Nursing Research and Finance Assessment - Research and Data Analysis

This homework assignment provides a comprehensive analysis of nursing research and finance, covering key aspects such as research design, the ethical considerations within research, and the prime issues of control within research design. The assessment explores various research processes, including descriptive research, and delves into concept synthesis, derivation, and analysis. It further examines data presentation, conceptual models, and the role of theory in research. The assignment also addresses sampling techniques, including random and non-random sampling, and the factors influencing their use. Additionally, it differentiates between independent and dependent variables, measurement levels, and their importance in statistical analysis, alongside discussions on sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios. Finally, the assignment covers data collection errors, validity, reliability, and different types of reliability, providing a complete overview of the research process in the context of nursing and finance.

Running head: NURSING RESEARCH AND FINANCE
NURSING RESEARCH AND FINANCE ASSESSMENT
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

1NURSING RESEARCH AND FINANCE
A. 1.
The primary purpose of research design is to provide a detailed plan of the study, which
allows precise assessment of the cause and effect relationship between dependent and
independent variables of the study. Hence, research design helps to incorporate different
components of the study in logical and coherent means (Merriam & Tisdel, 2015).
A. 2.
 The research design should be ethically correct.
 A good research design is able to incorporate all the valid and reliable data.
 It tolerable to various internal and external threats related to validity of the
research.
 Furthermore, a good research design is able to measure odd events adequately
(Merriam & Tisdel, 2015)
A. 3.
The prime issue of control in research design is need of repeated measures for the
determination of success or failure of intervention, making it less cost effective and time
consuming. Therefore, it is difficult to find the statistical result as the effect manifests here as
interaction (Brabec et al., 2013).
A. 4.
The level of study helps to determine the research question, as depending on the
knowledge of the researcher, the study will become descriptive, predictive or explanatory. On the
other hand, the research design incorporates those studies in the research design to fulfill the

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purpose of the research while maintaining relevancy with the research topic (Venable, Pries-Heje
& Baskerville, 2012).
A. 5.
 This research process is generally depending on secondary research processes and
conducts review of available research articles or data.
 Includes formal and qualitative research having interviews, projective techniques,
case and pilot studies and focus groups.
 Further, inclusion of informal qualitative approach such as discussion with
customers, managers and group of employees regarding the research topic occurs
(Merriam & Tisdel, 2015).
A. 6.
 The main feature of descriptive research process is it does not provides answer to
question seeking when or by whom the phenomenon occurred, however it
provides answer to what is the phenomenon that occurred.
 This method cannot be used in casual relationship, where one variable is affected
with another variable (Venable, Pries-Heje & Baskerville, 2012).
A. 7.
 It enables the researcher to understand the important differences.
 Provides unbiased estimation of the factors affected and associated uncertainties
of the project.
 It helps to achieve result using easy approach.

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 Provides results that can be interpreted easily (Merriam & Tisdel, 2015).
A. 8.
The unwanted variables are controlled using
 By minimizing the difference between and selecting participants having same age,
IQ or same level of variable which is being targeted for experiment.
 Another factors such as researchers, their behaviors, population sex and age, and
response to the experiment should be same so that consistent experiment can be
carried out (Venable, Pries-Heje & Baskerville, 2012).
B. 1
A1
Concept synthesis is a phenomenon that helps to develop new ideas and depending on
those ideas new point of view regarding the experimental study is observed. It provides newer
methods to examine the obtained data and those results help to develop newer theoretical
concepts (Sobel, 2013).
A2
Concept derivation system uses different categories by using a concept and finding other
existing concepts related to it. Further using the system, those concepts are analyzed to view the
morphological relation between them. This is important as by looking for relations, it is easy to
interpret inference of the concept (Sobel, 2013).

