Acute Health Problems and Nursing Care: Diploma of Nursing Assignment

This comprehensive nursing assignment addresses various acute health problems, including renal disorders, gastrointestinal issues, neurological disorders, and respiratory problems, detailing their signs, symptoms, and causes. It also explores surgical nursing principles, explaining procedures such as elective/emergency surgeries, anesthetics, amputations, hip replacements, and craniotomies. The assignment further examines holistic care approaches in acute settings, nursing interventions, and outcomes. It covers potential and actual health issues related to total hip replacement and provides detailed information on intravenous fluid intake, central venous catheters, total parental nutrition, and nasogastric tube feeds, including their purposes, complications, and nursing management. Pre- and post-operative management of appendectomy patients, PICC line indications, complications, and nursing management, and strategies for managing post-operative pain are also included. The assignment provides a thorough overview of essential nursing practices and patient care in acute healthcare environments.

Running head: DIPLOMA IN NURSING 1
Diploma in Nursing
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation

DIPLOMA IN NURSING 2
Task 1
1. Explain all following acute health problems. List at least two signs and symptoms
and two causes (each). (30-40 words each)
a) Acute renal disorders
It occurs when the kidneys suddenly become unable to filter waste products from the
blood. Its signs and symptoms include irregular heartbeat along with breath shortness and can be
caused by blood or fluid loss along with liver failure (Chawla, Eggers, Star & Kimmel, 2014).
b) Acute gastrointestinal disorders
They are disorders engaging the digestive tract and the accessory organs of digestion, the
pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. Its signs and symptoms include indigestion, nausea and
vomiting and may be caused by cancer of the digestive system along with previous bowel
surgery (Drossman, 2016).
c) Acute neurological disorder
It is a disease of the spine, brain along with the nerves that connect them. Its signs and
symptoms are poor cognitive abilities and decreased alertness and can be caused by genetic
disorders and congenital abnormalities (Patel et al., 2016).
d) Acute pain
It is a type of depression that lasts less than three to six months typically or which is
directly related to soft tissue damage like a sprained ankle. Its symptoms are numbness, fatigue
along with weight loss and it is caused by injuries, infections, and appendicitis (Stanton-Hicks,
2018).

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e) Acute respiratory disorders
They are disorders which may interfere with normal breathing and can affect either the
upper or lower respiratory system. Its symptoms are a sore throat, body aches together with a
cough, and it is caused by acute pharyngitis, common cold along with bronchitis (Rochester,
Fairburn & Crouch, 2014).
f) acute unconscious state
It is a coma during which a person is unresponsive of his environment. Its signs and
symptoms are closed eyes, irregular breathing along with depressed brainstem reflexes and is
caused by stroke, tumors, seizures or even traumatic brain injuries (Cooksley & Holland, 2017).
g) Angina
Angina is a discomfort or chest pain which occurs when a part of the heart muscle
receives less blood oxygen than usual. Its signs and symptoms are difficulty breathing along with
tightness and can be triggered by smoking, severe emotional stress along with exposure to
extreme temperatures (Bairey Merz et al., 2015).
h) burns
Burns are injuries primarily to the skin and underlying tissue. Signs and symptoms are
redness and tenderness or pain, and they may be caused by flame burns, hot liquid, sunburn or
electrical burns (Dinis-Oliveira et al., 2015).
i) cellulitis

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Cellulitis is a common bacterial skin infection. Its symptoms are redness or swelling and
pain in the affected area, and they are commonly caused by Streptococcus and Staphylococcus
bacteria when they enter through a cut on the skin (Linder & Malani, 2017).
j) deep vein thrombosis, venous thromboembolism
It occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the body generally
in the leg. Symptoms include pain in the leg and red or discolored skin on the leg and can be
caused by injury to a vein, surgery or certain medications (Ageno et al., 2016).
k) Dehydration
Dehydration occurs when the body lacks much water as it is required. Signs and
symptoms include the dry or sticky mouth, headache, dehydrated skin along with rapid heartbeat
and it is caused by excessive sweating and vomiting (Hooper et al., 2015).
l) Fractures
Fractures are broken bones, and its signs and symptoms include pain or swelling, warmth,
bruising or redness and obvious deformity in the injured part. They are caused by bad falls,
trauma or automobile accident (Miller et al., 2016).
m) Hemorrhage
Hemorrhage is when blood vessels rupture due to injury leading to excessive bleeding. Its
symptoms include breath shortness along with a headache, and they can be caused by trauma or
damage to a blood vessel and aneurysms or weak spots in the artery (McEvoy, Farrell, Brett &
Looby, 2016).

