Guided Review of Research: Nursing and Midwifery Best Practices

This report presents a critical review of two research articles relevant to nursing and midwifery practices. The first article, a qualitative study, explores nurses' experiences and perspectives on medication safety. The study's aim was to understand nurses' views on preventing medication administration errors, using in-depth interviews with nurses to gather data. The second article, a quantitative study, investigates the influence of workplace support and relationships on safe medication practices among graduate nurses. This study used an exploratory design, surveying graduate nurses to evaluate the association between workplace dynamics and medication safety. The review critically examines the methodologies employed, including sampling techniques, data collection methods, and data analysis procedures. It highlights the key findings of each study, such as the identification of themes related to medication safety and the correlation between disruptive workplace behavior and medication errors. Furthermore, the report discusses the limitations of each study and offers recommendations for future research, emphasizing the importance of these findings for improving nursing practices and patient care.

Running Head: NURSING AND MIDWIFERY
Title
Name
Institutional Affiliation

NURSING AND MIDWIFERY 2
Guided questions Answer Template
Qualitative Study Quantitative Study
Nurses’ experiences and
perspectives on medication
safety
practices: an explorative
qualitative study
Exploring the influence of
workplace supports and
relationships on safe
medication practice: A pilot study
of Australian graduate nurses
Aim and Significance
a. What was the
aim and
significance
of the study?
The aim of the study is to
evaluate the nurses’ experience
in perspective to preventing
medication administration error.
It has worked with nurses'
experience's insight to outline the
errors important to consider in
reducing medical emergency. It
also works on areas to work
while implementing safety
practices. It is intent to work
with experience-based
knowledge to determine
evidence in incorporating the
nursing code of conduct in
tailoring safety practices while
implementing an adequate level
of implementation. It is
important because the estimation
of medication error varies 5% -
25% by the medical
administrators; approximately
one-third of MEs cause harm to
the patient during the medication
preparation and administration
(Smeulers, Onderwater, van
Zwieten, & Vermeulen, 2014).
The aim of the study is to
investigate the relationship
between workplace support and
safe medication practices among
young graduate nurses. It has
been highlighted in the
background that the increasing
awareness regarding the benefit
of positive workplace climate,
and the impact of disruptive
workplace behaviour in
healthcare organisations. It has
taken the case of new graduate
nurses and their progress in
unsupportive climates that
increases the high risk of
medication errors. It has outlined
the standards of the Australian
Commission on Safety and
Quality in Health Care because
medication error is to be taken
seriously, hence increases the risk
of death cases in healthcare
facilities (Sahay, Hutchinson &
East, 2015).
Methods
a. Identify the
research
design used
in the study
and was it
appropriate
for the issue
discussed?
The qualitative design of the
research has explored this
complex topic; it has worked
with in-depth interviews and
iterative approach to work with
nurses experiences and their
underlying thoughts of the nurses
that have previously been
elucidated. The focus on the
research design is towards
single-centred study based on a
university hospital setting. The
It is quantitative research focused
on exploratory research design to
work with convenience sampling
in two Australian States (Sahay et
al., 2015). This approach is all
about using the information
regarding their qualities to work
with data that can be measured
with numeric. It is used because it
is highly structured and uses
structured techniques and designs
for example case studies, online

