IT Networking and Communication Assignment 1: MITS4004

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MITS4004
IT Networking and Communication
Assignment 1

Contents
Answer1:....................................................................................................................................3
Answer 2:...................................................................................................................................3
Answer 3:...................................................................................................................................3
Answer 4:...................................................................................................................................3
Answer 5:...................................................................................................................................4
Answer 6:...................................................................................................................................4
Answer 7:...................................................................................................................................4
Answer: 8...................................................................................................................................4
Answer 9:...................................................................................................................................5
Answer 10:.................................................................................................................................6
Answer 12:.................................................................................................................................7
References..................................................................................................................................8

Answer1:
Open system interconnection (OSI) model is a part of the conceptual model that creates a
standard for the different systems for the flexibility of communication with each other. There
are seven layers are OSI protocol as:
Application layer, Session layer, physical layer, data link layer, transport layer, presentation
layer and network layer
Transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) is a communication protocol used
for the interconnection purpose of network devices with the internet. Intranet or extranet is
the types of the private network used in the TCP/TP protocol. The layers of the TCP/IP
protocols are like network, transport, physical and application (Rouse, 2019).
Answer 2:
The OSI model has seven layers like an Application layer, Session layer, physical layer, data
link layer, transport layer, presentation layer and network layer. On the other side, TCP/IP
protocol suite has four layers like network, application, transport and physical. Both the
networking models have layered architecture with some similar functionalities. Both
techniques are a protocol stack and a reference model. Both models also have some
differences that relate to tangible, usage, layers and developers (Torres, 2007).
Answer 3:
The TCP/IP protocol suite has 4 layers that are the part of the OSI protocol suite that has
seven layers. The network support layers are like, physical layer, network layer and data link
layer as these layers include, reliability, electrical specification and physical connection.
Layers that support by the users are like, presentation layer, application layer and session
layer. These layers are the part of the OSI protocol suite and related to TCP/IP protocol suite
(Alienor, 2018).

Answer 4:
In the term of networking, data encapsulation defines as the method of data transfer from one
protocol to another, across a network. The packet of TCP/IP includes the ATM frame, that is
referred to as the encapsulation. On the programming side, encapsulation defines as the code
section that can’t use by the programmer from a program (Hope, 2017).
Answer 5:
The layer of data link layer is the part of OSI model that have different complex liabilities
and functionalities. The details of the underlying hardware hide by the layer of data link and
it used to represent it as the upper layer for the medium of communication. The layer of data
link has 2 sub-layers like logical link control and (mac) media access control. The core
functionalities of the layer of data link are like synchronization, addressing, error control,
framing, flow-control and multi-access.
The responsibility of the layer of data link is to convert the data stream into the signals by
step of bit by bit and send them to over the fundamental hardware. Pick up the data from the
hardware that is available in the method of electrical signals and assemble these signals into a
frame format to hand-over to upper layer (tutorialspoint, 2019).
Answer 6:
The major difference between the layer of network and the transport layer is that the transport
layer used the logical communication process for the running process of different hosts. On
the other side, the network layer used to provide logical communication between the hosts.
The layer of network used to communicate from sources to destination and the transport layer
communicate from process to process (Garud, 2016).

Answer 7:
As define the data link layer in the above answer, that provides different services to detect the
error control and destination with the higher layers. Data link layers have sublayers that are
known as logical link control (LLC), that used to stop the running protocol over the
application. It defines different characteristics used in the recorder ad segment of the data.
The TCP/IP protocol used to call the identifies of a number.
Answer: 8
The network layer is a part of the OSI protocol suite, and goal of the model is to distribute the
information packets from source to destination through the different network. The network
layer is not required when two systems are linked to each other in the same network. The
network acts as a controller when different channels signals reroute. The major functions of
the network layer are as:
 It used to interpret the logical address of a network into a physical address. As the
layer of network uses the mechanism to transfer the packets to the destination.
 Network layer used the gateways and routers for the operations of this layer to deliver
the packets.
Different design issues of the network layer as it is difficult to determine the number of
packets that transfer from source to destination. It is difficult to track the records of all the
packets. The responsibilities of network layer are to deliver packets from source to
destination with using a different network. Logical address and routing are the major
responsibility of network layer. In the logical addressing, add a header to the packet that
comes from the upper layer and includes the logical address of receiver and sender.
The routing defines as the when an internetwork used to link with a network or the
connecting device (gateway or router) to deliver the packets to the destination. Routing a like
a process data that used to transfer data from source to destination.
Answer 9:
The transport layer is the part OSI model that used to represent for the communication over a
network. The logical communication running over a host with the application process and
different tools as the network components.