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n) head injury
It is any sort of damage to the scalp, brain or skull. Signs and symptoms include a
headache, nausea along with a loss of consciousness and they can be caused by falls or blows,
accidents or physical assaults (Corps, Roth & McGavern, 2015).
o) myocardial infarction
It is also called heart attack which occurs when one of the heart’s coronary arteries is
blocked. Its signs and symptoms are chest pain, breathlessness along with nausea and is caused
by thrombus along with atherosclerosis (Tegn et al., 2016).
p) renal calculi
Renal calculi also called kidney stones are hard deposits made of minerals and salts
which form inside the kidneys. Symptoms include small amounts of urine along with pain on
urination and are caused by an excessively acidic environment and lack of water in the body
(Lieske et al., 2015).
q) Sepsis
Sepsis is the body’s extreme response to an infection. Its symptoms include severe
weakness, unconsciousness along with high heart rate. It is caused by pneumonia, kidney
infection along with abdominal infection (Clarke, Bird, Kakuchi, Littlewood & van Hamel
Parsons, 2015).
r) Shock
It is a life-threatening state which occurs when the body is not getting enough flow of
blood. Signs and symptoms are rapid, shallow breathing, nausea along with the loss of

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consciousness and it is caused by dehydration, heart failure and severe allergic reaction
(Mouncey et al., 2015).
2. Enlist key principles of surgical nursing. Explain briefly following surgical
procedures/terminology. (30-40 words each)
a) elective/emergency surgery
The key principles are measuring the generally predictable emergency/ elective surgery
workload, consultant surgeon-led models of emergency/ elective surgery care, allocation of
operating theatre resources matching to the emergency workload and standard hours scheduling
where clinically appropriate.
b) General, local, epidural and spinal anesthetic and peripheral nerve block
Always aspirate before infiltration along with correct choices of infiltrative analgesia
versus topical analgesia.
c) Amputation
It is the removal of a limb by trauma, medical illness or surgery. Key principles are that
levels of amputation are chosen not by the prosthesis but by the level of involvement or injury,
and the length of amputation can be preserved by coverage with split grafts over muscles or with
free vascularized flaps.
d) Open reduction
The key principles are the reduction to restore anatomical relationships, providing
absolute or relative stability, preservation of the supply of blood along with early and safe
mobilization.

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e) Hip replacement
Minimizing joint reaction forces by transferring the trochanter to balance the muscle
forces with the center line of the body and maintaining the center of rotation, hip length and
offset and attention to element placement are the key principles.
f) Craniotomy
Principles of craniotomy are a preoperative review of the patient, preparation of scalp, the
positioning of the patient on the table, scalp toilet, marking of the incision along with draping.
g) Tonsillectomy
The key principle in tonsillectomy is that the frequent dosing of the analgesic ladder is
better than prn.
h) Appendectomy
General anesthesia is given, an incision made, several cuts made if laparoscopic, belly
washed out if needed, drainage tube and the basic principles are the adequate exposure and
simplicity along with the body habitus (Flum, 2015).
i) Laparotomy
The operation satisfies three fundamental principles which are that the wound must be
inflicted without pain, hemorrhaged must be arrested, and the injury must heal.
j) Hysterectomy
The principles are anterior peritoneum of the broad ligament must be opened, and the
uterine vessels are coagulated.
k) Prostatectomy

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In prostatectomy, the fast-track concepts might contribute to saving resources in the long
term, and the more evidence based on larger prospective trials is needed to achieve optimal
quality of life.
l) Cataract extraction
Its fundamental principles include the adequate use of low magnification 6 to 8X, no
substitute for frequent practice for mastering the operating microscope along with obtaining a
sharp focus on iris or limbus.
m) Internal bleeding due to trauma.
Its principles are preventing further bleeding, preserving life along with promoting
recovery.
2. Describe how a holistic care approach is applied to the acute care environment
including nursing interventions and outcomes.
Holistic care approach has been applied through the expansion of essential oil market,
hydrotherapy a centuries-old approach and acupressure which eases pain and reduces opioid use
(Goeman, Koch, Fogerty & Collister, 2015).
4. List two actual and potential health issues for a patient undergoing R) total hip
replacement. State the risk assessment needed to be done before ambulation including
patient's stability on their feet.
Potential problems include dislocation of the joint and blood clot, and actual problems are
heart attack along with pneumonia. The risk assessment should be done to the patient,
environment, healthcare provider and the institution of the work. The patient is assessed whether
he can cooperate and follow directions, can bear weight and if he can sit up on the bedside
without support. The environment is evaluated to find if there is enough space if the equipment

