Network Protocols, SDLC & ITSM: A Comprehensive Report

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NETWORK PROTOCOLS, SDLC & ITSM

Introduction
The report is based on the protocol’s pf network, SDLC and ITSM. The report will discuss
the different approaches of SDLC and compare the different network protocols. The main
highlight of the report is the discussion on the network protocols, agile development
methodology, the designing process of apple and along with that some points of IT project
management.

1.
i)
According to the question, Folder size is equal to 1024.00 bytes
Payload size is equal to 128.00 bytes
Answer: TCP header composition is given as 20 Bytes
IPVP header composition is given as 28 bytes
File size / No. of segments (8) = 128 bytes
Or, (40 added to 128) *8 = 1344.00 bytes
Computation of overhead = 1344 *(100 /1024)
= 131.2500%
Overhead is equal to to131.250 + (-100) which is equals to31.2500
ii)
Bytes consisting by TCP / IP equal to 40 Bytes
So, each byte is equal to 128
Or, (60 +120) * 8 is equal to 1344.00 bytes
Or, TCP /IP overhead is equal to to1504.00 bytes
An estimate of the overhead = 1504 * (100 /1024)
= 146.870 percent
Overhead is equal to 146.87 + (-100) = 46.8700

2. IP is a connection-less protocol, whereas TCP is connection-oriented.
How can these two protocols coexist in the same protocol stack?
Table 1: IP and TCP
Internet Protocol (IP) The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
IP is a set of protocols that comprise of the
message organizes that are computerized and
contains arrangements that are required for the
interchange of message among PCs that are
linked by means of a solitary system framework
or a system plan that are interconnected with the
utilization of Internet Protocol suite. The
essential capacity of the IP is the entrance of
datagrams from the beginning spot host to the
PCs that are accepting the data that is reliant
upon the addresses.IP protocol is a
connectionless protocol that is where the
information is to be exchanged and the basis of
the information does not require any sort of
setup before the transmission. It doesn't require
any sort of association among the arrival
address over the bundle and the location of the
beneficiary before sending the bundle.
Figure 1: Internet protocol
TCP is a protocol that fundamentally clarifies
the way wherein the system discussions can be
kept up or set up through which information can
be effectively traded. TCP fundamentally
involve a portion of the fragments of the session
layer and the transport layer in the OSI model.
TCP is a convention that is association based
that guarantees the foundation of association
between the projects of the application until the
entire procedure of message exchange is
finished.TCP describes the procedure of the
breaking application into bundles of information
that can be conveyed, send or acknowledged by
system layers, controls the progression of the
messages and furthermore recognize every
information that is sent from the source and that
is to be received by the receiver.
Figure 2: TCP/IP protocol
Coexistence of IP and TCP protocols in the same stack of the protocols

The coexistence of the Ip and TCP protocols can be seen in the end to end transmission
process where the entire work cannot be completed by TCP. The working of the two
protocols are entirely different but in the end to end process of message transmission the
motes that are present in the intermediate are not controlled by TCP at the node ends in this
case the nodes portion of the position at the intermediate of the end to end transmission is
controlled by IP that is responsible for the understanding and the delivery of the messages.
3. Mention one advantage and one disadvantage of an Agile method.
Agile Model of software development
Agile model is a model type that portrays steady technique for application improvement
which incorporates the quick and well-organized designing and the development of the
product that is to be delivered. The utilization of an Agile technique for application
advancement is for an application that is time basic. This model of software development
basically is an incremental process in which the earlier function is considered in the
development of the stages of the development phase and the release of each phase is
dependent on the previous phase. The nature of product advancement is guaranteed by
nonstop testing of the product before its discharge.
Figure 3: Agile Methodology
Advantages of Agile Methodology
Customers are satisfied as the delivery of the services ate always on time.

During the development process, more emphasis is given to the interaction between
the stakeholders of the project that is the client and the developers not on the tools and
techniques that are to be used.
Communication is well maintained by a continuous face to face interaction.
Flexible to the changes
Any kind of requirement can be added at any time of the development that helps in
the generation of product that is exactly according t the needs of the client.
Regular attention to good designs and technical excellence.
Disadvantages of Agile Methodology
The effort that is required at the starting of the project cannot be calculated in the
agile method this occurs mainly in the case of the deliverables that are huge.
The documentation and the designing part of the development are not taken care
much.
There is no defined cost and scope of the project in the agile methodology.
Only the senior management people are responsible for the decision-making
processes involved in the development.
The boundaries of the project are not defined in agile methodology so there may occur
huge expansion in the project deliverables.
There is a lack of documentation agile methodology that can cause the new tea
members problem in understanding the development processes.
Figure 4: Advantages of Agile Methodology

4. Compare and contrast the Agile method and Evolutionary software
development process. Explain with an example.
Table 2: the contract between evolutionary and agile method

