Internet Networking Assignment: TCP/IP, OSI Model, and Subnetting

This assignment explores core networking concepts, beginning with an overview of the OSI model and its seven layers, detailing the function of each layer and its role in communication. It then contrasts the OSI model with the DoD/TCP/IP model, highlighting the similarities and differences between the two. The assignment further delves into addressing, differentiating between MAC and IP addresses, and explaining the role of the ARP protocol. Finally, it addresses a practical subnetting scenario, calculating host requirements after a 40% growth and proposing an IP addressing scheme. The assignment concludes with a discussion of IPv6 and protocols for IPv4 to IPv6 transition, emphasizing the importance of addressing the limitations of IPv4 in the face of network growth.

Assessment Title:
Student Name & ID:
Subject Name and Code:

Internet networking with TCP/IP 2
Question 1
OSI model refers to the standard reference model that describes how devices of computing
environment communicate with one another via the network. Such a model provides a regulatory role
to vendors and developers to permit the interoperation of communication products and digital software
program applications. Furthermore, OSI model offers an open framework that gives a description of the
duties of networking and telecommunication systems. OSI model idea is a technique that allows end-to-
end communication. For an end-to-end communication to be achieved, OSI model is subdivided into
subsection. It should be note that the section below serves the section above. Each section/layer
performs a number of functions as below table:
Layer Function
Physical layer This is the first layer of OSI model. The layer
works on mechanical time and electrical
parameters over a link.
Data link layer This is the second layer of OSI model. It is also
termed as link layer. It is accountable for transfer
of information over a link.
Network layer This is the third layer of OSI model. It is
accountable for data routing through a network
allowing computing systems to interact.
Transport layer This is the fourth section of OSI model. It is
accountable for data transmission among end-to-
end computing devices. It corrects errors. Loss of
packets together with duplication of packets is
corrected here.
Session layer This is the fifth layer of OSI model. It is
accountable for managing of sessions among the
end-to-end application programs.
Presentation layer This is the sixth layer of OSI model. The Layer is
accountable for information formatting and
display.
Application layer This the seventh and the last layer of OSI model.

Internet networking with TCP/IP 3
At this layer, data is represented in a visual
manner that a computer user can decipher. It
should be noted that these are not applications
themselves but they are services that programs
ought to have an ability to use it.
OSI standard model can be largely classified into two huge groups. These groups are software and
hardware layers. Whereas software layers refers to the top three layers, (that is, presentation, session
and application layers) hardware layers refer to the remaining four bottom layers, (these are data link
layer, transport layer, network layer and physical layer). The key difference between the two groups is
that the hardware layer regulates the reconstruction of an information stream from the source
computing device to the end computer, for software class, it regulates on how networking applications
in a computing environment works in order to communicate to one another.
DoD or TCP/IP models internet model layer matches to OSI model’s network layer. For OSI model’s
network layer has a responsibility of ensuring that information is packed, devices are correctly
addressed, and data is correctly transferred. Internet layer performs the same roles for DoD model.
Question 3
According to Bianco & Neri, MAC addresses denotes to the hardware coded addresses on the Network
Interface card. These addresses take the format of XX-XX-XX-XX-XX, where X is a hexadecimal digit. MAC
addresses necessary to uniquely identify networking devices on a LAN. An IP address on the other hand
refers to a unique number assigned to the computing devices to uniquely identify these devices on the
internet. ARP protocol plays an important role in the translation of an IP addresses to MAC address and
vice versa (Bianco & Neri, 2013).
Question 4
Addressing design
We have been offered an IP of 180.76.0.0/16 by our service provider. For this network address, we
necessitated to perform subnetting considering the mention company has a growth capability of
40% (Carthern, et al., 2016). It the table below, we calculate the number of hosts required after a
40% growth.

Internet networking with TCP/IP 4
Site Location Number
of Hosts
Growth
of 40%
Resulting number
of required hosts
Branch1 Advertising 2000 800 2,800
Online Sales 4000 1600 5,600
Between Branch1& Branch2 2 Null 2
Head Quarter Sales 16000 6400 22,400
Marketing 8000 3200 11,200
Branch 2 Product Support 1000 400 1,400
Technical Support 500 200 700
Between Branch 1&HQ 2 Null 2
IP addressing Scheme
Below is the addressing for our subject company,
Name of the
location
Number
of
expecte
d hosts
Network
Address
Mask Range of
Usable
addresses
Broadcast
Sales 22400 180.76.0.0 255.255.128.0 180.76.0.1 -
180.76.127.2
54
180.76.127.2
55
Marketing 11200 180.76.128.
0
255.255.192.0 180.76.128.1
-
180.76.191.2
180.76.191.2
55

Internet networking with TCP/IP 5
54
Online Sales 5600 180.76.192.
0
255.255.224.0 180.76.192.1
-
180.76.223.2
54
180.76.223.2
55
Advertising 2800 180.76.224.
0
255.255.240.0 180.76.224.1
-
180.76.239.2
54
180.76.239.2
55
Product Support 1400 180.76.240.
0
255.255.248.0 180.76.240.1
-
180.76.247.2
54
180.76.247.2
55
Technical
Support
700 180.76.248.
0
255.255.252.0 180.76.248.1
-
180.76.251.2
54
180.76.251.2
55
Between HQ&
Branch2
2 180.76.252.
0
255.255.255.2
52
180.76.252.1
-
180.76.252.2
180.76.252.3
Between
Branch1&Branc
h2
2 180.76.252.
4
255.255.255.2
52
180.76.252.5
-
180.76.252.6
180.76.252.7
Between Bran
ch&HQ
2 180.76.252.
8
255.255.255.2
52
180.76.252.9
-
180.76.252.1
0
180.76.252.1
1
(Duggan, 2014)
It is should be noted that growth is inevitable and number of IPv4 addresses are likely to be depleted.
This should note stop networking. IPv6 was developed to cab the shortcomings of IPv4. However, for a
company to adopt IPv4, there exists protocols which will aid in the transition process. IP-NATPT and dual

Internet networking with TCP/IP 6
stack protocols are the technical necessities that will assist full migration from IPv4 to IPv6 (Rogers,
2014).

Internet networking with TCP/IP 7
Bibliography
Bianco, A. & Neri, F., 2013. Next Generation Optical Network Design and Modelling. New York City:
Springer.
Carthern, C., Wilson, W., Rivera, N. & Bedwell, R., 2016. Cisco Networks: Engineers' Handbook of
Routing, Switching, and Security. New York City: Apress.
Duggan, M., 2014. Cisco CCIE Routing and Switching v5.0 Configuration and Troubleshooting. In: Cisco
CCIE Routing and Switching. Indianapolis: Cisco Press, pp. 321-3330.
Rogers, B. E., 2014. CompTIA Mobility+ Certification All-in-One Exam Guide. New York City: McGraw Hill
Professional.