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available is in correct working state and if all hazards have been removed (Le Manach et al.,
2015). On the side of the healthcare provider, he should complete all required training, wear non-
slip footwear and maintain a neutral spine. The organization should be assessed to ensure enough
caregivers, adequate time for the procedure and take rest breaks along with different operations
to promote optimal back health.
5. Describe briefly and list at least four purposes, complications and nursing management
of the following procedures: (30-40 words each)
I/V Intravenous fluid intake
Its uses are the fluid replacement to correct dehydration, blood transfusions, to correct
electrolyte imbalances along with delivering medications. Complications associated with the
procedure are the hematoma, air embolism along with infiltration. Nursing management of the
process is to use aseptic approach when preparing and administering medications and fluids
adhering to the six rights of medication safety.
Central venous catheter (CVC)
The purpose of the procedure is for infusions of irritant substances, IV access, CVP
monitoring, and transvenous pacing. Complications include pulmonary complications, damage to
central veins, cardiac complications along with device dysfunction.
Total parental nutrition (TPN)
The purposes are to sustain life in patients with short-bowel syndrome, assisting the
healing of enterocutaneous and pancreatic fistulas and for perioperative use in nutritionally
deprived patients. Complications are liver failure, thrombosis, infection, and hyperglycemia.

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Appropriate vascular as the clinical monitoring is required to ensure complications of therapy are
detected quickly.
Nasogastric tube feed/fluid intake
They are used to deliver tube feedings to patients, test stomach contents. Its
complications are vomiting, abdominal cramping, regurgitation of medicine or food along with
nausea.
6. A) Briefly outline the pre- and post-operative management of a patient undergoing any
surgery.
Information is obtained about the health status of the patient including baseline
observations along with the correct nursing history.
B) List 6 common pre- and post-operative management of a patient undergoing an
appendectomy
The patient's database should be assessed, administration of IV line, skin prepared for the
procedure, monitoring of the vital signs, accessing the level of consciousness along with
assessing bleeding at the wound site (Flum, 2015).
7. List three indications and complications associated with peripherally inserted central
catheter (PICC)/midline. Outline the nursing management of a client with a PICC line.
PICC-associated complications are thrombosis, mechanical complications like occlusion
and accidental withdrawal along with infection while its indications are serial lab draws, serial
transfusions of product or blood together with limited peripheral venous access. Nurses should
not take the BP of patients on the arm with PICC line, assess the dressing each shift to ensure it

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is not wet, dirty or peeling off and also always evaluate the excellent blood flow along with
natural flushing each change to ensure patency of PICC line.
8. Explain strategies to manage post-operative pain.
The use of multimodal treatment strategies in which treatment with multimodal analgesia
has been demonstrated to minimize the use of opioid, reduce the incidence of opioid-related
adverse events along with developing pain control when compared with using opioid
monotherapy. Moreover, the use of regional anesthetic strategies including epidural and
perineural along with local anesthetics is another mode of postoperative pain management
(Collins, Joshi, Quiroz, Steinberg & Nihira, 2015). Epidural analgesia entails the injection of a
local anesthetic with or without an opioid into the epidural space within the spinal column. On
the other hand, perineural nerve blocks inject anesthetics into parts adjacent to the nerve of
various locations depending on the types of the performed surgery.
9. A) Explain what post-anesthetic and postoperative observations are made on a patient
after a surgical procedure/surgery?
The observations made include pain score, neurological assessment, presence and
patency of drains, assessment of wound sites, respiratory effort, SpO2, BP, HR along with
temperature.
B) Regarding a patient who is not regaining consciousness, how would you assess their level
of awareness and what signs and symptoms of deterioration you need to monitor
To determine the patient's response touch and verbal technique is used. A simple
command is given like “squeeze my hand, open your eyes” which are verbal and “squeeze both
shoulders firmly” as a touch. Also, administer painful stimuli, and if the patient does not respond
the, he is unconscious. The signs and symptoms of deterioration that need to be observed are