Agile Method The evolutionary software development
process
The evolutionary model and the agile model are
same regarding the functionality of the model as
the in agile methodology there are three
components in the development process that
includes the iterative, incremental and
evolutionary, and evolutionary is one of the
components of an agile model. The evolutionary
model is a bit different as it contains a defined
time and cost constraint along with the proper
documentation of the development phases. The
development of software through agile method is
same as an evolutionary method as both the
methodologies involves the development of
software's in an incremental method by dividing
the development process into small components
and any changes can be made at any development
stage according to the changing needs of the
clients.
Figure 5: Agile Method
As similar to the agile method it shows
incremental development of the software.
Evolution software development process is
basically for the development of a product that are
as per the clients need and with less use of the
resources and thus cost and also with less risk of
project failure or any kind of loss. The main
difference in the software development of the
agile and the evolutionary model is that of
documentation, evolutionary model has
documentation of each phase of the software
development that basically helps in the initiation
of the sales cycle at the starting stage of the
development as well as in the development of
product in an effective manner with the proper
documentation that is followed by the marketing
and the sales persons involved in the project. This
model helps in reducing the development risk
related to the product and also helps in cost
reduction through continuous interaction and
documentation.
Figure 6: Evolutionary Model

Example of the Software development relating to evolutionary and agile methodology:
extreme programming (XP) is one of the best examples in stating the relating function of
Agile and evolutionary method. Both the evolutionary and the agile methodology are flexible
regarding the customer viewpoint and their requirement and produces similar products at the
end of the development phase with the same strategical development and delivering similar
profits. The requirement of the product is first determined by the developer that is then
created as the product buildup. After the buildup of the project regular meeting is attended by
the developer and the client for keeping the track of the product development and for
implementation of any changes at the development phase. Continuous sprints are developed
and decided after the conduction of meeting after each development phase and after the
revision of the product build up. This process is repeated until the final product is ready to be
delivered to the client.
Figure 7: Agile and evolutionary method example
5. Analyze the uniqueness of Apple design process.
The market analysis always shows that Apple comes up with new technologies and creative
design that are unique in the market and proves an identity among its competitors with the
unique and innovative designed provided by them. Given below are the steps that are
followed by the Apple design team in bringing the unique design solution to life:
Formation of a startup: Startup formation

After deciding the design of the new product that is to be launched by Apple the company
forms a new separate team through secrecy agreements. Apple ensures the protection of the
source code of their new project by locking the area where the development and the
documentation regarding the project are stored.
Apple New Product Process (ANPP)
This team comes into action when the design of the new product is prepared. The setting of
all the details regarding the development of the product and the procedure of the development
is formed by this document. This help in keeping track of all the activities regarding the
uniqueness of the product that is decided during the designing phase.
Weekly reviewing of the product
All the designing and the development processes that are ongoing in the company are review
and checked every weekly by the Executive Team of the company or the product to be
launched. This is possible as Apple focuses on the production of fewer products for a
specified time period as for proper execution of the designing phases of any new product by
the company.
The EPM and the GSM
As soon as the production of the product is initiated two persons are responsible for
managing and the monitoring of the production process the engineering program manager
(EPM) and the Global Supply Manager (GSM).
After the completion of the product, the product is built and tested
Once the product prototype is complete then it is tested against various conditions and certain
limits are set and flexibility of the handling the product is decided. The testing procedure that
is followed by Apple is entirely unique and interesting that ensure the durability and other
factors of the products.
The room for packaging of the product
Packing room is one complete room that is dedicated to the packaging or the new products.
The room is completely secured and the security of each and every section of the packaging
is ensured by dedicating a complete dedicated room for each activity.

The control of the launch of the new product by Rules of Roads
Rules of Road are the action plan that is developed for the launch of the new product. This
document is very sensitive and confidential as this contains information about all the
milestones that were involved in the designing and the development of the new unique
product.
6. Describe three reasons for project failure.
There are many reasons for the failure of any project that is dependent upon the type and the
objective of the project. Keeping the three factors that are discussed below in the starting of
the project will result in the failure of most of the projects:
Unrealistic budget and time expectations with poor budgeting: As per the
statistics, most of the development projects fail due to improper management of cost
and time. The funds of the projects are not managed and expectations are set
unrealistically that goes over the project final budget. Cost management also includes
the selection of proper designing prototype going cheap can cause maintenance cost in
the future. Cost failure is the most common factor that is statically proven to cause the
failure of the project.
Improper analysis of the feasibility of the project: Not analyzing the feasibility of
the project also causes the failure of the project at its later stage when the project
outline is not matching the requirement and the conditions of the project development.
The improper framework of the project feasibility causes failure if the project. It is
required to check whether the project is feasible under cost time and the requirements
of the client.
Poor communication: The development project requires a transparent
communication between the developer and the client such that the requirements are
clear and less change are to be implemented at the later stage of the development. The
communication plan is required to be implemented at each stage f the development
from the onset of the project. Communication breakdown is stated as on the
prominent reason for the project failures that occur.