was launched into the market (Liu et al., 2020). The weight of this laptop was 24.5
pounds and expenditure was $1,795. When the manufacturers designed smaller technologies,
the revolution of personal computer was really taken off.
Software architecture and its advantages
Software architecture provides detailed description of the software. It also describes
its important parts and relation among them. It has many important factors such as quality
attributes, human dynamics, IT infrastructure as well as many others. It helps to develop
some efficient solutions to reach all the technical as well as operational requirements. It helps
to perform the optimization (Mazzara et al., 2020). Software architecture helps to provide

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some abstraction for managing the complexity of a system. It has a significant contribution in
the development of the software of an organisation. These are as follows:
 Selection of the structural elements as well as their interfaces
 Behaviour of those elements while doing the collaboration
 Composition of the behavioural as well as structural elements within a large
subsystem.
 Designing of software architectures related to the goals of a particular business.
 Providing guidance to the company with the help of architectural design.
The primary goals of the software architecture are to detect the needs that may affect
the structure of the application (Shahin & Babar, 2020). An excellent architecture removes
various types of business risks associated with the development of the technical solutions. It
helps to construct a bridge between technical and business needs. Some of the targets of the
software architecture are:
 Understanding of all use-cases as well as scenario.
 Trying to address the needs of various stakeholders.
 Improvement of the quality and functionality of the systems.
 Improvement of the external confidence within the company or the system.
 Hiding the application details of the system
 Handling functional as well as quality requirements of the system.
Software design is an important part of software architecture (Schreiber et al., 2020).
It helps to develop the design plan of a system, how they are fitting and working in
collaboration to reach all the needs of the system. There are many objectives of the design
plan. These are as follows:

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 For performing negotiation of the requirements of the system
 Establishing the expectations with the consumer, marketing teams and management
staffs of an organisation.
 Acting as a blueprint at the time of the development procedure.
 Providing guidance of the application tasks which includes detailed design, coding,
integration and testing procedure (Rozi et al., 2020).
Figure 1: Software architecture
Source: https://towardsdatascience.com/10-common-software-
architectural-patterns-in-a-nutshell-a0b47a1e9013

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There are various types of quality scenarios which is used to describe the procedure
for prevention of becoming failure of a system (Song, Nguyen & Chauvel, 2020). These are
categorized into six different parts. These are as follows:
 Source
It can be defined as the internal as well as some external factors such as
people, hardware, software, physical infrastructure and many others (Shahin, &
Babar, 2020).
 Stimulus
A condition that requires to be met when it reaches to a particular system
(Rozi et al., 2020).
 Environment
Under some circumstances, the stimulus occurs (Schreiber, 2020).
 Artifact
It means the entire system or a particular portion of the system such as
processors, persistent storage, procedures and many others (Rozi et al., 2020).
 Response
It defines an activity which is conducted after reaching the stimulus such as
defect faults; recover from faults and many others (Park, Kim & Yeom, 2020).
 Measurement of response
It is used to calculate the occurred responses so that testing operation can be
performed successfully.

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Advantages of software architecture are as follows:
 Viewing the entire state of the Information Technology, one should
look at the architecture (Pahl, Jamshidi & Zimmermann, 2020). It
helps to design the vision which an organisation needs to focus for
their IT infrastructure. For successful implementation of the software
architecture it is very important that some person should take the
ownership of the software architecture and provides vision in the entire
SDLC.
 In this particular stage, preliminary decisions are taken. These have a
great impact in the entire software development projects.
 Software architecture describes the models and functionality of various
software developments. It has the possibility for reusing the model for
other software architecture. Coding of the software development can
be reused very efficiently (Mohammed, Fiaidhi & Tang, 2020).
Developers can gain huge experiences from this type of development.
It can also be migrated. Developers can reuse their initial software
design. Software architecture integrates on the problem that may
highlight the application of that particular architecture.
 Software architecture helps a company to perform analysis on its
present Information Technology and detects the areas where the
changes are important for saving the cost for the project (Megargel,
Shankararaman & Walker, 2020). Architecture may highlight that
more than one database systems could be modified, so that only one
product can be used by the company. It helps to provide a basis for

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reuse and reduces the software cost. The procedure of architecting can
perform both the use and implementation of reusable assets.
 It is very easy to maintain the current software because the structure of
the code is well-known and visible (Mazzara et al., 2020). For that
reason, it is very easy to detect the errors within the codes.
 Software architecture helps to reduce the chances of risks occurred
during the development of the software.
 Software architecture and documentation of the software is treated as
the training to software development team of the software. There may
be some changes in the software development team of the company
because of joining and resigning of various software personnel.
Providing training to the newly joined employees in the company can
take some time (Liu et al., 2020). An outstanding design of the
software architecture helps the new developers to develop efficient
software. The maintenance of the software of a company is very
lengthy as well as time consuming procedure.
Popular software architectures
 Blackboard
It is an efficient software development strategy. There are no deterministic
solutions strategies for the development of software (Leonardi et al., 2020). For the
development of the possible partial solutions, many subsystems are allocated to
collect the knowledge.
 Client-server architecture