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closed eyes, unresponsiveness to painful stimuli along with irregular breathing (Moe et al.,
2018).
10. Explain how an oral fluid intake is observed, measured and documented. What
tools/charts are used (provide an example or sample chart). Explain why it is important to
observe this and its purpose?
Any fluid entering the body is measured and a note made on how much the patient drinks
along with the time of the day. If drinking from a jug, the total intake is obtained by subtracting
the fluid remaining in the jar at the end of the day plus any fluid added. Feeds through a
nasogastric tube and intravenous intake is also measured the same and if water is used to flush
the nasogastric tube the amount used for irrigation is recorded in the intake and output chart and
Trust’s fluid balance chart (Jensen, Attridge, Lenninger & Benson, 2015). It is vital to observe
since the measurements are used to assess the fluid and electrolyte intake to suggest the various
diagnosis and allow prompt interventions to correct the input. The documentation is done by
placing patient identification sticker in the box provided along with the date written clearly on
the top of the chart, drawing a line through the unused columns in case fluid intake starts or ends
at a particular time other than midnight and completes the total running column. Also, everyday
amount of fluid intake should be entered clearly at the end of the 12 and 24-hour duration
highlighted with color and signed by a registered nurse and escalating when indicated using the
trust's escalation flowchart.
11. Outline emergency management protocol for following:
Any two first aid procedures

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Emergency management for burns is done by flushing cool running water to the burned
part several minutes along with applying a light veil and ibuprofen is provided for the relief of
pain. For bleeding, the wound should be covered with a cloth and direct pressure applied to stop
blood flow.
Cardiac arrest
For emergencies look, feel and listen, keep ventilating and continue ECM till there is a
response or you decide to stop treatment. Here the consequences of a cardiopulmonary arrest are
temporarily averted. The ABC routine is lifesaving although it is for only for a few minutes.
Some other medication should be provided, and normal circulations are restored if the patient is
to survive. If ECG diagnosis is absent, adrenaline is lifesaving and should always be used once
the diagnosis is made even if the arrest cause is unknown.
Respiratory arrest
Patient’s airways are opened and positive pressure ventilation provided with a bag-mask.
The bag-mask should be attached to the flow meter of oxygen, and the oxygen turned all the way
up. After provision of positive pressure, the patient may spontaneously start breathing and if it
happens supplemental oxygen should be administered and continuous observation to the patient
otherwise the patient will need to be intubated. However, before intubation there is need to
suction the mouth and oropharynx to remove any secretions for vocal cords to be visualized.
12. Identify and explain two complications associated with acute bed rest.
Muscle weakness is a complication associated with acute bed rest whereby muscles are
negatively affected with weakness and atrophy as the result of immobility. The other
complication is contractures whereby when limbs are not moved the tendons along with muscles
shorten making the joint stiff.

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13. List clinical manifestations of at least 6 acute disease states and illnesses requiring
complex nursing interventions. Explain briefly the nursing management for each disease
state and illness.
A severe acute respiratory syndrome is managed via wearing disposable globes and a
surgical mask and washing personal items and hands. Its clinical manifestations include a dry
cough, persistent fever, headache, and dyspnea. Acute lymphocytic leukemia has clinical signs
like fevers, fatigue, low back pain, and spontaneous bleeding. Presentations of strep throat
include fever, acute illness with a sore throat and tender cervical adenopathy. Acute bronchitis
has manifestations such as a productive cough, abnormal lung examinations and purulent sputum
(Schulze, Vogelgesang & Dressel, 2014). However, the indications for acute respiratory distress
syndrome are hypoxia, respiratory alkalosis, and tachypnea. Acute disseminated
encephalomyelitis has signs like a headache, cranial nerve symptoms, and fever.
14. Name four critical nursing care aspects of tracheostomy suctioning to ensure the client's
safety and comfort.
For patients with a newly developed tracheostomy, tracheal dilators should be available
at the patient's bedside till after the first successful tube is changed and an information sheet
providing particular information concerning the date of the last tracheostomy tube change, type
and size of the tracheostomy tube must be placed above the bed of the patient. Another care
aspect is that children of six years and below should have cotton ties only to secure the
tracheostomy tube and for those six years and above who are regarded at risk of undoing Velcro
ties must have cotton ties.
15. Explain briefly nursing care management of patient with intercostal catheter. Give two
reasons for intercostal catheter insertion.

