Hands-on Networking Projects: Subnetting and IP Addressing

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Networking Fundamentals

Question 1
OSI (Open System Interconnection) Model is a theoretical approach understanding the data
flow from one device to another. OSI model is a layered architecture which involves seven layers
interacting with the above or below layers. Each layer in the OSI model have their own distinct
functions which they strictly perform while the data is passed through that layer. Following are
the functions that are involved with each layer in the OSI model –
Layer Number Layer Name Functions
1 Physical Layer  Synchronization of bits
 Control of bit rate
 Physical Topology
 Communication Mode (ex. Simplex,
Duplex)
2 Data Link Layer  Frame
 Physical Address
 Error Control
 Flow Control
 Access Control
3 Network Layer  Routing
 Logical Addressing
4 Transport Layer  Segmentation
 Reassembly
 Port Addressing
5 Session Layer  Session creation, management and
termination
 Synchronizing
6 Presentation Layer  Compression
 Translation
 Encrypting and Decrypting data
7 Application Layer  Network services
 GUI (ex. Browser)

Difference between Hardware and Software layer of OSI model –
Hardware Layer Software Layer
 It includes layers – Physical, Data Link
and Network layer
 These is called hardware layers because
they directly deal with the hardware
related information such as in physical
layer physical topology is used, in Data
link layer MAC addresses are used and
Network layer logical addresses are
assigned to the interfaces.
 It includes layers – Application,
Presentation and Session layer
 These are called software layers because
they work on the data which is used to
present to the user. These layers are used
by software and programs installed on
device to manipulate or understand the
data like compressing, GUI, encrypting
etc.
Network layer is recognized as internet layer of OSI model just because of its nature of working.
The network layer uses several routing protocols such as RIP, EIGRP, BGP etc. for determining
the destination and source of a packet. And according to that source and destination address it
compares that to the route available for that packet and transmits accordingly or else drops it.
Internet totally works according to the Routing.

Question 2
Hands On Project 2-3
Figure 1: Subnetting IP address (192.168.0.0)
In figure 1, is the practical implementation of the subnetting over an online subnet calculator
available at www.gestioip.net/cgi-bin/subnet_calculator.cgi. This link is used to access the online
subnet calculator. Following are the steps involved –
1. Open calculator at www.gestioip.net/cgi-bin/subnet_calculator.cgi.
Figure 2: Opening online Subnet calculator

2. Enter 192.168.0.0 in IP address field and selecting IPv4
Figure 3: Providing IP address 192.168.0.0
3. Selecting BM as 24 from BM drop down menu
Figure 4: Selecting BM as 24
4. Click calculate
Figure 5: Hitting Calculate button
5. Analyze the information provided in the table generated such as network 192.168.0.0,
Netmask 255.255.255.0, host range from 192.168.0.1 to 192.168.0.254, transmit address
192.168.0.255 and total IP addresses 254.

Hands On Project 2-4
In this project Hands On is based on the understanding of IP addresses and subnetting these
addresses using online tutorial guide available on www.ralphb.net/IPSubnet/index.html.
Figure 6: IP Addressing Tutorial Guide
In figure 6, is the tutorial guide which provides a good comprehensive knowledge about the
various terms related to IP Addressing and their implementation regarding the subnetting.
Following are the brief information about each sub section in this tutorial –
1. Introduction – Providing a brief topics information about what are included in this tutorial.
Figure 7: Introduction

2. IP Addressing – In this section about IP addresses and its different classes are explained.
Figure 8: IP Addressing
3. Subnetting – In this subnetting method and masking is discussed and default masks of each
class are shown.
Figure 9: Subnetting
4. More Restrictive Subnet Masks – In this logical AND operation working with example is
illustrated and it is also mentioned to how to derive information about a subnetwork, subnet
mask, broadcast address and IP address range.

Figure 10: Restrictive Subnet Masks
5. CIDR – In this section Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR) is defined with paradigm.
Also Supernatting is defined .
Figure 11: CIDR
6. Allowed classes – These are the tables which provides information about the allowed subnet
and its Host IP Addresses for each class (example Class A).

Figure 12: Class A Subnets
Figure 13: Class B Subnets
Figure 14: Class C Subnets

7. Logical Operations – In this section different logical operations like AND operation are
explained with examples.
Figure 15: Logical Operations

Hands On Project 2-4
In the project named Hands On there is practical implementation of calculating subnet and its
related information and then comparing it with other result with the online page available at
www.subnet-calculator.com. Following are the screenshots and information about the results –
Figure 16: Calculating subnet for 192.168.0.0 /26
In figure 3, following are the information –
Subnetwork – 192.168.0.0
Subnet Mask – 255.255.255.192
Subnet Bits – 2
Subnet Mask Bits – 26
Maximum Subnets – 4
Hosts Per Subnet – 62
Broadcast Address – 192.168.0.63
Host IP address Range – 192.168.0.1 – 192.168.0.62

Figure 17: Calculating subnet for 10.0.0.0 /16
In figure 4, following are the information –
Subnetwork – 10.0.0.0
Mask of Subnet – 255.255.0.0
Bits of Subnet – 8
Subnet Mask Bits – 16
Maximum Subnets – 256
Hosts per Subnet – 65534
Address of Broadcast – 10.0.255.255
Host IP address Range – 10.0.0.1 – 10.0.255.254