Nursing Assessment 2: Analysis of Sexually Transmitted Disease Cases

This nursing assessment report delves into the critical issue of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), examining a case study involving a patient with an STD and substance abuse issues. The report addresses the application of the PICO framework to formulate an answerable clinical question, specifically focusing on the use of gloves during injections to reduce STD transmission. It explores nursing ethics, emphasizing the importance of safety measures, such as glove use and handwashing, to prevent the spread of infections. The report references relevant research from databases like PubMed, analyzing studies on STD prevention and public health policies. It also discusses limitations of the research and outlines various interventions, symptoms, and detection methods related to STDs. Furthermore, the report examines the search process for information on STDs and references articles on the vulnerability of sex workers to STDs and blood-borne viruses, highlighting the need for awareness and improved medical guidance.

Nursing Assignment
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Table of Contents
Assessment2................................................................................................................................................2
Part A......................................................................................................................................................2
Question 1...........................................................................................................................................2
Question 2...........................................................................................................................................2
Question 3...........................................................................................................................................4
Question 4...........................................................................................................................................5
Question 5...........................................................................................................................................6
Question 6...........................................................................................................................................6
Question 7...........................................................................................................................................8
Question 8...........................................................................................................................................8
Full end text reference.............................................................................................................................9
Full end text reference...........................................................................................................................11
Full end text reference...........................................................................................................................11
Part B.....................................................................................................................................................12
Title Authors and Abstract.................................................................................................................12
Literature Review..............................................................................................................................12
References.................................................................................................................................................16
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Assessment2
Part A
Question 1
Ans: The issue that has been identified in the study is sexually transmitted disease. Cathrine has
developed gluteus maxims in her left side and she uses to have drugs and alcohol frequently. The
caregivers have identified that the injury is out of drug and alcohol consumption. Moreover, she
is facing difficulties during her pregnancy due to the injury. Thus, Nancy has found that she is
affected by the Sexually transmitted disease(Grulich et al., 2014).
Question 2
The answerable question is: Does use gloves during injections helps to reduce the expansion
of the sexually transmitted disease among women?
PICO: P signifies Population, I signify interventions, C signifies comparison and O signifies
outcome. Thus, PICO is a technique to demonstrate the best medical base evidence. The PICO
terms can be used to answer clinical and health-based questions. Moreover, it is also used to
frame the literature based practices of the search strategies. In addition, PICO is a framework
that develops questions, assesses the topic and locates and evaluate the medical terms. It is a
time-specific study that demonstrates the comparison, outcomes, and interventions of the
disease(Jin et al., 2012).
P: According to the case study, the problem is clearly identified in the question; The issue lies
here is the sexually transmitted disease, its expansion, and prevention. However, this part is
helpful to know the key problem lies in the issue which is relatable to the given case study.
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Moreover, here the target population is also specified. The question has not mentioned all the
required therapeutic measures and has not mentioned the present condition of the patient. On the
contrary, the question is developed in generalized form and outlined on likely the target
population and the type of disease and its prevention. Women are the target populationas per the
question described. Thus, P is used according to the subject matter.
I: "I" signifies the intervention. The intervention is clearly mentioned in the question. Using
gloves are the interventions for safe injection procedure for sexually transmitted diseases.
Sexually transmitted diseases can be spread from the little tissue or the drop of blood of the
patient or from the hand of the medical staff. However, using gloves is a healthy process for safe
injection(Karim& Mona, 2013). Moreover, it reduces the possibilities to stop the expansion of
sexually transmitted disease. On the contrary, in the prevention part, the health condition of the
patient is not mentioned properly. In addition, no diagnostic change procedure is mentioned in
the given question and the possibility of watchful identifying can be located in the aforesaid
question.
C: C signifies comparison. Comparison states the standard care for intervention and finding an
alternative way of intervention. The standard care mentioned here is using gloves before the
injection. However, no alternative method has been used in the question. As per the mentioned
question, only intervention technique is to use gloves in order to prevent the expansion.
However, several alternative ways can be mentioned; using the clean syringe and using new
syringe every time before the injection.
O: O signifies the outcomes of the procedure. The outcome states the rate of mortality, number
of working days and types of pain. The question has not mentioned any kind pain or mortality.
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However, there is an indication that if gloves are not used during injection the sexually
transmitted disease can be spread and act as a harmful factor for the person.
Question 3
To answer this question, it is necessary to understand the safety measures of for injection.
