HLT54115 Diploma of Nursing: Anatomy and Physiology Written Assessment

This nursing assignment analyzes and responds to client health information, focusing on the anatomy and physiology of various human body systems, including cells and tissues, integumentary, musculoskeletal, nervous, endocrine and senses, cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, lymphatic, im...Read More

HLT54115 Diploma of Nursing
HLTAAP003 Analyse and respond to client health information
Written Assessment Student Copy
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Instructions to Students
This assessment requires students to submit a written assessment for each of the body
systems studied in this unit
- Cells and Tissues
- Integumentary System
- Musculoskeletal System
- Nervous System
- Endocrine and Senses System
- Cardiovascular System
- Respiratory System
- Urinary System
- Lymphatic System
- Immune System
- Gastrointestinal System
- Reproductive System
Students will be required to answer the following questions, according to each body system,
to demonstrate your knowledge of the Anatomy and Physiology of the human body.
1. What is the Anatomy of this system?
What is it?
2. What is the Physiology of this system?
How does it work?
3. Provide a pictorial representation.
4. Does this body system work with other systems in the body? How?
5. List 2 diseases (pathophysiology) of this system and how they impact on it.
6. List 2 Medications and contraindications and contraindications and
contraindications related to the diseases chosen. Include their use, drug
interactions and side effects.
7. How does this system defend itself? What is the Immune Responses related to this
system?
8. What are the main signs of aging according to this system?
9. List types of trauma
10. What Nursing Interventions and planning services would you implement/action
when caring for a client with the above chosen diseases?
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The following websites may assist with this assessment
http://www.innerbody.com/
http://www.livescience.com/37009-human-body.html
Cells and Tissues
1. Anatomy
Cells
A cell is considered to be the most important aspect of human life and thus considered as building
blocks. It primarily comprises of cytoplasm, which is a combination of proteins and nucleic acids
enclosed within a membrane.
Types of cells
There are mainly two types of cells, which are differentiated on the basis of presence of a nucleus.
Eukaryotic cells containing nucleus encompasses organisms with single cell while prokaryotes
without a nucleus can be both single-celled or multiple.
Tissues
Tissue is a collaboration of cells responsible for performing similar functions and tends to act as a
cellular structure in between organs and cells.
2. Physiology
A significant branch of biology, physiology is concerned with the normal functional operational
activities of living entities and their body organs. It encompasses the series of activities undertaken
by human body in relation to external changes.
3. Pictorial Representation
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4. Related systems/ how
Human physiology comprises of several functions like circulatory, digestive, endocrine,
integumentary, immune, nervous, urinary, musculoskeletal, respiratory and reproductive.
5. Pathophysiology
Common diseases relating to cell comprises of cancer, mutation and angiogenesis.
6. Defence and Immune Responses
Skins acts as the primary tool of defence against foreign pathogens from entering inside human
body. Antigen present on the surface of a cells is responsible for sparking immune response.
7. Medications and contraindication
Medications used to treat cell dilemma comprises of antibiotics, pain-killers and hydroxyurea.
Contraindication of cell comprises of pharmacologic agents, contaminates, malignancy and
hematologic disorders.
8. Degenerative Changes
Degeneration in cells occur due to nonlethal injury associated which is manifested to be biochemical
functional abnormality.
9. Types of Trauma
Trauma to the cells and tissues occurs due to sudden injury associated with a shock, scrape or fall
and ultimately results in damaging the inner cells of the body.
10. Nursing Interventions and planning services
Cell and tissue related diseases can be treated with blood transfusions, surgery, antibiotics, pain-
relieving medications and vitamins.
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Integumentary System
1. Anatomy
The anatomy of integumentary system comprises of epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, hair, nail,
sebaceous glands, ceruminous glands and sudoriferous glands.
2. Physiology
Integumentary system is concerned with protecting the body from external environmental influence.
In this case skin primarily acts as protection shield for the underlying tissues.
3. Pictorial Representation
4. Related systems/ how
The integumentary system is responsible for handling the functional activities of skin, exocrine
glands, nails and hair form external germs and influences.