NURSING AND MIDWIFERY 3
selected research design has
helped the study to work with
first handed information. It
determines that the results are
consistent in comparison to other
studies taken previously
regarding this study. The
findings are transferable so that it
has implications over other
healthcare setting. The
qualitative research design was
the most appropriate design for
this study because it can work on
both small and large sample size.
Using this research design
increases the transparency of
research/participants which is
important for this type of
researches (Padgett, 2016).
survey and others. For this study
online survey has taken into
consideration from 58 nursing
graduates in two Australian States
(Sahay et al., 2015). Data has
been collected from giving
electronic database including
CINAHL, Medline, Cochrane
ProQuest, and Pub Med from
2004 – 2012. Though working on
this research was design and time
consuming because it works with
numerical values and statistics,
but working with this medium
size sample requires a flexible
discourse which is accommodated
with this research design only,
hence it is most suitable for this
research (McCusker & Gunaydin,
2015.
b. Discuss the
sampling
technique,
inclusion and
exclusion
criteria used
for the
selection of
sample in the
study
Purposive sampling has been
taken into consideration to work
on a high level of heterogeneity;
it has discussed factors such as
nursing managers, quality, safety
innovators, nursing ward
managers and others. There were
approached by emails to request
them to participate in the study.
The overall utilisation of
snowball sampling has been
using to collect the names of
other department nurses to
determine their difficulty in
training and development. A
qualitative semi-structured
interview was taken by 20 nurses
still completing their studies in
the academic medical centre
between March and December
2011. The interview processes
were designed to work with
informed consent and explaining
to the participants the use of the
research so is to follow the
ethical code of conduct in
medical practices (Smeulers et
al., 2014).
Online survey techniques have
been taken into consideration to
work with exploratory study and
quantitative survey, following a
convenient sampling technique.
Factors such as self-reported
medication error, safe medication
practices, and the nature of
workplace support and
relationship were undertaken. In
addition, responses were recruited
from the database of three
Australian Universities based on
1425 nursing graduates. It was
estimated that 30% of the
graduate retain their university
email account; survey link was
sent to them on their emails,
responses rates vary from 20% to
40% (Sahay et al., 2015).
c. Explore the
data
The data has been collected
using semi-structured individual
As stated above that three
Australian University school

NURSING AND MIDWIFERY 4
collection
method and
its
appropriatene
ss to the
research
design of the
study
interviews (n = 20) which is
conducted by M.S and A.O
between March and December
2011; every interview has lasted
for 60 – 90 minutes, it has
allowed the participants to talk
freely, though regular guidance
was being provided to
participants related to the topic
list (Smeulers er al., 2014). It has
helped the research to support
the data collection using the
literature by Grol. It has also
studied planning changes in
clinical practices along with
potential barriers in facilitating
the nature of innovation in
professional healthcare practices
and factors leading to increasing
cases of medication error.
Consent was taken by the
participants to record and
transcript the verbatim so that it
can be used in a clearer manner
and transparency can be
maintained (Tubaishat, 2019).
nursing databases has been used
to working on the research and
data analysis. Primary data has
been collected from the nurses,
the survey link was emailed to
them, there was a reminder,
however, from a large database,
and only 58 responses were
collected and further used in the
research. The research approach
was quite suitable for this
research technique because it has
helped the study to target a wide
range of area in terms of
participants which has increased
the effectiveness of the research
and has helped it gain the
perspective of people (Sahay et
al., 2015).
Data analysis and results
a. How the data
was analysed
and was it
appropriate
for the study?
The data has been analysed by
performing parallel interviewing
process by M.S and A.O based
on the guidelines of qualitative
research. It has to use of
MAXQDA10 Software (Smeulers
er al., 2014). The interviews
were coded independently after
every interview was taken; the
codes were then compared and
discussed before reaching a
coding tree. The techniques used
in this paper were appropriate as
it give the researcher to organize
the interview scripts and
collected data in a meaningful
way (McCusker & Gunaydin,
2015).
The survey data was collected
using Qualtric Online Platform; it
was hosted by the University
website; it was analysed using
Statistic Package for social
science (SPSS) version 20.
Descriptive statistics were carried
out to run the test of the complete
set of data in order to identify
logical responses. It has also
identified the extent of missing
data. Further, the frequency
distribution was tested, for
example, mean and standard
deviation, mean, and Spearman’s
correlation analysis to work on
statistical data. The data
collection and analysis technique
was suitable for this research
because it has helped the study to
work with statistical information
(McCusker & Gunaydin, 2015).
b. What were A total of 20 interviews were The mean duration of

