Analysis of Ethical and Professional Breaches in Nursing (NURS11159)
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This essay analyzes ethical breaches in nursing practice, based on a video case study. It examines violations of the ICN Code of Ethics, the NMBA Code of Conduct, the AHPRA Social Media Policy, and the Registered Nurse Standards for Practice. The essay identifies specific instances where the nurse caring for Mr. Stanley failed to adhere to these ethical and professional guidelines, including issues related to patient care, confidentiality, and professional behavior. Each breach is linked to the relevant document, and the essay discusses the correct nursing practice/behavior for each violation. The analysis covers under-involvement, lack of care, breaches of confidentiality, unlawful behavior, and unprofessional conduct, emphasizing the importance of ethical decision-making and adherence to professional standards in nursing. The essay concludes by highlighting the significance of ethical conduct and the need for disciplinary actions against nurses engaging in unethical practices, while also encouraging patients to report such behaviors.
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Professional Code of Ethics, Guidelines and Polices to guide
Registered Nurses in their Practice
1. Introduction
Decisions about life and death are part of nursing, and ethics is the fundamental character for
determining the integrity of the nursing profession (RHODES, SCHUTT, LANGHAM &
BILOTTA, 2012). Every day, to attain their ethical obligations to patients, nurses are
supporting each other, but due to the fast changing scenario, the challenges faced by the
nurses are much more. The ethical code for nurses with interpretations, is an essential tool for
nurses for their daily activities (Fida et al., 2016). Although the basic values of nursing
remain unchanged, the code is regularly updated to incorporate changes in the structure and
delivery of healthcare (Carr, 2013). It supports nurses in providing consistency in providing
respectful, dignified and humane care. These values are the basic framework under which the
nurses should perform their duties, but still there are challenges at different levels due to the
shortcomings in their delivery of duties. The question of life and death are associated with the
nursing practice and therefore ethics is of fundamental importance for the integrity of the
nursing profession (Gurney, Gillespie, McMahon & Kolbuk, 2017). Every day, nurses are
supporting each other to satisfy their ethical obligations to patients, still due the rapid changes
in the structure of healthcare industry patients are having more expectations from the system
and the nursing profession is facing greater challenges. In the case study there is an encounter
of Mr. Stanley, an old patient admitted in a clinic with a nursing staff. There are violations of
basic codes by the nurse which will be discussed in subsequent paragraphs.
2. Violation to “ICN Code of Ethics (International Council of Nurses [ICN], 2012)”
("The ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses", 2019)
The four violations observed in the video are:
Registered Nurses in their Practice
1. Introduction
Decisions about life and death are part of nursing, and ethics is the fundamental character for
determining the integrity of the nursing profession (RHODES, SCHUTT, LANGHAM &
BILOTTA, 2012). Every day, to attain their ethical obligations to patients, nurses are
supporting each other, but due to the fast changing scenario, the challenges faced by the
nurses are much more. The ethical code for nurses with interpretations, is an essential tool for
nurses for their daily activities (Fida et al., 2016). Although the basic values of nursing
remain unchanged, the code is regularly updated to incorporate changes in the structure and
delivery of healthcare (Carr, 2013). It supports nurses in providing consistency in providing
respectful, dignified and humane care. These values are the basic framework under which the
nurses should perform their duties, but still there are challenges at different levels due to the
shortcomings in their delivery of duties. The question of life and death are associated with the
nursing practice and therefore ethics is of fundamental importance for the integrity of the
nursing profession (Gurney, Gillespie, McMahon & Kolbuk, 2017). Every day, nurses are
supporting each other to satisfy their ethical obligations to patients, still due the rapid changes
in the structure of healthcare industry patients are having more expectations from the system
and the nursing profession is facing greater challenges. In the case study there is an encounter
of Mr. Stanley, an old patient admitted in a clinic with a nursing staff. There are violations of
basic codes by the nurse which will be discussed in subsequent paragraphs.
