Nervous System: Comprehensive Overview of Structure and Function

This assignment provides a comprehensive overview of the nervous system, detailing its three main functions: recollection and knowledge, voluntary regulation of drives, programming of spinal string reactions, and control of the internal environment for homeostasis. It classifies the nervous system into the central (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral systems. The assignment elaborates on the roles of cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum, describing their specific functions. It further explains the meninges surrounding the central nervous system and the location and functions of cerebrospinal fluid. The document then describes the origin, structure, and functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, including the nervous system's response to stepping on a sharp object. It also differentiates between myelinated and unmyelinated neurons, and explains the events that lead to a nerve impulse, the chemical transport across a synapse, and the structure and function of endocrine glands, including their connection to the nervous system for neuroendocrine control. References are provided at the end.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

List the overall tasks of the nervous system
There are three broad functions of nervous system including Recollection and knowledge,
voluntary regulator of drive, programming of spinal string reactions and control of internal
environment of body in order to uphold homeostasis.
What is the structural ordering of the nervous system?
The nervous system is classified into two major areas like the dominant and outlying
nervous system as the dominant nervous system is the brain and spinal string and the marginal
nervous system is all in the body (Peker and Gozuacik, 2020).
List and designate the purposes of the main parts of the cerebral hemispheres,
diencephalon, brain stem and cerebellum
 Cerebral hemispheres: It is the effective part of brain that control muscle functions,
emotions, reading, writing and learning. For this, the right hemisphere tends to control
muscles on the leftward part of body and the left hemisphere switch muscles from the
right side of body.
 Diencephalon: It relies on the sensory information among the brain regions and also
control various autonomic functions. It includes various functions to work together with
body parts like sense impulses throughout the body, autonomic functions, Endocrine
functions, Motor function, Touch perception, Hearing, vision, taste and smell (Choi and
et. al., 2020).
 Brain stem: The major function of brain stem is to control the center for the various
important involuntary actions of body like breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure and other
reflexes.
 Cerebellum: Cerebellum tends to receive details after the sensory system, spinal cord
then the additional portions of brain in terms to controlling the motor movement.
Briefly describe the meninges that surround the central nervous system and
state the location and functions of the cerebrospinal fluid
The brain and spinal cord both are enclosed by the three coatings of meninges regarding the
defensive covers like pia mater, arachnoid mater and dura mater. The cerebrospinal fluid
environs the brain and also provide shock absorption to prevent from the injury.

Briefly describe the origin and structure of sympathetic and parasympathetic
nerves and state three functions of each nerve
 Sympathetic nerves: This nerve undertake various nerve cells which are found in
peripheral and central nervous system. This nerve allows organisms the overall ability to
activate various responses in order to lead for coordinate flight or responses.
 Parasympathetic nerves: The parasympathetic nervous is responsible for the rest and
digestion of body regarding the response when the body is relaxed, resting and feeding.
This nervous system tends to decrease respiration and heat rate and increase digestion
(Hyung and et. al., 2021).
Describe the nervous system response to stepping on a sharp object
If human being step on something sharp then the nerves send pain signal to the spinal cord
and by this, brain tends to recognise the danger and also send another signal down to nerves in
the leg or foot muscles to tell them to pull away from the object.
Briefly describe the parts of an unmyelinated and a myelinated neurone. State
the functions of neurons and neuroglia
 Myelinated nerve: The fibre of this nerve contain myelin sheath and also appear as white
in the new state. Myelinated fibres demonstration suitable nodes then internodes by
possess notes of Ranvier.
 Unmyelinated nerve: This fibre does not have the myelin sheath and the fibres also
appear as grey in the fresh state. These fibres do not show notes an internodes and also
does not possess the Notes of Ranvier (Zhang and et. al., 2020).
Briefly define the events that lead to a group of a nerve impulse
Nerve impulse is produced when the stimulus is robust as it leads to activates the electrical
and chemical variations in neuron.
Briefly describe the steps involved in chemical transport across a synapse
The chemical transmission undertakes the release of chemical messengers which are known
as neurotransmitters as they lead to carry information from the pre-synaptic in order to send
neuron to the post synaptic receiving cell.

Briefly define endocrine glands and give one functional difference between the
endocrine and nervous system. Using a named endocrine gland describe its
connection to the nervous system to illustrate neuroendocrine control
Endocrine glands are ductless glands as they discharge their hormones straight into the
lifeblood.
The nervous system announcements neurotransmitters whereas endocrine glands release
hormones over the blood to direct communications.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Choi, D and et. al., 2020. Energy scavenging artificial nervous system for detecting rotational
movement. Nano Energy, 74, p.104912.
Hyung, S and et. al., 2021. A 3D disease and regeneration model of peripheral nervous system–
on–a–chip. Science Advances, 7(5), p.eabd9749.
Peker, N. and Gozuacik, D., 2020. Autophagy as a cellular stress response mechanism in the
nervous system. Journal of molecular biology, 432(8), pp.2560-2588.
Zhang, X and et. al., 2020. Advances in nanomedicines for diagnosis of central nervous system
disorders. Biomaterials, p.120492.