Models of Youth Development: Comparative Analysis of Maori Models

This essay provides an in-depth analysis of Maori models of youth development, specifically focusing on Te Whare Tapa Wha and Te Pae Mahutoka. The essay begins with an executive summary highlighting the importance of health and its development from birth. It then delves into the background of Maori health perspectives, emphasizing the holistic model. The core of the essay compares and contrasts the two models, detailing their distinct features and applications. Te Whare Tapa Wha, developed by Dr. Mason Durie, is examined through its four dimensions: mental, spiritual, physical, and relational health. Te Pae Mahutoka, also developed by Dr. Durie, is explored through its components of Mauriora, Waiora, Toiora, Te Oraka, and Te Manukura, emphasizing the impact of colonization and cultural factors. The essay assesses the models, highlighting similarities, differences, and their applicability to youth development. It concludes with final judgments and recommendations for improving youth health within the Maori community, stressing the importance of cultural and spiritual dimensions.

Running Head: MODELS OF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT
MODELS OF YOUTH DEVELOPMENT
NAME:
INSTITUTION:

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Executive Summery
Health is a very important thing in our current society. There should be a proper health for the
community to find itself complete. The health is based from the development of person since
the day of birth to the date of death. The parents and the guardians should start exercising
good health to their children since health has its basis at the young ages. From Maori models
of health development, he discusses the health in general and how it affects the youth and
society in general. Going through the models you will understand how the health is
perceived, how it should be and its effects. The address of youth development health is also a
great concern to the Maori people.

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Table of Contents
Models of Health development.............................................................................................................4
Background............................................................................................................................................4
The models............................................................................................................................................4
Model 1.................................................................................................................................................4
Te Whare Tapa Wha..............................................................................................................................4
Model 2.................................................................................................................................................6
Te pae mahutoka...................................................................................................................................6
Comparison of the two models.............................................................................................................7
Differences............................................................................................................................................8
Assessment of the models.....................................................................................................................8
Conclusions............................................................................................................................................9
Recommendations...............................................................................................................................10
References...........................................................................................................................................11
Models of Health development

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Background
Maori thought about the health is basically on a well-being or the holistic model of health.
According to Maori the major deficiency in the current health is spiritual dimension ‘’taha
wairua’’. His models mainly focuses on the development of youths. They focus mostly on the
health of the people (Reid et al., 2014). The models have distinct features which makes
Maoris models be used mostly in health sectors to explain the development of the youth.
There have been a lot of the gap in the development of people. A lot of the youth develop
with some negative things in their minds. The problem has adversely affected the living and
more so contributed in deteriorating the health in the current society.
This paper will choose two models from Maoris perspective, it will identify the examples of
where the model has been used and it will compare and contrast between the selected two
models. It is important to compare and contrast since we will derive the best model which
will be most appropriate to be applied (Pitama et al., 2014). Final judgements will also be
made and their applicability to youth development as long as health is concerned.
The models
The models which will be used here are E tIpu rea and MAU whereby Mau with cover the
youth development.
Model 1
Te Whare Tapa Wha
This model was developed by the by Dr. Mason Durie in Maoris philosophy towards health
that is based on the holistic health and a model of wellness known as Te Whare Tapa Wha.
This model states that health is brought about by the four dimensions which are represented
by the basic perceptions and believes of life (Brewer & Andrews, 2015). He views health in
the following dimensions; Te taha hihengaro meaning psychological health, Te taha wairua

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meaning spiritual health, Te taha Tiana meaning physical health and the taha whanau
meaning relational health. The dimensions can also be the characteristics of the model.
Taha hihengaro (Mental/psychological health)
Dr. Mason describes these as the capability to communicate, to feel and also to communicate.
He proposes that thinking and feeling emotions are the crucial components of the body and
soul.
Taha wairua (spiritual health)
This describes ones capacity for believing and having faith and the required core values for
development. He states that health is relates to things which can never be seen or unspoken
powers and energies which is driven by the availability of the spiritual powers (Harfield et
al., 2015). This generally determines as individuals and also as collective. It brings questions
on who and what are, where we come from and also where we are ending to.
Taha tinana (physical health)
This tackles the capacity for general physical growth and also development. For a proper
growth of human beings, there should be a good physical health. Good physical health helps
us from external harm and also infections. For Maori, the physical feature is one of the
aspects of good health and the wellbeing which can never be excluded from the mind aspects,
family and also people spirits.
Taha whanau (family health)
This relates to the capability of belonging, to care and to share what we have whereby the
individuals are part of the wider society or social systems (Wilson et al., 2016). The family
provides us with the power and the strength be who we are. It is also a link to our ancestors,
our connection from the past and also the future. Having the knowledge of the family and

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how it contributes to illness and its assistance during illness is the base of understanding
Maori health issues
Model 2
Te pae mahutoka
Te pae Mahutoka was developed was purposely developed for the development of health by
Professor Mason Durie, a leading Maori doctor (Sirichareon, 2015). The model is based on
the Southern Cross star constellation known as (Te pae mahutoka) considered as one of the
most famous characteristics in the southern skies.
Aspects of Healthy Maori as per the model
Mauriora
This is an expression of the well living which is based on securing the cultural identity of the
Maori people. Colonialism according to this model has ruined the culture. There has been a
systematic attack on Maori succession, political structure, and land tenure among others. As a
result of these diculturization, the leaders have made the necessary efforts to reverse the
policies. Colonisation has really resulted to poor health for the indigenous people. Cultural
dislocation is becoming a risk factor like in the prevalence of diabetes type two and the
personal construction must involve the health issue. Maori communities should be able to
access centres of culture and be trained reo Maori training. Health services are advised to
work with iwi considering the needs of Maori who are living outside.
Waiora
This model reflects the essential connection Maori must be having to the land and waters that
sustain them and also focusing on the healthy environment. There have been land alienation
that has been followed by features like deforestation, pollution and environmental