2. Violation to “ICN Code of Ethics (International Council of Nurses [ICN], 2012)”
("The ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses", 2019)
The four violations observed in the video are:
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1. The nurse is not regularly attending the old patient who expects timely regular care. She
was coming after a gap of couple of days. She is giving a number of excuses for not coming
for the last few days.
2. Moreover she has taken a selfie with the patient to prove her presence, to publish the photo
through social media showing her dedication.
3. The third point noted is that the patient is offering money to the nurse to get better service.
4. She was discussing about her family matters and was telling about other more important
assignments where she was pre-occupied.
Violation to Code no 1 : The nurse should demonstrate professional qualities such as
responsiveness, respectfulness, compassion, integrity and trustworthiness. All the four
violations listed above are against ICN code one where the nurse has to demonstrate
respectfulness, compassion, trustworthy and integrity. Her integrity is in serious doubt when
she accepted money from the patient. She has not demonstrated respectfulness through this
act. She has not shown any compassion for the patient and she never asked the patient about
any kind of service requirement.
Violation to Code no 2
The nurse always maintains the required level of personal conduct that maps well on the
profession and the image and public confidence is enhanced. The nurse is seen taking money
from the patient who is charged with getting a better service in the future. This incidence
affects the image of the nursing community.
Violation to Code no 3
The nurse is actively engaged in developing and nurturing professional values. The nurse,
while being engaged in the professional organization, has to participate in creating a positive
was coming after a gap of couple of days. She is giving a number of excuses for not coming
for the last few days.
2. Moreover she has taken a selfie with the patient to prove her presence, to publish the photo
through social media showing her dedication.
3. The third point noted is that the patient is offering money to the nurse to get better service.
4. She was discussing about her family matters and was telling about other more important
assignments where she was pre-occupied.
Violation to Code no 1 : The nurse should demonstrate professional qualities such as
responsiveness, respectfulness, compassion, integrity and trustworthiness. All the four
violations listed above are against ICN code one where the nurse has to demonstrate
respectfulness, compassion, trustworthy and integrity. Her integrity is in serious doubt when
she accepted money from the patient. She has not demonstrated respectfulness through this
act. She has not shown any compassion for the patient and she never asked the patient about
any kind of service requirement.
Violation to Code no 2
The nurse always maintains the required level of personal conduct that maps well on the
profession and the image and public confidence is enhanced. The nurse is seen taking money
from the patient who is charged with getting a better service in the future. This incidence
affects the image of the nursing community.
Violation to Code no 3
The nurse is actively engaged in developing and nurturing professional values. The nurse,
while being engaged in the professional organization, has to participate in creating a positive
practice environment and maintaining safe, social, equitable and economic working
conditions in nursing.
The nurse has violated the entire concept behind this code. She attended the patient last week,
was giving a number of excuses for her delay in attending, she accepted the money from the
patient without any hesitation. She suddenly took a selfie with the patient without asking for
permission from the patient. This is not a professional attitude which is expected from a
nurse.
Violation of Code no 4 : When the nurse has questionable integrity, she cannot guide her co-
workers to advance ethical conduct.
3. Violation to “ Code of conduct for nurses (NMBA, 2018)“ ("Nursing and Midwifery
Board of Australia - Professional standards", 2019)
Under-involvement/lack of care: Irregular and inadequate service given by the nurse
Principle 2.1: Application of person-centred and evidence-based decision making for safe
and quality care delivery.
Principle 4.1 h: Addressing omission, indifference, disengagement or lack of care and
disrespect to people
Principle 4.5 c: Should not encourage or manipulate or accept people to lend, give money or
gifts that may benefit a nurse directly or indirectly.
The subject nurse had violated code of contact on all the above mentioned principles. She
was not providing person centric quality and safe care to the patient. Moreover she was
showing indifference and involvement in care for the old man.
Confidentiality and privacy: Capturing selfie with patient.
conditions in nursing.
