Musculoskeletal System: Joints, Disorders, and Treatments - Biology

This report provides an overview of the musculoskeletal system, encompassing bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. It details the six major joint types and discusses sarcopenia, a degenerative muscle disorder. The report also covers three specific disorders: carpal tunnel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and tendinitis, outlining both surgical and non-surgical treatments, including the use of splints, NSAIDs, and glucocorticoids. References to relevant research and textbooks support the information presented. This assignment is designed to help students understand the structure, function, and common ailments of the musculoskeletal system and their treatment.

• It comprises of the bones
present in muscles,
cartilage, skeleton,
tendons, joints, and
ligaments that support
and connect the organs
and tissues1.
• Individual bones present
in the system create a
framework that helps in
attachment of organs and
soft tissues.
• Red bone marrow inside
the bone cavity helps in
production of white
blood cells, red blood
cells
SIX MAJOR JOINTS
TREATMENT
Musculoskeletal system
Name of the Student
Name of the University
• Ball and socket joints
• Ellipsoidal joint
• Saddle joint2
• Gliding joint
• Hinge joint
• Sarcopenia is
characterised by the
degenerative loss of mass
of the skeletal muscles,
strength and quality
correlated with
immobility and aging3.
• It reduces muscle
strength, impairs
mobility, and weakens
bones
• Physical exercise
• Intake of protein and
calories
• β-hydroxy β-
methylbutyrate4
supplements2
MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM
ONE DISORDER
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
(CTS)
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Tendonitis
THREE DISORDERS
TREATMENT
• Nonsurgical therapies
splints and wrist bands5
• Non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs)6
• Combination of
conventional therapy with
glucocorticoids

References
Atroshi I. and others, "Treatment Of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome With Wrist Splinting:
Study Protocol For A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial", Trials, vol. 20, no. 1,
2019
Barrett K. and Ganong W., Ganong's Review Of Medical Physiology New York,
McGraw Hill, 2016.
Marzetti E. and others, "Sarcopenia: An Overview", Aging Clinical and
Experimental Research, vol. 29, no. 1, 2017
Petty, N. J. and Barnard, K. (Eds.), Principles of Musculoskeletal Treatment and
Management E-Book: A Handbook for Therapists Elsevier Health Sciences, 2017
Tortora G. and Derrickson B., Principles Of Anatomy And Physiology New York,
N.Y., Wiley, 2018.
Varacallo, M. and Mair, S. D., Rotator Cuff Tendonitis In StatPearls [Internet],
StatPearls Publishing, 2019