5. Pathophysiology
Chronic skin conditions like eczema results in causing severe and long-term impact. Acnes affects the
oil glands of skin.
6. Defence and Immune Response
The skins work in collaboration with other body parts to defend any the integumentary system. The
specialised cells present in different layers of skin acts as immune response to the system.
7. Medications and contraindications
Eczema can be treated with corticosteroid creams, ointments, solutions and foams. Sometimes it can
result in causing itching and red skin.
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8. Degenerative Changes
With age, skin becomes rough, fragile, transparent, bruised and develops lesions known as benign
tumours.
9. Types of Trauma
Acne and skin cancer are considered to be the most significant trauma associated with
integumentary system.
10. Nursing Interventions and planning services
Dermatologists are primarily looked forward to cure diseases of integumentary system and requires
prolonged medical supervision.
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Musculoskeletal System
1. Anatomy Skeletal – bones
Bone is the primary aspect of musculoskeletal system responsible for supporting and providing
necessary protection to multiple organs of human body. There are 206 bones in total.
Joints
The meeting point of two or more bones is known as joints and it allows flexibility to the entire body.
There are six types of joints in human body.
Muscles
Muscles acts as the point of conjunction of two or more bones. The connection is done with the help
of tendons.
2. Physiology
The musculoskeletal system is primarily concerned with providing support, assistance, movement,
and stability to tissues and organs of human body.
3. Pictorial Representation
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4. Related systems/ how
The receptors present in the muscles looks forward to providing brain with necessary information
relating to movement and position and also controls the overall skeletal muscle contraction.
5. Pathophysiology
The receptors present in the muscles looks forward to providing brain with necessary information
relating to movement and position and also controls the overall skeletal muscle contraction.
6. Defence and Immune Responses
The system provides defence against any form of inflammation occurring in relation to protein heat
shock and myokine production in body. The immune response process ensures safety against trauma
and external bacterial and foreign particle influence on internal organs.
7. Medications and contraindications
Medical drugs with benzodiazepine formulation and cyclobenzaprine are used. Intoxication of drugs
may result in weakening the muscle joints.
8. Degenerative Changes
Severe influence on knee joints, fatigue, weakness of bones and most common presence of arthritis.
9. Types of Trauma
Trauma can result due to accidental fall, injuries from sports and work accidents.
10. Nursing Interventions and Planning Services
A musculoskeletal diagnosis looks forward to performing close coordination and examination of the
overall muscular structure of the body.
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Nervous System
1. Anatomy
The anatomical structure of nervous system comprises of a central nervous system comprising of
brain and spinal cord along with a peripheral nervous system.
2. Physiology –
The system on obtaining signals from brain goes ahead with passing to other parts of the body.
3. Pictorial Representation
4. Related systems/ how
The nervous system requires calcium from bones to ensure proper functioning.
5. Pathophysiology
The failure of nervous system results in causing Alzheimer, which affects the memory of individuals
and Bell’s Palsy, a sudden paralysis of muscles in face.
6. Defence and Immune Responses
The nervous system looks forward to regulating the immune responses by taking into consideration
release of neurohormones, neurotransmitters and neuropeptides.
7. Medications and contraindications
Benzodiazepine drugs like Valium and Ativan are used to treat nervous system disorders.
8. Degenerative Changes
With aging, the nervous system is subjected to subtle morphological neural changes.
9. Types of Trauma
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Trauma like respiratory arrest, break down of central nervous system like traumatic and spinal cord
injury.
10. Nursing Interventions and planning services
Electrodiagnostic tests and nerve conduction velocity are used to treat nervous system disorders.
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Endocrine and Senses System
1. Anatomy
Sensory – General Endocrine
Sensory system is part of nervous system concerned with stimulus recipient and transfer of signals
to central nervous system for action and interpretation. Endocrine system is a complex network of
organs and glands.
2. Physiology
Sensory system processes receptors, neural pathways and parts of human brain for the purpose of
sensory reception. Endocrine system regulates the growth and metabolism of bod
3. Pictorial Representation
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4. Related systems/ how
The reproductive hormones secreted by the endocrine system are used for the purpose of managing
sensory system of nervous operations. The circulatory system serves as a medium of transport for
information required in endocrine system.