The nurse has violated the entire concept behind this code. She attended the patient last week,
was giving a number of excuses for her delay in attending, she accepted the money from the
patient without any hesitation. She suddenly took a selfie with the patient without asking for
permission from the patient. This is not a professional attitude which is expected from a
nurse.
Violation of Code no 4 : When the nurse has questionable integrity, she cannot guide her co-
workers to advance ethical conduct.
3. Violation to “ Code of conduct for nurses (NMBA, 2018)“ ("Nursing and Midwifery
Board of Australia - Professional standards", 2019)
Under-involvement/lack of care: Irregular and inadequate service given by the nurse
Principle 2.1: Application of person-centred and evidence-based decision making for safe
and quality care delivery.
Principle 4.1 h: Addressing omission, indifference, disengagement or lack of care and
disrespect to people
Principle 4.5 c: Should not encourage or manipulate or accept people to lend, give money or
gifts that may benefit a nurse directly or indirectly.
The subject nurse had violated code of contact on all the above mentioned principles. She
was not providing person centric quality and safe care to the patient. Moreover she was
showing indifference and involvement in care for the old man.
Confidentiality and privacy: Capturing selfie with patient.
Principle 3.5 a: The confidentiality and privacy of people is to be respected by seeking
consent before disclosing information,
Principle 3.5 c: Social media policy and relevant Standards for practice are to be followed,
Principle 3.5 e: The nurse should not share, transmit, reproduce or post any person’s
information or images.
All the principles are very clearly defined that a nurse should not indulge in capturing
photography with the patient and using the image for personal gains. She has violated
principle 3.5 a, c & e.
Lawful behaviour: The patient was offering money to the nurse to get better service. The
nurse accepted that happily.
Principle 1.2 a: The nurse-person professional relationship should be respected by not taking
possessions or property that belong to the person or their family.
Principle 1.2 c: The nurse should not display any unlawful behaviour and understand that
unlawful behaviour would be viewed as unprofessional conduct or professional misconduct
and may have serious implications for their registration.
Taking money from the patient to give better service is the most unethical behaviour and it
should attract punishment. It violated both the principle 1.2 a, c.
Professional behaviour: The nurse was discussing about her family matters and was telling
about other more important assignments where she was pre-occupied.
Principle 4.1a: The imbalance of inherent power that exists between nurses, people under
their care should be recognised and professional boundaries are to be established and
maintained..
consent before disclosing information,
Principle 3.5 c: Social media policy and relevant Standards for practice are to be followed,
Principle 3.5 e: The nurse should not share, transmit, reproduce or post any person’s
information or images.
All the principles are very clearly defined that a nurse should not indulge in capturing
photography with the patient and using the image for personal gains. She has violated
principle 3.5 a, c & e.
Lawful behaviour: The patient was offering money to the nurse to get better service. The
nurse accepted that happily.
Principle 1.2 a: The nurse-person professional relationship should be respected by not taking
possessions or property that belong to the person or their family.
Principle 1.2 c: The nurse should not display any unlawful behaviour and understand that
unlawful behaviour would be viewed as unprofessional conduct or professional misconduct
and may have serious implications for their registration.
Taking money from the patient to give better service is the most unethical behaviour and it
should attract punishment. It violated both the principle 1.2 a, c.
Professional behaviour: The nurse was discussing about her family matters and was telling
about other more important assignments where she was pre-occupied.
Principle 4.1a: The imbalance of inherent power that exists between nurses, people under
their care should be recognised and professional boundaries are to be established and
maintained..
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The nurse should not cross the professional boundary during patient care and should not
discuss about personal problems, personal engagements with the patient.
4. “Social media policy (Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency [AHPRA],
2014)”
When using social media, care providers should remember that national law, the ethics and
professional code of conduct of the national council (the code of conduct) and the guidelines
for advertising for regulated health services (the guidelines for advertising) apply ("For
registered health practitioners Social media policy", 2014).
Registered health professionals should only post information that should be in breach of these
obligations by complying with professional obligations by maintaining confidentiality and
privacy ("For registered health practitioners Social media policy", 2014).