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A3
The concept analysis is the process that helps the student or researcher conducting it by
making them aware of the concepts and variables. Therefore, it is the primary stage of any
research as through this, meaning of the variables, population research question is communicated
to the researcher (Wasson, 2013).
A4
 The prime purpose of conceptual definition in research is that through this the
researcher is able to understand the variables, population and research design and
after obtaining the data, further it also defines the operational definition to the
researcher. Further it defines the concepts which are useful to attain success with
respect to the research (Brabec et al., 2013).
B.
 The data in relation statement is presented using tables and graphs as two sets of
data are compared or related using the process.
 It helps to find out the loopholes or the lacks of the study as regular values and
independent data are used for the table or the graph preparation (Pinar, 2012).
C.
The conceptual model is the representation of the research which includes the
information about the research and help people to understand the topic, its variables and its
strength and weaknesses. There are several models as these models are dependent on
conceptualization of the process (Bruera & Hui, 2012).

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D.
Theory is set of assumptions, prepositions and assessed and accepted facts about a topic,
which further provides the researcher with rational or plausible cause and effects of the study
which is being researched. These ides, opinions, explanations are based on facts and assessed
results, hence can be used for research purpose (Pinar, 2012).
E.
There are three types of Mid-range theories such as, mid-range descriptive, explanatory
and predictive theory. These theories are generally applied in nursing aspect and nursing holistic
care. As while providing holistic care or mental, physical and spiritual care to the patient all
these concepts are used prior to application of intervention (Swanson, 2012).
An example of Mid-range theory is the Peplau’s theory of inter-personal relations (Senn,
2013).
F.
The critical appraisal is an important aspect of research as it is used to identify the
methodological errors in the research process. Further it provides the consumers of that research
with the information about the quality of the research evidence.
C. 1.
Population of research is the entire group or target from which, the sample of the research
is drawn. On the other hand, the sample is the group, upon which the investigation of the
research is carried out. Therefore, these both are interrelated as sample is a part of population on
which the research is carried out (Ritchie et al., 2013).

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C. 2.
Random sampling Non-random sampling
Definition Random sampling is the
process, in which each unit
bears equal chance to be
selected in the sample of
research (Robinson, 2014)
non-random sampling is the
process in which each unit
does not has equal chance to
be selected in the research.
(Robinson, 2014)
Strength It eliminate target population
bias
It is cost and time effective
Weakness It is cost, time and effort
consuming process
Confidence intervals cannot
be calculated
C. 3.
Probability samples non-probability samples
Definition It is similar to the random
sampling process and
provides equal chance to each
variable to be a part of the
process.
In this sampling process, all
the individuals are not given
equal chance to be in the
research process.
Types Simple random sampling,
stratified sampling,
systematic sampling, cluster
sampling and multistage
sampling (Ritchie et al.,
2013)
Convenience sampling,
snowball sampling, purposive
sampling, quota sampling,
self-selection sampling
(Ritchie et al., 2013).
C. 4.
Factors that should be kept in mind while using probability and non-probability samples
are:
 Sample size, as oversized or under-sized sample can lead to ethical concerns,
regarding the process.
 Further excluding and including criteria should also be compact so that unwanted
bias can be removed (Robinson, 2014).

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C. 5.
The level of study and type of sampling process are interrelated to each other as
depending on the level of study such as cross sectional study, retrospective study, prospective
study, longitudinal study the type of sampling process such as probability or non-probability
sampling is done (Robinson, 2014).
D. 1.
Independent variable Non-independent variable
Definition It is the variable which is
changed to understand the
effect of dependent variables
This is the main variable
which is researched under
scientific experiment
Similarity This value is being measured
in the experiment
This value is observed for the
successful completion of the
experiment
Difference The value of the independent
variable can be changed
The value of dependent
variable cannot be changed
(Crano, Brewer & Lac, 2014)
D. 2.
The level of measurement is denoted by the classification which provides information
about the values assigned to different variables. In statistical studies, the level of measurements
are nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. The nominal scale determines difference depending on
names or categories, whereas ordinal level provides ranks to variables so that it can be sorted
easily. The interval scale identifies the degree of difference between terms and the ratio scale
determines estimate ratio of the magnitude difference of variables (Tyler, 2013).
D. 3.
The level of measurement is important for statistical analysis as it helps the researcher to
decide the statistical analysis which is appropriate for the given values for example for nominal