Moreover, it is required to know the factors that can influence the expansion of sexually
transmitted diseases. To attain this achievement, there must be a proficient knowledge regarding
the nursing ethics and healthy treatment procedure. The nursing ethics state that the patients
must injection and gloves must be used. The gloves prevent the expansion of the germs of the
disease and help to mitigate the risk factors regarding the expansion of sexually transmitted
disease. The nursing caregivers must be following the seven key principals of nursing that
consists of beneficence, fidelity, autonomy, non-maleficence, justice, autonomy, and transparent
service(Karim& Mona, 2013). If the caregivers do not follow the measures of the transparent
services they would violate key principals of nursing and it would be injustice on the part of the
patient.
A nurse needs to know all the safety measures mentioned in the ethical principles of nursing. The
violation of the nursing code of ethics is the violation of the ethical considerations. Moreover,
the if the safety measures do not use properly and gloves are not used before using a syringe for
injection, the germs can be transmitted from one body to another easily and the sexually
transmitted disease can spread to a wide number of population. The use of glovesandwashing
hands area the common safety measures in order to prevent germ. Moreover, this is helpful to
prevent cross infection in the health care homes. In addition, water bathing before every
treatmentand injection is required to prevent the expansion of disease to a wider range of
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populations. The general safety measures that are required to prevent the spread of viral diseases
are:
 Prevention of blood cell related stream infections. To achieve this, the nursing caregivers
are required to clean their hands properly and must use gloves before touching any
medicines or syringes.
 Prevention of Venous thromboembolism; thisis a most common technique to prevent the
disease from expansion. Thromboembolism signifies using a new needle in every new
syringe. It is effective to prevent the expansion of disease during injection(Lodish, 2016).
Question 4
According to the Pub Med database of nursing, a research paper was found synchronizing with
the topic of prevention in sexually transmitted disease. The paper titled Impact of changes in the
health and social care act 2012 and public health white paper. Ain this paper the researchers
have opined that sexually transmitted disease is one of the banes for the society. One of the
major routes of transmission of the sexual disease is the contamination in the hospital due to lack
of preventive measures. Proper sensitization and awareness among the employees are lacking
due to this rapid increase in the sexually transmitted disease is occurring. According to the
researchers, the government health policies should be more proactive. Sensitization and
awareness of the use of proper preventive measures should be done by the medical professionals.
According to the case study medical professional is giving injection without using gloves which
increases the chance of the sexually transmitted disease. According to research the public health
policy of the government should be amended in such a way that the sexually transmitted disease
gets a major focus. Preventive measures should be taken when treatment is done to a patient
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containing the Sexually transmitted disease (Kwan, Giele, Combs &Mak, 2012). In the Pub
Med, another paper of 2013 was there with the Title sexually transmitted disease syndrome and
laboratory and laboratory diagnosis, treatment and follow up. According to this research,
preventive measures should be taken like washing with soap proper disincentive agents should
be used to prevent the sexually transmitted disease from spreading. These measures are very
important and should be taken by the medical professionals to stop the spread of sexually
transmitted disease (McNulty & Bourne, 2017).
Question 5
The main limitation of the research article that was searched in the database was from the years
2012 to 2018. The works consisted of data which were insufficient. Sufficient data are needed
for the research. The documents which were mainly searched were based on the English
language. There might be research articles in other languages which consist of sufficient data
will help the purpose. Due to the language barriers, the articles of another language such as
Spanish and Italian journals consist of relevant and important information. The information from
this journal was not taken due to language barriers. It would create the problem in
comprehending the information. This was the limitations found in the extracting data from the
research articles(Makyao et al., 2011).
Question 6
Intervention: There are many interventions of the sexually transmitted disease. There is the
development of the immunization against the HPV. But on the other hand, there is the failure of
the HIV vaccine for the candidate to give the protection against the acquisition of the HIV. But
the most unfortunate things is that most of the patient diagnosed with the HIV at the late stage.
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Apart from this, there is the development of the technology which helps to reduce the case of the
sexually transmitted diseases (Health, 2017).
Symptoms: If anyone does anal or oral sex and the genital touching, then it is called as the
sexually transmitted disease or the sexually transmitted infection. Most of the case, there is no
symptoms or sign. But there is some type of symptoms of the sexually transmitted disease. Some
of the symptoms are bleeding between the period for women, pain during the intercourse of the
sex in women. Discharge of vaginal in women, lower abdominal pain and so on (Fertilitysociety,
2015).
Detection: Due to the sexually transmitted disease, most of the teens are suffering from this
disease. There are a few ways to protect themselves from the sexually transmitted disease. If
anyone suffers from the Hepatitis B, then it can most of the time be assumed that the disease of
the is occurred due to the sexually transmitted. Apart from that, the following symptoms refer to
the person is infected disease due to the sexually transmitted.
 The redness or the swelling near the vagina or penis.
 A rash of the skin
 Night sweats, loose stools, and the weight loss.
 The yellowing of the skin.