The healthcare professional should not present information in an unbiased, evidence-based
context and should not make unsubstantiated claims.
4.1. Professional Obligations
The Code of Conduct also explains standards of professional conduct applicable to privacy
and confidentiality on patient information, including use of social media. For example, the
unauthorized posting of photographs of patients, including on a personal Facebook site or a
group, is a breach of privacy and patient confidentiality (Bunkenborg, Samuelson, Åkeson &
Poulsen, 2012).
The concerned nurse has violated the professional conduct in relation to privacy and
confidentiality of patient information by taking snap of herself along with the patient in the
patient room to publish this photo in social media for personal gains. This is against
complying with confidentiality and privacy of the patient. She has taken this photo without
discuss about personal problems, personal engagements with the patient.
4. “Social media policy (Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency [AHPRA],
2014)”
When using social media, care providers should remember that national law, the ethics and
professional code of conduct of the national council (the code of conduct) and the guidelines
for advertising for regulated health services (the guidelines for advertising) apply ("For
registered health practitioners Social media policy", 2014).
Registered health professionals should only post information that should be in breach of these
obligations by complying with professional obligations by maintaining confidentiality and
privacy ("For registered health practitioners Social media policy", 2014).
The healthcare professional should not present information in an unbiased, evidence-based
context and should not make unsubstantiated claims.
4.1. Professional Obligations
The Code of Conduct also explains standards of professional conduct applicable to privacy
and confidentiality on patient information, including use of social media. For example, the
unauthorized posting of photographs of patients, including on a personal Facebook site or a
group, is a breach of privacy and patient confidentiality (Bunkenborg, Samuelson, Åkeson &
Poulsen, 2012).
The concerned nurse has violated the professional conduct in relation to privacy and
confidentiality of patient information by taking snap of herself along with the patient in the
patient room to publish this photo in social media for personal gains. This is against
complying with confidentiality and privacy of the patient. She has taken this photo without
even asking the permission of the patient. This is highly unethical ("For registered health
practitioners Social media policy", 2014).
4.2. Obligations in relation to advertising
Section 133 of the National Law places limits on how health services delivered by registered
health professionals can be advertised. These limits apply to all advertising, including
through social media and the internet. For example, National Law prohibits the use of
references in advertising. The Advertising guidelines provide necessary guidelines on the
legal restrictions of advertising under National Law and other related legislation relating to
social media ("For registered health practitioners Social media policy", 2014).
The nurse has violated section 133 of the National law regarding advertisement of the
services delivered by a registered health worker.
5. Registered nurse standards for practice (NMBA, 2016)
1.1 The nurse has to develop practice through reflection on experiences, knowledge, actions,
feelings and beliefs. The nurse has not shown any of the qualities during the brief encounter
of the patient. She was irregular, self-centred and corrupt ("Registered nurse standards for
practice", 2016).
1.4 The nurse should comply with legislation, common law, policies guidelines and other
standards or requirements in relation to the context of practice while making decisions. The
nurse has not followed any law or legislation in her action. She was casual and interested in
self-promotion.
1.5 The nurse should use ethical frameworks when making decisions. It is totally lacking and
her actions were unethical.
practitioners Social media policy", 2014).
4.2. Obligations in relation to advertising
Section 133 of the National Law places limits on how health services delivered by registered
health professionals can be advertised. These limits apply to all advertising, including
through social media and the internet. For example, National Law prohibits the use of
references in advertising. The Advertising guidelines provide necessary guidelines on the
legal restrictions of advertising under National Law and other related legislation relating to
social media ("For registered health practitioners Social media policy", 2014).
The nurse has violated section 133 of the National law regarding advertisement of the
services delivered by a registered health worker.
5. Registered nurse standards for practice (NMBA, 2016)
1.1 The nurse has to develop practice through reflection on experiences, knowledge, actions,
feelings and beliefs. The nurse has not shown any of the qualities during the brief encounter
of the patient. She was irregular, self-centred and corrupt ("Registered nurse standards for
practice", 2016).