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measurement, the researcher will never perform t-test or take average of the data (Crano, Brewer
& Lac, 2014).
D. 4.
Depending on the correct measurement process, correct inference of the data can be
obtained as without that the data will be lack the confidence settlement or removal of biasness.
However, no measurement process is appropriate or perfect for a certain kind of analysis, the
errort can be minimized using a proper measurement process (Tyler, 2013).
D. 5.
Sensitivity Specificity Likelihood ratios
Definition It is the ability of
research to identify
possible reasons behind
the phenomenon.
Is the ability of the
test to correctly
identify the reason
without any
supporting variable
It is used to detect
the potential
utility of the
diagnostic test
Compare It is the true positive
rate
It is the true negative
rate
It is the ratio of
the occurrence of
the positive result
Contrast It is used to test the
validity of the direct
reason behind the
process
It is used to assess
indirect reason behind
the process
It provides the
ratio of
(probability of
correct test result
to the probability
of incorrect test
result) (Crano,
Brewer & Lac,
2014)
E. 1.
The error of data collection is the difference between the obtained value from the data
collection method and the actual value obtained from the population. There are two type of

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errors, sampling and non-sampling errors. The sampling error is related to the sampling process
from the pool of population, whereas, the non-sampling error occurs due to factors other than the
sampling process, such as data interpretation, data collection, method of research (Goodman,
Cryder & Cheema, 2013).
E. 2.
The validity of research is the concept that provides a real-time description of the data
presentation method. The concept of validity is also drawn from the positive scientific traditions
which utilizes specific data interpretation for the successful implementation of qualitative result
(Leung, 2015).
E. 3.
 Content validity evidence, which investigates that the test utilizes the measures
and test question to determine that it complies with the process that the user
wanted to follow.
 Criterion related validity evidence that identifies the acceptability of the process
and compares it with the old process of the same test (Csikszentmihalyi & Larson,
2014).
E. 4.
Reliability is the aspect that determines that procedure used in the process provides stable
and consistent result. Further, it helps to determine the consistency of the assessment as higher
compliance in case of consistency provides accurate and positive and reliable result. Type of

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reliability are: test-retest reliability, parallel form reliability, inter-rater reliability and inter
consistency reliability (Leung, 2015).
E. 5.
Parallel form reliability It is done by repeating attest twice to a
specific group of people. Both the scores are
co-related for the stability.
test-retest reliability It is obtained by administrating different
versions of the same process and correlated to
obtain a common result.
inter-rater reliability Used to determine the difference in the
opinions of different raters according to the
assessment decisions
inter consistency reliability It is used to determine the evaluation of the
degree to which different methods and
variables provide same result for the research
(Leung, 2015)
E. 6.
Both these factors are important for research design as both these provides distinct
criteria to the researchers to evaluate the consistency across research items, time, and researchers
and provides actual scores the variables are intended to. These are specific judgments depending
on the various type of evidences (Csikszentmihalyi & Larson, 2014).
E. 7.
Prior to the selection of research design related to any assessment, the instruments of
validity and reliability should be measured as it helps to reduce the rate of error in the
measurement process. Further it improves the outcome of research, stabilizes the measurement
process and eliminates the bias from the process too (Csikszentmihalyi & Larson, 2014).

11NURSING RESEARCH AND FINANCE
F. 1.
Relevance Utilization of observation
In healthcare studies, relevancy determines
the compliance of the used intervention or the
research process with established theoretical
concepts
This is used to observe the range of applied
intervention and determines the degree of the
intervention to which it can provide positive
result to the patient.
F. 2.
The basic considerations which should be kept in mind while designing questionnaire are:
 The mode of data collection, as the data collection method such as online and
offline method varies widely.
 Impact and effect of survey fatigue and survey question as both of these depends
on the response from the participants (Steventon et al., 2012).
F. 3.
 It helps to set a research agenda, by ensuring properly balanced representation and
input from the stakeholders.
 It includes different levels of specificity by setting different levels of specific
agendas. Further, these agendas are important in the field of research (Huntley et
al., 2012).
F. 4.
The primary source of data provides the actual and authentic data as the nurse obtains the
data from the patient itself, however the secondary source of data provides results after the
generation of the data. In nursing research, primary and secondary source of data is important as