 Painful sex (Stipu, 2010).
To reduce the sexually transmitted disease among the population, there is the requirement of the
awareness among the people. Apart from that, the improvement of the medical studies also needs
to address the people with the proper guidance for the sexually transmitted disease.
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Question 7
There are various steps to search the entire process of the sexually transmitted disease. It is
required the exact idea of how to deal with the disease which is mainly occurred due to the
sexually transmitted. First of all, it is very much required to know the reason behind the disease.
If the proper reason for the disease can be found then the solution is required to face the disease.
To cure the disease, there is a need to have some of the interventions. Here, the proper reason
behind the disease is the unorganized life in their daily life and unaware of the sexual life
Question 8
Article 1-
Those men and women work in the sex industry differ from the normal population by the
vulnerability to infection of the sexually transmitted disease. They are also infecting with the
blood-borne viruses. It can be possible that the sex workers transmit the sexual diseases during
the sex with the other partners. These clients after that transmit the sexually transmitted diseases
to the other partners of them. The limited knowledge of the sexual life of the men and women is
liable for the disease of the sexually transmitted. The study shows that the men sex worker may
have the high level of STIs such as the human immune deficiency virus (HIV)(Nerima, 2013).
The study shows that both the male and the women sex worker can have the possibility of
infecting with the sexually transmitted disease. Like the mentioned patient, many patients have
been tested for hepatitis C by injecting with the drug. According to the study, the prevalence of
sexually transmitted infection is growing rapidly among the sex worker as well as those who are
very much prone to the sex.
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According to the study, men have the significant history of using injecting drug. But on the other
hand, the women community are not far behind their male counterpart. In this case, the given
patient has a small history of injecting the drug. On the other hand, the given patient has a long
history of drinking alcohol.
Full end text reference
Estcourt, Claudia S et al. "HIV, Sexually Transmitted Infections, And Risk Behaviours In Male
Commercial Sex Workers In Sydney." Sti.bmj.com. N.p., 2014. Web. 17 Sept. 2018.
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Articles 2-
There are many surveys which show the correct process of transmission. Many times, it has been
mentioned that there is an unknown way of sexually transmitted disease. In this case, the patient
is infected with the hepatitis C after the surgery taken place in the hospital. Not many know
about the reason of spreading of hepatitis C. The study shows that only 37% of the people know
that the reason behind the spreading of the hepatitis C. According to the study, it is seen that the
people who inject drugs stand on the high level of risk of hepatitis C virus. The study displays
the fact that those who inject drugs mostly under the age of 30 unaware of the status. In this case,
the patient Catherine does not aware of the fact. In big cities like Australia, there many cases like
Catherine. Particularly, the hepatitis C virus is very highly concentrated among those who may
have injected the drugs. The expected cost for this disease is increasing dramatically day by day.
During the treatment of the hepatitis C positive, the patients somehow think of his or her mental
condition or the future barriers for this disease(Poynten, Templeton &Grulich, 2011). To avoid
the disease, the patient needs to join the clinics of the family planning. In Australia, most of the
teen does not have the additional knowledge about the disease caused by the sexually
transmitted. Among the teens of Australia, just 37% of them know the result of the disease. Since
the entrance of the 21st century, the Australian government has taken the initiative of increasing
the awareness of hepatitis C positive. In contrasts, it can be mentioned that Australia does not
possess national STI strategy to counter the hepatitis C positive fearlessly. The education system
is formalized by the government of Australia to make the awareness of among the would-be
citizen of the country.
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Full end text reference
Dutton, Peter. "THIRD National Sexually Transmissible Infections Strategy." Health.gov.au.
N.p., 2014. Web. 19 Sept. 2018.
Article 3 –
In the case of Catherine, she has a long history of injecting drug and alcohol. So there is the
chance of the infected with the hepatitis C positive. Here, the disease attracts the social status of
the patient(Templeton et al., 2017). The result of the surgery of the disease may lead the patient
to the depressed condition. Sometimes the patient feels depressed during the period of treatment.
At some point in time, the doctor and the other medical staff appease the patient. But in this case,
the patient Catherine has been asked for the future social status(Poynten, Templeton &Grulich,
2011). But she never thinks of that status, she thinks how the doctor would treat her in this case.
It is the most important thing to treat the patient mentally and physically. To recover the disease,
the medical team and the staff need to address the patient carefully. As the disease is vibrant for
the social status, so they need to handle the patient as per the direction of the doctor.
Full end text reference
Grulich, Andrew E. et al. "Sex In Australia: Knowledge About Sexually Transmissible Infections
And Blood-Borne Viruses In A Representative Sample Of Adults." Onlinelibrary.wiley.com.
N.p., 2010. Web. 17 Sept. 2018.
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