5. Pathophysiology
Endocrine diseases: thyroid, osteoporosis, results in causing hormonal imbalances. Sensory: multiple
sclerosis, stroke results in malfunctioning of brain.
6. Defence and Immune Responses
The endocrine and sensory system work hand in hand to protect each other from danger.
7. Medications and contraindications
Antineoplastic drugs cure endocrine issues while sensory disorders can be cured using selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
8. Degenerative Changes
The overall hormonal growth reduces in endocrine system reduces with age where as hearing
impairment seems to be very common in relation to sensory.
9. Types of Trauma
Any form of traumatic injury in brain can cause damage to both the systems.
10. Nursing Interventions and planning services
Treatment requires proper medication and diagnosis.
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Cardiovascular System
1. Anatomy
Comprises of heart, which along with arteries, veins and capillaries pump blood all over the body.
2. Physiology
Responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrient and hormones to the different cellular components of
the body along with disposal of metabolic waste products.
3. Pictorial Representation
4. Related systems/ how
The blood vessels associated with arteries and vessels comprise of muscles which pushes blood to
other parts of the body.
5. Pathophysiology
Heart failure and cardiac arrest are the notable diseases.
6. Defence and Immune Responses
The veins, capillaries and arteries look forward to protecting heart from any form of virus invasion.
7. Medications and contraindications
Medicines like aspirin and thrombolytics are used and if not taken under expert supervision may
cause severe damage.
8. Degenerative Changes
The muscle cells in heart degenerate along with thickening of vales present within the heart.
9. Types of Trauma
Blunt, penetrating and non-penetrating trauma is found in case of cardiovascular system
10. Nursing Interventions and planning services
Bypass surgery and lowering the formation of blood clots causing heart attack.
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Lymphatic System
1. Anatomy
The system comprises of kidney, skin, liver, colon and lungs. It is mainly responsible for handling the
lymphoid tissues of body.
2. Physiology
The system is responsible for returning lymph fluid to the cardiovascular system through vessels. It
removes toxic bi-products through the body end organs.
3. Pictorial Representation
4. Related systems/ how
The system works with cardiovascular process of body and mainly responsible for returning fluid to
blood.
5. Pathophysiology
Glandular fever and tonsillitis are the common diseases of the lymphatic system.
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6. Defence and Immune Responses
The system ensures that the body is able to protect itself from diseases through the process of
identifying and destroying pathogens.
7. Medications and contraindications
Drugs like prednisone and dexamethasone can be used. However, there are certain restrictions and
procedures to use, otherwise it might result in causing side effects.
8. Degenerative Changes
With age, the lymph nodes often result in getting damage.
9. Types of Trauma
The primary trauma in this regard comprises of lymphedema.
10. Nursing Interventions and planning services
Diagnosis comprises of MRI scan, CT scan and doppler ultrasound.
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Immune System
1. Anatomy
The major component of immune system is lymphatic system comprising of spleen, bone marrow,
lymph nodes, ducts and thymus gland.
2. Physiology
The system comprises of a network of cells, organs and tissues to ensure high degree of protection
to human body.
3. Pictorial Representation
4. Related systems/ how
The system goes on patrolling every organ in the body and ensure smooth transportation of the
lymphatic system by close coordination with the circulatory system.
5. Pathophysiology
Several autoimmune diseases like Type 1 Diabetes, Lupus and Rheumatoid arthritis.
6. Defence and Immune Responses
The immune system takes help of the antigens present in cells to protect itself as well as other body
parts.
7. Medications and contraindications
Azathioprine and Cytotoxic drugs are used for immune system disorder. The drugs can sometimes
cause severe complexity to the entire system.
8. Nursing Interventions and planning services
Blood tests are usually done for the purpose of diagnosis.
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Respiratory System
1. Anatomy
The anatomy of respiratory system mainly comprises of lungs and a respiratory tract.