1.4 The nurse should comply with legislation, common law, policies guidelines and other
standards or requirements in relation to the context of practice while making decisions. The
nurse has not followed any law or legislation in her action. She was casual and interested in
self-promotion.
1.5 The nurse should use ethical frameworks when making decisions. It is totally lacking and
her actions were unethical.
2.1 The nurse should establish, sustain and conclude relationships in a manner that can
differentiate the boundaries between professional and personal relationships. Her actions
have crossed all professional boundaries (Edmonds, Cashin & Heartfield, 2016).
2.2 The nurse should effectively communicate and behave in a respectful way to honour a
person’s culture, dignity, values, rights and beliefs. She was not giving any respect to the
patient’s position. She did not care to ask about the health of the patient. She came to take a
photo for self-promotion and the patient being fed up with her service offered her money.
3.6 The nurse should be actively engaged with the profession, She is not all actively engaged
with her profession.
3.7 The nurse should identify and promote the integral role of nursing profession and practice
and should influence better health outcomes for people. It is not at all evident from the
behaviour of the nurse.
6.1 The nurse should provide comprehensive quality and safe practice to achieve agreed
outcomes. She is not at all interested in provide safe and quality service to the patient.
6.2 The nurse should not practise beyond their scope of practice. The actions of the nurse are
beyond scope of nursing practice.
6.5 The nurse should practise in accordance with relevant nursing and health guidelines,
regulations, standards and legislation. She has violated all the aspects mention under this
code.
7.1 The nurse should evaluate and monitor the progress towards the expected goals and
outcomes. It is totally absent from the attitude of the nurse.
differentiate the boundaries between professional and personal relationships. Her actions
have crossed all professional boundaries (Edmonds, Cashin & Heartfield, 2016).
2.2 The nurse should effectively communicate and behave in a respectful way to honour a
person’s culture, dignity, values, rights and beliefs. She was not giving any respect to the
patient’s position. She did not care to ask about the health of the patient. She came to take a
photo for self-promotion and the patient being fed up with her service offered her money.
3.6 The nurse should be actively engaged with the profession, She is not all actively engaged
with her profession.
3.7 The nurse should identify and promote the integral role of nursing profession and practice
and should influence better health outcomes for people. It is not at all evident from the
behaviour of the nurse.
6.1 The nurse should provide comprehensive quality and safe practice to achieve agreed
outcomes. She is not at all interested in provide safe and quality service to the patient.
6.2 The nurse should not practise beyond their scope of practice. The actions of the nurse are
beyond scope of nursing practice.
6.5 The nurse should practise in accordance with relevant nursing and health guidelines,
regulations, standards and legislation. She has violated all the aspects mention under this
code.
7.1 The nurse should evaluate and monitor the progress towards the expected goals and
outcomes. It is totally absent from the attitude of the nurse.
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6. Conclusion
This case study is an eye opener for some of the nursing staff engaged in corrupt practises.
Nursing is a noble profession and the associated people should have the service oriented
mind-set (McGurk, 2014). Corrupt nurses should not be allowed to continue in this
profession and the hospital authorities should take disciplinary action so that it can be an eye
opener for other nurses. It is also expected from the patients not to bribe the nurses in
expectation for better service. Instead the patients should lodge official complaint to the
hospital authorities regarding attitude of the nurse (Pardo,2017). Students perusing nursing
studies should be well acquainted with the code of ethics applicable to nursing profession
(Grob, Leng & Gallagher, 2012) and they should follow the guidelines in their future
assignments (Kalaitzidis & Schmitz, 2012). The honesty and integrity is part of human values
and it should be given high priority for students undergoing nursing studies (Ko & Kim,
2011). They should not indulge in any kind of unethical practices during their study because
this conduct will reflect in their future profession (Krueger, 2014).