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degradation (Gifford et al., 2017). Through this Maori suffer from traditional food access and
exposure to the environment that has not been polluted.
Toiora
There is also a cultural alienation which leads to poor environment, colonization has also put
the health conditions in poor state. There is a poor diet, low exercise and injury rates
increases whereas there is a very low access to the drugs.
Te Oraka
This entails participation in the big society taking into consideration of the decision of
everyone (Nliania et al., 2016). Due to colonisation, there is a lot of marginalised Maori from
the centre of political decision making which leads to discrimination in health leadership.
Te manukura
It is about the leadership whereby the communities participate in the status of their health.
For this to go through, the communities must identify the health risks which faces them and
their immediate response.
Comparison of the two models
From the discussion of the two models, we have identified several similarities and
differences. We have understood that the models have one common goal which is improving
the health of the Maori communities. The Maori people we have seen that they are following
the traditions and from the two models can conclude that they are taking health in tradition
perspectives (Wikaire et al., 2017). They mostly focus on the spiritual and cultural things
which are traditions to make their health complete.

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Differences
The two models view life from different dimensions. The first model indicates that health is
brought by the psychology, mentality, spiritually and family dimensions whereas the second
model basis its arguments from the colonisation and change in culture how it affects the
health of the Maori people (Wepa, 2015). The cultural perspective is the key component in
the second model in which you cannot be healthy in a rotten society. The first model also
talks about the youth development about the health whereas the second model deals with the
general health of the Maori people.
Assessment of the models
On accessing the model you can clearly see that the first model, Te whare tapa wha is basing
its information on the development of youth. It bases argument that human is based on the
development being physically, mentally and also psychologically. One is considered healthy
if he is physically fit, emotionally stable, mentally active and also the family support. One
should. Family support is essential part in the development of the human health. Good food
given to the family members by the breadwinners helps a lot in one having good health.
From the second model, the culture is an integral part for example if someone believes that
the ancestral spirits can heal one would easily get healed. Through that faith of ancestors,
healing can be so easily to (Rata & Zubaran). The people of Maori. In the first model, there is
a mention of faith which is an important thing during development. A believe to the unspoken
things and the unforeseen things is very important to the people of Maori.
The first model also states that for the development one needs to be physically fit so that he
can defend himself or herself from the external threats or attacks. The first model also points
out that the spirit of sharing is a very important thing since the less privileged people will
have something to eat and that their health will be stable to perform communal jobs (Hayman

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et al., 2015). Sharing also enables people to have access to the health services even when she
has no money. This will definitely improve the communal health.
Poor environment also affects a lot the health of the youths of Maori. For the health
development, the environment should be clean which will mean it would be free from the
diseases. The clean environment is brought about by the communal cooperation to conserve
environment (Wabrick et al., 2016). The Maori people take it as their responsibilities to keep
the environment clean.
The first model talks about the sense of belonging whereby one has to accept himself or
herself for the whole development as long as health is concerned (Curtis et al., 2015). If one
is totally believing that he can accomplish a certain task, definitely he was always be happy
and that his or her health will be good enough.
The second model talks about the colonialism effects which resulted to the deterioration of
the culture (Thayer & Kuzawa, 2015). The people of Maori were not allowed to visit the
colonialism health centres and points out how the colonisers interfered with the culture that
was believed to be the healing power.
The second model talks about the essence of the leadership in the health sector. The
government involvement in leadership is very important since every health worker would
work with the laid policies and regulations. The leaders of Maori community are therefore
should come together and make the health sector best and accessible for everyone.
Conclusions
From the two models, you can conclude that health is a very important thing in human.
Health starts immediately one is conceived up to the date of death (Rata & Zubaran). The
development of health is a thing that should be addressed in a clear way by the learners,
inventor and also the government involved.

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From the two models you have seen that the first model that is Te whare tapa wha, you can
see it has several characteristics for the human development. The essential factors that are
considered include mental, spiritual and also family support as explained by its features. The
health should be perceived in the mentioned perspectives as addressed by the first model of
development
Culture and social activities are the integral things which should be addressed to the young
people to involve themselves in (Thayer & Kuzawa, 2015). The cultural activities and
development activities when practised by the youth they would not engage themselves in
drug abuse which can make the health wanting.
Recommendations
I would recommend that the first model is the best on since it talks more about what is
exactly needed for a one to have concerning health since he is born up to where he is. The
first model puts emphasise on the health of youth and what is required for him or her grow
healthy (Rata & Zubaran). The factors like physical, mental, and spiritual dimensions are
really what is required for the development of human as far as health is concerned.
If one is physically fit for the food he takes since his young stage, he will not be able to get
infected so easily hence he will stay healthy (Thayer & Kuzawa, 2015). Again, having a
peace of mind will definitely help someone recover easily and be free from diseases. Stress
brings about the lack of immunities which may make your body so weak in fighting the
germs.

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