NURSING AND MIDWIFERY 5
the
findings/resul
ts of the
study?
taken, 15 interviewers were
female, and 5 of them were male.
The mean age was 43 years (the
range was 27 – 61, the nurses
representing the interview were
working on different levels, there
were nurse directors (n = 2),
nurse quality innovators (n= 2),
nursing ward managers (n = 3),
senior nurses (n = 5) and regular
nurses (n = 8). There were three
themes identified from the
analysed material, 1- the role and
responsibilities of nurses in
medication safety 2- the ability
of the nurses to work safely in
daily practices, and 3- the
acceptance of nurses related to
safety practices (Smeulers et al.,
2014).
employment was 13.2 months; it
has employed medical/surgical,
acute and community care setting
and community care setting.
About two third of the sample
(58.6% or n = 34) has reported
making a medication error. It has
identified a pattern of medication
error in relationship different
factors, for example, the areas of
work, their departments, and the
medication error, work time, and
methods to report the error. The
result determines that there is an
increase in disruptive nurse and
physician behaviour erodes the
medication safety among graduate
nurses (Gunningberg, Pöder,
Donaldson, & Leo Swenne,
2014). The internal consistency
reliabilities of final sub-scales are
supportive NUM, education and
learning support, supportive work
team behaviours, disruptive
physician and nurse behaviour
and erosion of safe medication
practices (Usher, Woods,
Parmenter, Hutchinson, Mannix,
Power & Jackson, 2017).
c. Discuss the
limitations
and
recommendat
ions of the
study?
The selected research design has
given it an advantage. However,
there can be a number of
techniques of data analysis for
this research in compare to in-
depth interviews and iterative
thought process (Padgett, 2016).
Despite the fact that this was a
solitary focus think about in a
college clinic setting, the
outcomes of the research are
reliable with different
investigations,
The discoveries are transferrable
and have suggestions in
importance for other social
insurance settings. However, for
future reference (Pirinen,
Kauhanen, Danielsson-Ojala,
Lilius, Tuominen, Díaz
Rodríguez, & Salanterä, 2015). It
The limitation includes involving
recent graduate has influenced the
results of the study (Sahay et al.,
2015; Sykes, 2017). . It has
collected the individuals from
participating in university
databases from which the students
were contacted. In addition, it has
also use convenience sampling to
self-report; it has also influenced
the lack of information on non-
responders. It has introduced
biased sampling which is not
completely represented by the
population under study and self-
reported recall (Sahay et al.,
2014; Ferguson, Delaney &
Hardy, 2014).. This can be
inaccurate. For the future, it is
important for the study to work
on stratified sampling to underpin

NURSING AND MIDWIFERY 6
is important for the research to
work on a narrow research
approach in order to make the
research more consistent in
shaping its direction.
a large sample size in shaping the
research (Armstrong, 2018).

NURSING AND MIDWIFERY 7
References
Armstrong, N. (2018). Management of nursing workplace incivility in the health care
settings: A systematic review. Workplace health & safety, Vol. 66(8), pp. 403-410.
Ferguson, A., Delaney, B., & Hardy, G. (2014). Teaching medication administration through
innovative simulation. Teaching and Learning in Nursing, Vol. 9(2), pp. 64-68.
Gunningberg, L., Pöder, U., Donaldson, N., & Leo Swenne, C. (2014). Medication
administration accuracy: using clinical observation and review of patient records to
assess safety and guide performance improvement. Journal of evaluation in clinical
practice, Vol. 20(4), pp. 411-416
McCusker, K. and Gunaydin, S., 2015. Research using qualitative, quantitative or mixed
methods and choice based on the research. Perfusion, Vol. 30(7), pp.537-542.
Padgett, D. K. (2016). Qualitative methods in social work research (Vol. 36). Sage
Publications.
Pirinen, H., Kauhanen, L., Danielsson-Ojala, R., Lilius, J., Tuominen, I., Díaz Rodríguez, N.,
& Salanterä, S. (2015). Registered Nurses’ experiences with the medication
administration process. Advances in Nursing, Vol. 2015, pp. 3 - 5.
Sahay, A., Hutchinson, M., & East, L. (2015). Exploring the influence of workplace supports
and relationships on safe medication practice: A pilot study of Australian graduate
nurses. Nurse education today, Vol. 35(5), pp. 21-26.
Smeulers, M., Onderwater, A. T., van Zwieten, M. C., & Vermeulen, H. (2014). Nurses'
experiences and perspectives on medication safety practices: an explorative
qualitative study. Journal of Nursing Management, Vol. 22(3), pp. 276-285.
Tubaishat, A. (2019). The effect of electronic health records on patient safety: A qualitative
exploratory study. Informatics for Health and Social Care, Vol. 44(1), pp. 79-91.
Usher, K., Woods, C., Parmenter, G., Hutchinson, M., Mannix, J., Power, T., & Jackson, D.
(2017). Self-reported confidence in patient safety knowledge among Australian
undergraduate nursing students: a multi-site cross-sectional survey
study. International journal of nursing studies, Vol. 71, pp. 89-96.