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The intercostal catheter should not be clamped unless ordered by a medical staff meaning
that there exists a risk of the patient developing a tension pneumothorax if a drain is clamped
when there is a presence of a leak. The reasons for intercostal catheter insertion is for removal of
fluid or air from the pleural space and to allow lung re-expansion following surgery.
16. List four nursing management/safety checks and considerations for a patient with an
underwater chest drainage tube?
The first tube connecting the drain to drainage bottles must be broad to decreased
resistance, the procedure should not be applied following pneumonectomy and the level of water
above the tube in the manometer bottle determines the amount of suction applied before air drain
through the tube. Moreover, if suction is turned off, then tubing must be unplugged so that air
can escape into atmosphere otherwise a tension pneumonectomy.
17. List three indications and 3 complications of CPAP and BIPAP therapy. Explain
nursing management of a patient on CPAP and nursing management of patient on BIPAP.
CPAP is used to maintain airway patency and may be used in the neonatal intensive care
unit to treat preterm infants whose lungs have not yet fully developed and who may have
respiratory distress syndrome from surfactant deficiency. Also, it can be used by physicians to
treat hypoxia along with decreasing the work of infant breathing with acute infectious processes
like bronchiolitis. Its complications may include a runny nose, dry mouth, and congestion
(Jaoude & El Solh, 2016). For a patient on CPAP requires transfer to the Paediatric Intensive
Care Unit (PICU), the initiation of the therapy may occur in the Emergency Department or PICU
environment and stabilization along with ongoing management should happen in the PICU
environment.

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On the other hand, BIPAP is used for increased ventilation, CPAP intolerance along with
acute pulmonary edema management. Its complications are worsening lung function or injury,
sinus congestion, and eye irritation.
s) Enlist at least 6 equipment used in acute care environments. Outline the
function and purpose of each machine.
The stethoscope is used to detect and study lungs, heart, stomach and other sounds in the
body while manual handling equipment is used to move and transfer patients safely and it
improves the quality of care of patients. The nasogastric tube provides access to the stomach for
diagnostic and therapeutic purposes and is used to remove gastrointestinal secretions and
swallowed air in patients with gastrointestinal obstructions. Another equipment is clock/ timer
used for measuring particular time intervals; blood gas test measures the amount of oxygen and
carbon dioxide in the blood along with determining the blood pH. Finally, an adhesive tape is
used to join or bond objects together rather than using screws or fasteners.
Task 4
1. Describe briefly at least two surgical procedures your patient(s) underwent during
their stay at hospital. Explain preoperative and post-operative nursing care
provided and how you contributed to their pre-operative nursing care management
for specific surgical procedures.
Appendectomy involves removal of the appendix (Flum, 2015). Before the surgery the
consent inform is signed, IV line administered and the skin prepared for the procedure. After the
surgery, the patient is taken to the post-anesthesia care unit until the anesthesia wears off. The

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patient is observed on the heart rate, temperature and breathing at regular intervals. When the
anesthesia wears off, and the vital signs stabilize the patient is taken to their hospital room.
The other surgery is hysterectomy which is a surgical procedure to remove all parts of
the uterus. Before the procedure the patient was assessed of his understanding of the procedure
and explanations along with clarifications are provided. The abdominal and perineal areas are
cleansed, little cleansing enema administered and the patient asked to empty the bladder,
preoperative drugs administered and consent form signed. After the procedure hemorrhage signs
are assessed, vital signs observed after every four hours and after the removal of the catheter, the
amount of urine voided is measured. Also, complications, vaginal discharge along with incision
and bowel sounds every shift are assessed. Finally, turning, deep breathing, coughing, early
ambulation along with fluid intake is encouraged.
2. Explain how you ensured that the pre-operative care you planned and implemented
in liaison with your Registered Nurse considered the relationship between pre-
operative care and post-operative care.
Through ensuring that the highest standard of care is delivered to every patient, the
surgical environment being kept sterile and safe and educating the patients with their family
along with observing their emotional and physical health made sure that pre and post-operative
care was regarded.
3. a) Provide details of post-anesthetic observations which were done by you on your
patient(s) following surgery.
I conducted post-anesthetic observations such as the patency and presence of drains,
nursing care like dressings and flush, pain score in which VAS score was recorded (R) for pain
related to the drain at rest and (M) for pain related to coughing and breathing.

