Nursing Assignment 1: Middle Range Nursing Theories Application

This nursing assignment delves into middle range nursing theories, specifically focusing on Pender's Health Promotion Model, and its application to a case study involving a 55-year-old woman who has never had a mammogram. The assignment explores how the nurse can encourage the patient to undergo breast cancer screening by considering the patient's personal factors, perceived barriers, and benefits related to the screening. It examines socio-cultural factors such as economic status, health insurance, and cultural beliefs. The assignment also emphasizes the importance of educating the patient about mammography and its significance in early breast cancer detection. The report concludes that Pender’s health belief model can be used by the nurses for predicting the health behavior of this female patients and will also help the nurses to enhance the capacity of the patient in self- care and self- awareness through personal development and education.

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NURSING ASSIGNMENT
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Middle range nursing theories (Case study 2)
Middle range nursing theories provides a theoretical framework for the nurses which
connects some of the grand nursing theories with nursing practice. The middle range nursing
theory that should use in this assignment is Pender’s health promotion model (Smith & Liehr,
2018). The case study that has been chosen for this assignment is a 55 years old women, who
never had a mammogram and the aim of the nurse is to encourage the patient for the breast
cancer. Pender’s health promotion model has focused on the multidimensional features of a
person, as they interrelate within their setting for pursuing health (Tuzcu, Bahar & Gözüm,
2016). Pender’s health promotion model usually emphasises on three capacities like individual
physiognomies and experiences, cognition that is performance specific and have important
significance for motivation. The variables can be altered by help of nursing activities. Health
promotion conduct can be considered as the anticipated behavioural outcomes. All these
behaviours must lead to an enhanced health, enhancing functional capacity and a good quality of
life at all phases of development. Promotion model includes personal factors, professed hurdles
to action and health promoting behaviour (Ahmadian & Samah, 2013). These concepts includes
individual features and experiences, behaviour-precise cognitions and behavioural consequence.
For this scenario, Pender’s concept of personal factors can be represented by the women’s socio
cultural factors which influences their decisions for undergoing a mammogram screening
(Ahmadian & Samah, 2013). The personal factors can consist of the biological factor of age and
the socio-cultural factors like the economic condition of the household, the health insurance
coverage, the employment status and the marital status. In this case, as a nurse it is necessary to
understand the amount of stigma that a woman might face, if he goes for a mammography.
Furthermore, it is also necessary to consider, if the women is not financially strong to opt for a

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mammography test. Many studies have revealed beliefs about cancer and the risk factors for
breast cancer. The female patient might be of the belief that bruises or any kinds of sores on the
breast an lead to breast cancer, or chemicals in the food can cause breast cancer, or if God has
determined the course of action of breast cancer. Pender’s concept of perceived benefits to
action can be represented by the expected positive outcome which will occur from the health
behaviour. The “Perceived barrier to action” can be represented by the imagined real blocks of
undertaking a given behaviour. A necessary plan of action can be chalked out, if the actual
reason for the denial can be understood (McEwen & Wills, 2019). It is necessary to teach the
women about the significance of mammography and how early diagnosis of breast cancer can
enhance rate of recovery. She should be educated about the purpose or can be made referrals,
where mammogram can be done at cheaper price or with absolute privacy and confidentiality.
In conclusion, it can be said that Pender’s health belief model can be used by the nurses
for predicting the health behaviour of this female patients and will also help the nurses to
enhance the capacity of the patient in self- care and self- awareness through personal
development and education.

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References
Ahmadian, M., & Samah, A. A. (2013). Application of health behavior theories to breast cancer
screening among Asian women. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 14(7),
4005-4013.
McEwen, M., & Wills, E. M. (2019). Theoretical basis for nursing. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins.
Smith, M. J., & Liehr, P. R. (Eds.). (2018). Middle range theory for nursing. Springer Publishing
Company.
Tuzcu, A., Bahar, Z., & Gözüm, S. (2016). Effects of interventions based on health behavior
models on breast cancer screening behaviors of migrant women in Turkey. Cancer
nursing, 39(2), E40-E50.