Upper Respiratory tract
Nose, Sinuses, Nasal cavities and pharynx.
Lower Respiratory tract
Trachea, alveoli, bronchi and bronchioles.
2. Physiology
The system looks forward to expelling carbon dioxide from body and successful intake of oxygen
inside body.
3. Pictorial Representation
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4. Related systems/ how
The respiratory system works with circulatory system for the purpose of ensuring smooth circulation
of blood and oxygen all over the body.
5. Pathophysiology
Pneumonia, Asthma and chronic bronchitis are notable disease of the system.
6. Defence and Immune Responses
The system ensures trapping dust particles and pathogens to enter lungs through the use of sticky
mucus present within it ensure safety of its anatomy.
7. Medications and contraindications
Bronchodilators, corticosteroids and antimicrobials.
8. Degenerative Changes
The respiratory muscle strength decreases with aging along with impairment of cold chronic cold
and cough.
9. Types of Trauma
Broken or fractured ribs and pulmonary contusions.
10. Nursing Interventions and planning services
Diagnosis comprises of biopsy, blood test, chest x-ray and bronchoscopy.
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Digestive System
1. Anatomy
The digestive system comprises of mouth, intestines, stomach, salivary glands and oesophagus.
2. Physiology
The system ensures digestion and absorption of the food intake of humans by breaking down food
into small particles to ensure smooth absorption into bodily development.
3. Pictorial Representation
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4. Related systems/ how
The digestive system works with circulatory system to ensure the flow of absorbed nutrients present
all over the body.
5. Pathophysiology
Crohn disease, inflammation of digestive tract of human body. Others include, appendicitis, cholera
and jaundice.
6. Defence and Immune Responses
The digestive system looks forward to protecting itself with the help of enzymes present inside the
saliva of mouth.
7. Medications and contraindications
Mucosal protectants and adsorbents, antibiotic drugs and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
8. Degenerative Changes
With age, the overall flow and speed of digestive operations slows down significantly.
9. Types of Trauma
Blunt trauma causes severe damage to digestive system in children.
10. Nursing Interventions and planning services
Upper GI tests takes into consideration performing x-rays of stomach, duodenum and oesophagus
for further diagnosis.
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Urinary System
1. Anatomy
The anatomical structure comprises of kidney, renal pelvis, urinary bladder, urethra and ureters.
2. Physiology
The urinary system is responsible for filtering blood and thereby create urine as a bi-product of
body.
3. Pictorial Representation
4. Related systems/ how
The urinary system works hand in hand with digestive and excretory system to ensure that the bi-
products in the form of urine are eliminated from body.
5. Pathophysiology
Bladder cancer, ostomy, stones in kidney and interstitial cystitis.
6. Defence and Immune Responses
The kidney ensures that the overall system is operating smoothly.
7. Medications and contraindications
Trimethoprim, ceftriaxone and Fosfomycin.
8. Degenerative Changes
The kidneys are found to shrink with age.
9. Types of Trauma
Damage caused to external genitals may affect the functioning of the system.
10. Nursing Interventions and planning services
Mid-stream urinalysis is done to check the problem in urination
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Reproductive System
1. Anatomy
Female anatomy comprising of vagina, uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes and ovaries. Male anatomy
includes penis, urethra, prostate, testicles, scrotum and seminal vesicles.
2. Physiology
The system is responsible for the sexual interaction between male and females for the purpose of
reproduction.
3. Pictorial Representation
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4. Related systems/ how
The nervous system is responsible for controlling the reproductive organs that are related to its
operation.
5. Pathophysiology
Pelvic inflammation of reproductive organs, prostate cancer, breast cancer and uterine cancer.
6. Defence and Immune Responses
The system protects itself by ensuring smooth coordination with other parts of the body.
7. Medications and contraindications
Medicinal drugs like sildenafil and tadalafil used to treat erectile problems.
8. Degenerative Changes
The human body loses its ability to reproduce with aging.
9. Types of Trauma
Gynaecological trauma and external injury of genitals.
10. Nursing Interventions and planning services
Papanicolaou test is used to treat female reproductive system issues.
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