References
Bunkenborg, G., Samuelson, K., Åkeson, J., & Poulsen, I. (2012). Impact of professionalism
in nursing on in-hospital bedside monitoring practice. Journal Of Advanced
Nursing, 69(7), 1466-1477. doi: 10.1111/jan.12003
Edmonds, L., Cashin, A., & Heartfield, M. (2016). Comparison of Australian specialty nurse
standards with registered nurse standards. International Nursing Review, 63(2), 162-
179. doi: 10.1111/inr.12235
Fida, R., Tramontano, C., Paciello, M., Kangasniemi, M., Sili, A., Bobbio, A., &
Barbaranelli, C. (2016). Nurse moral disengagement. Nursing Ethics, 23(5), 547-564.
doi: 10.1177/0969733015574924
For registered health practitioners Social media policy. (2014). Retrieved from
http://www.med.monash.edu.au/assets/docs/scs/psychiatry/ahpra-social-media-policy-
2014.pdf
This case study is an eye opener for some of the nursing staff engaged in corrupt practises.
Nursing is a noble profession and the associated people should have the service oriented
mind-set (McGurk, 2014). Corrupt nurses should not be allowed to continue in this
profession and the hospital authorities should take disciplinary action so that it can be an eye
opener for other nurses. It is also expected from the patients not to bribe the nurses in
expectation for better service. Instead the patients should lodge official complaint to the
hospital authorities regarding attitude of the nurse (Pardo,2017). Students perusing nursing
studies should be well acquainted with the code of ethics applicable to nursing profession
(Grob, Leng & Gallagher, 2012) and they should follow the guidelines in their future
assignments (Kalaitzidis & Schmitz, 2012). The honesty and integrity is part of human values
and it should be given high priority for students undergoing nursing studies (Ko & Kim,
2011). They should not indulge in any kind of unethical practices during their study because
this conduct will reflect in their future profession (Krueger, 2014).
References
Bunkenborg, G., Samuelson, K., Åkeson, J., & Poulsen, I. (2012). Impact of professionalism
in nursing on in-hospital bedside monitoring practice. Journal Of Advanced
Nursing, 69(7), 1466-1477. doi: 10.1111/jan.12003
Edmonds, L., Cashin, A., & Heartfield, M. (2016). Comparison of Australian specialty nurse
standards with registered nurse standards. International Nursing Review, 63(2), 162-
179. doi: 10.1111/inr.12235
Fida, R., Tramontano, C., Paciello, M., Kangasniemi, M., Sili, A., Bobbio, A., &
Barbaranelli, C. (2016). Nurse moral disengagement. Nursing Ethics, 23(5), 547-564.
doi: 10.1177/0969733015574924
For registered health practitioners Social media policy. (2014). Retrieved from
http://www.med.monash.edu.au/assets/docs/scs/psychiatry/ahpra-social-media-policy-
2014.pdf
Grob, C., Leng, J., & Gallagher, A. (2012). Educational responses to unethical healthcare
practice. Nursing Standard, 26(41), 35-41. doi: 10.7748/ns2012.06.26.41.35.c9159
Gurney, D., Gillespie, G., McMahon, M., & Kolbuk, M. (2017). Nursing Code of Ethics:
Provisions and Interpretative Statements for Emergency Nurses. Journal Of
Emergency Nursing, 43(6), 497-503. doi: 10.1016/j.jen.2017.09.011
Kalaitzidis, E., & Schmitz, K. (2012). A study of an ethics education topic for undergraduate
nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 32(1), 111-115. doi:
10.1016/j.nedt.2011.02.006
Kangasniemi, M., Pakkanen, P., & Korhonen, A. (2015). Professional ethics in nursing: an
integrative review. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 71(8), 1744-1757. doi:
10.1111/jan.12619
Ko, Y., & Kim, I. (2011). The Relationship between Professional Nursing Values and Career
Preparation Behaviors of Nursing Students. The Journal Of Korean Academic Society
Of Nursing Education, 17(1), 62-71. doi: 10.5977/jkasne.2011.17.1.062
Krueger, L. (2014). Academic Dishonesty Among Nursing Students. Journal Of Nursing
Education. doi: 10.3928/01484834-20140122-06
McGurk, V. (2014). Contexts of Nursing – Fourth edition Daly John et al Contexts of
Nursing – Fourth edition 412pp Aus $ 83.25/£48.83 Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone
978 0 7295 4152 7 0729541525. Nursing Standard, 29(8), 32-32. doi:
10.7748/ns.29.8.32.s37
Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Professional standards. (2019). Retrieved from
https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/codes-guidelines-statements/
professional-standards.aspx
Pardo, I. (2017). Where it hurts: an Italian case of graded and stratified corruption.