The transport layer also manages the error corrections and reliability of the end and provide
quality. The layer of transport receives the correct data and provides the hosting to the
different services. This layer is also known as the host-to-hot protocol. Layer of transport
have different services/responsibilities like,
 Connection-oriented communication
 Byte Orientation
 Same order delivery
 Traffic control
 Data integrity
 Multiplexing
 Flow Control
These are some responsibilities of the layer of transport used in the process distribution of the
packets. Improve the functionality of UDP (user datagram program), SCTP (Stream control
transmission protocol), TCP (transmission control protocol) and DCCP (datagram congestion
control protocol) (corenetworkz, 2007).
Answer 10:
The process of the port address, physical address and logical address starts as the system used
to find a network in the logical address and this network is from source to destination, after
finding this network, identify the host on the same network and this process include in
physical address. In the port address, it checks the machine on which the application is
running.
 Logical Address: It is known as the IP address of the system and it is the grouping of
both ids, net id and host id. Identify a network by using this address among all
networks. It is known as the logical address as it can change the host position on the
network.
 Physical Address: NIC (network interface card) is used to connect two systems
physically with using cables. Mac address or the physical address is known as the
NIC-address and data link layer to use this address and it specifies by the
manufacturer company.
 Port Address: A system has different applications and each application has a port
number on which it runs. This port number is logical and decide by the OS Kernal and
it is known as port address (Prasad, 2014).

Answer 11:
The application layer is a network application with also a standard internet service that can
use by anyone. Transport layer helps to the application layer to receive and send data. Here is
the example of some services that provided by the application layer as below:
 Standard TCP/IP serves like, telnet commands, ftp and tftp
 Directory services (LDAP)
 File services like NFS services
 UNIX command “r” like, rsh, rlogin
 Name services like NIS and DNS (domain name system)
 Router discovery server protocol (RDISC) & RIP (Routing information protocol)
 SNMP (Simple management protocol), that used to enable network management
Answer 12:
Presentation, application and session layers are the part of the OSI model with 4 other layers.
On the other side, these three layers combine as one layer in TCP/IP protocol with three
layers. OSI model is more good than TCP/IP model as it has seven different layers for each
purpose and uses in almost every network model. Purpose of the different layers of OSI
model explains below. There are not many advantages of the combination of session,
presentation and application layers of the OSI model in a single layer of TCP/IP model, as the
working of the TCP/IP is as a model of client-server and working of OSI is as a mode of
conceptual. OSI is a reference model and TCP/IP are a standard protocol. Here defines each
layer of OSI as below:
 Application layer: Human-machine interface
 Presentation layer: compression, coding and encryption
 Session layer: session control, authentication and permissions
 Network layer: switching, addressing and routing
 Transport layer: end-to-end error control
 Physical layer: Topology, Bitstream and communication
 Data link layer: access, flow control physical link and error detection (techdifferences,
2016)

References
Alienor (2018). Network Layers Explained: OSI & TCP/IP Models [with examples]. [online]
Plixer. Available at: https://www.plixer.com/blog/network-monitoring/network-layers-
explained/ [Accessed 7 May 2019].
corenetworkz (2007). Role of Transport Layer - Responsibilities and Protocols. [online]
Corenetworkz. Available at: https://www.corenetworkz.com/2007/06/what-is-role-of-
transport-layer-in-osi.html [Accessed 7 May 2019].
Garud, J. (2016). Difference Between Network Layer and Transport Layer - Electronics Post.
[online] Electronics Post. Available at: https://electronicspost.com/difference-between-
network-layer-and-transport-layer/ [Accessed 7 May 2019].
Hope, C. (2017). What is an Encapsulation?. [online] Computerhope. Available at:
https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/encapsul.htm [Accessed 7 May 2019].
Prasad, V. (2014). What is the difference between port address, logical address and physical
address?. [online] 2IT414-Distributed Systems. Available at:
https://2it414vkp.wordpress.com/2014/01/27/what-is-the-difference-between-port-address-
logical-address-and-physical-address/ [Accessed 7 May 2019].
Rouse, M. (2019). What is TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)? -
Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] SearchNetworking. Available at:
https://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/TCP-IP [Accessed 7 May 2019].
techdifferences (2016). Difference Between TCP/IP and OSI Model (with Comparison Chart)
- Tech Differences. [online] Tech Differences. Available at:
https://techdifferences.com/difference-between-tcp-ip-and-osi-model.html [Accessed 7 May
2019].
Torres, G. (2007). The OSI Reference Model for Network Protocols - Page 4 of 5 - Hardware
Secrets. [online] Hardware Secrets. Available at: https://www.hardwaresecrets.com/the-osi-
reference-model-for-network-protocols/4/ [Accessed 7 May 2019].
tutorialspoint (2019). DCN Data-link Layer Introduction. [online] tutorialspoint. Available at:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_communication_computer_network/
data_link_layer_introduction.htm [Accessed 7 May 2019].