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It is called a computing model for software architecture. By using this model,
a developer can easily perform the hosting of the server. It has the ability to perform
and manage the resources adopted by various clients. It contains many client
computers which are connected to the central server or with an internet. This
architecture shares computing resources to the client. That is why, it is called the
network computing model (Khan, 2020). There are many types of client server
architecture. These are as follows:
 Shared resources
 Functional modules
 Scalability
 Integrity
 Authentication
 Availability
 Service Encapsulation
 Component based architecture
Main focus of this architecture is the decomposition of the design procedures
within the separate functions or some logical components which is used to represent
some communication interfaces such as methods, events and properties (Jiang, Pei
& Zhao, 2020). It gives high quality of abstraction and segregates problems into
smaller sub-problems. Each of them is related to the partition of the components.
Features of component based architecture are as follows:
 Reusable
 Not context specific
 Can be replaced

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 Independent
 Encapsulated
 Extensible
Advantages of component-based architecture are as follows:
 It is responsible to reduce the development of the software for reusing
the exisisting component.
 It is used to increase the reliability of the software for reusing the
software component.
 Monolithic architecture
It is a conventional unified model for the development of the software
program. In this case, components of the software programs are interdependent as
well as interconnected (Chandramouli & Butcher, 2020). In this architecture, any
module can be modified without affecting the other modules of software.
 Peer to peer architecture
It is the most popular architecture for computer networks. In this architecture,
every workstation has similar capability as well as responsibility. It can be compared
with the traditional client-server architecture. It is very useful to highlight a single
software program which can act as both client as well as server. It has many
applications (Asrowardi, Putra & Subyantoro, 2020). But most common is the
distribution of the content. It also includes some software distribution as well as
publication. There are three types of P2P architecture. These are as follows:
 Pure P2P
 Hybrid P2P

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 Centralized P2P
The main issue of P2P based applications are network neutrality. It is treated
as a principle that highlights no prevention on the content of the internet,
technologies, format, gadgets and many more. Popular Internet service providers are
trying to control the use of internet (AbuDaqa et al., 2020). It establishes some
financial barriers for the individual users as well as small publishers.
Conclusion
Microservices architecture is most important for developing large applications.
Maintenance of this architecture can be performed very easily. Lots of additional efforts are
needed for the managing the networks of this architecture. It helps a lot to remover the
limitation of the traditional monolithic architecture of software development. Amazon Web
Services offers a huge amount of portfolio that helps the software developers to design the
Microservices architecture. It also helps reduce the complexity related to the operation of the
software.

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References
AbuDaqa, A., Mahmoud, A., Abu-Amara, M., & Sheltami, T. (2020). Survey of Network
Coding Based P2P File Sharing in Large Scale Networks.
Asrowardi, I., Putra, S. D., & Subyantoro, E. (2020). Designing microservice architectures
for scalability and reliability in e-commerce. In Journal of Physics: Conference
Series (Vol. 1450, p. 012077).
Chandramouli, R., & Butcher, Z. (2020). Building Secure Microservices-based Applications
Using Service-Mesh Architecture (No. NIST Special Publication (SP) 800-204A
(Draft)). National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Jiang, L., Pei, Y., & Zhao, J. (2020). Overview Of Serverless Architecture Research.
In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1453, p. 012119).
Khan, M. (2020). Scalable invoice-based B2B payments with microservices.
Leonardi, E., Mellia, M., Kiraly, C., Cigno, R. L., Niccolini, S., & Seedorf, J. (2020).
Network Friendly P2P Streaming: The NAPA-WINE Architecture.
Liu, S., Wang, J. H., Wang, J., & Zhang, Q. (2020). Achieving User-Defined Location
Privacy Preservation Using a P2P System. IEEE Access, 8, 45895-45912.
Mazzara, M., Bucchiarone, A., Dragoni, N., & Rivera, V. (2020). Size Matters:
Microservices Research and Applications. In Microservices (pp. 29-42). Springer,
Cham.
Megargel, A., Shankararaman, V., & Walker, D. K. (2020). Migrating from Monoliths to
Cloud-Based Microservices: A Banking Industry Example. In Software Engineering
in the Era of Cloud Computing (pp. 85-108). Springer, Cham.

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Mohammed, S., Fiaidhi, J., & Tang, M. (2020). Towards using Microservices for
Transportation Management: The New TMS Development Trend.
Pahl, C., Jamshidi, P., & Zimmermann, O. (2020). Microservices and Containers. Software
Engineering 2020.
Park, J., Kim, D., & Yeom, K. (2020). An Approach for Reconstructing Applications to
Develop Container-Based Microservices. Mobile Information Systems, 2020.
Rozi, I. F., Ariyanto, R., Pramudita, A. N., Yunianto, D. R., & Putra, I. F. (2020, January).
Implementation of microservices architecture on certification information system
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Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 732, No. 1, p. 012085). IOP Publishing.
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Reviewable and Testable Applications. In Joint Post-proceedings of the First and
Second International Conference on Microservices (Microservices 2017/2019).
Schloss Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik.
Shahin, M., & Babar, M. A. (2020). On the Role of Software Architecture in DevOps
Transformation: An Industrial Case Study. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.06108.
Song, H., Nguyen, P. H., & Chauvel, F. (2020). Using Microservices to Customize Multi-
Tenant SaaS: From Intrusive to Non-Intrusive. In Joint Post-proceedings of the First
and Second International Conference on Microservices (Microservices 2017/2019).
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