In Between Morality and the Law (pp. 41-60). Routledge.
Registered nurse standards for practice. (2016). Retrieved from
https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/documents/default.aspx?
record=WD15%2f18366&dbid=AP&chksum=DQoSSmxeo5w3le87%2fnYjFw%3d
%3d
RHODES, M., SCHUTT, M., LANGHAM, G., & BILOTTA, D. (2012). The Journey to
Nursing Professionalism:A Learner-Centered Approach. Nursing Education
Perspectives, 33(1), 27-29. doi: 10.5480/1536-5026-33.1.27
The ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses. (2019). Retrieved from
https://www.icn.ch/sites/default/files/inline-files/2012_ICN_Codeofethicsfornurses_
%20eng.pdf
practice. Nursing Standard, 26(41), 35-41. doi: 10.7748/ns2012.06.26.41.35.c9159
Gurney, D., Gillespie, G., McMahon, M., & Kolbuk, M. (2017). Nursing Code of Ethics:
Provisions and Interpretative Statements for Emergency Nurses. Journal Of
Emergency Nursing, 43(6), 497-503. doi: 10.1016/j.jen.2017.09.011
Kalaitzidis, E., & Schmitz, K. (2012). A study of an ethics education topic for undergraduate
nursing students. Nurse Education Today, 32(1), 111-115. doi:
10.1016/j.nedt.2011.02.006
Kangasniemi, M., Pakkanen, P., & Korhonen, A. (2015). Professional ethics in nursing: an
integrative review. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 71(8), 1744-1757. doi:
10.1111/jan.12619
Ko, Y., & Kim, I. (2011). The Relationship between Professional Nursing Values and Career
Preparation Behaviors of Nursing Students. The Journal Of Korean Academic Society
Of Nursing Education, 17(1), 62-71. doi: 10.5977/jkasne.2011.17.1.062
Krueger, L. (2014). Academic Dishonesty Among Nursing Students. Journal Of Nursing
Education. doi: 10.3928/01484834-20140122-06
McGurk, V. (2014). Contexts of Nursing – Fourth edition Daly John et al Contexts of
Nursing – Fourth edition 412pp Aus $ 83.25/£48.83 Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone
978 0 7295 4152 7 0729541525. Nursing Standard, 29(8), 32-32. doi:
10.7748/ns.29.8.32.s37
Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Professional standards. (2019). Retrieved from
https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/codes-guidelines-statements/
professional-standards.aspx
Pardo, I. (2017). Where it hurts: an Italian case of graded and stratified corruption.
In Between Morality and the Law (pp. 41-60). Routledge.
Registered nurse standards for practice. (2016). Retrieved from
https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/documents/default.aspx?
record=WD15%2f18366&dbid=AP&chksum=DQoSSmxeo5w3le87%2fnYjFw%3d
%3d
RHODES, M., SCHUTT, M., LANGHAM, G., & BILOTTA, D. (2012). The Journey to
Nursing Professionalism:A Learner-Centered Approach. Nursing Education
Perspectives, 33(1), 27-29. doi: 10.5480/1536-5026-33.1.27
The ICN Code of Ethics for Nurses. (2019). Retrieved from
https://www.icn.ch/sites/default/files/inline-files/2012_ICN_Codeofethicsfornurses_
%20eng.pdf
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