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b) Write about any post-operative complications/deterioration in your patient(s) condition
when they did not regain consciousness.
The shock which is a drop in the blood pressure causing a dangerous reduction in the
flow of blood all over the body may occur and also hemorrhage which is bleeding
4. Describe briefly nursing interventions implemented by you in assisting your
patient(s) recovering from a range of anesthesia to regain ideal health status.
The interventions were to maintain the patient’s airway and ensuring that he has enough
oxygen and dioxide exchange. Also, the infusion of blood, fluids, and medications was
necessary.
5. Explain nursing interventions implemented to reduce the risks associated with
immobility.
The patient is mobilized as soon as possible, and the mobilization efforts may include
sitting and dangling. Also, vital signs are monitored before and after physical activity along with
establishing correct fall prevention techniques. Another intervention is encouraging patients to
perform operations of daily living and engage in physical therapy prescribed to improve
mobility.
6. Discuss at least 2 (each) pain management strategies and nursing care actions that
you implemented in liaison with your Registered Nurse to promote your patient’s
post-operative comfort.
The implemented strategies are the use of multimodal treatment strategies which reduce
the use of opioid, minimize the incidence of opioid-related adverse events and improve pain
control. Also, the use of regional anesthetic strategies which include epidural analgesia which
involves local anesthetic injection and peripheral nerve block used to inject anesthetic into parts

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adjacent to the nerve (Collins, Joshi, Quiroz, Steinberg & Nihira, 2015). The nursing care actions
implemented were discharging the patient with general orders like vital signs, pain control, and
laboratory investigation along with other medications. Moreover, to prevent complications, early
mobilization was encouraged like active daily exercise and deep breathing, adequate nutrition
was ensured and to avoid skin breakdown the patient was turned regularly.
7. Enlist members of the emergency response team. Explain in detail their roles and
responsibilities. Describe briefly your role and responsibilities as a part of
emergency response team during your clinical placement.
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) deal with federal offenses, terrorist activity,
national security and investigating the organized criminal activity. However, Special Weapons
and Tactics (SWAT) deal with overly dangerous situations. Secret Intelligence Service (SIS)
protects the efforts of counterespionage and intelligence gathering along with gathering
information, countering terrorism and resolving international conflict. Firefighters fight and
protect citizens from fires along with providing help in car accidents (Gomes, Borges, Huber &
Carvalho, 2014). Police respond to incidents which range from domestic disputes to natural
disasters to terrorist attacks and punishing who break the law. Finally, Hazardous Materials
Management (HAZMAT) responds and cleanup of hazardous materials like gases and liquids.
As an emergency medical technician, my role and responsibility are to resuscitate and stabilize
patients along with ensuring patients are transported safely from the incident scene to the
hospital.
8. Prepare and check an emergency checklist. Prepare a checklist table using MS
word, insert table option: to write the name of each emergency equipment. Explain

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in few words routine inspection/check you made for this emergency equipment and
why?
Equipment Safety checks Reason
First Aid Kit Plasters, dressings, and
bandages should always be
contained in the kit.
Plasters for small cuts,
dressings for applying
pressure to large wounds
and bandages to hold
dressings.
Fire extinguisher The locking pin should be kept
intact and the tamper seal
unbroken.
To avoid leakage
Spill kit Absorbent rolls and pads
should be checked
For white flaking a sign
that the polypropylene in
the substance is breaking
down.
9. Explain briefly at least two emergencies you observed and participated in providing
emergency care to your patient(s) in collaboration with your Registered Nurse.
Describe your response to a first aid request from the emergency team.
The situations include difficult breathing and uncontrolled bleeding. The response of difficult
breathing was checking the person airway; breathing and pulse along with loosening any tight
cloth and helped the person use any prescribed drug. I bandaged the open wounds that were in
the neck and chest while waiting for medical assistance. On the uncontrolled bleeding in I

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removed the clothing on the injury, placed a sterile bandage to stop the bleeding by applying
constant pressure and helped the person lie down. When the bandage started seeping some blood,
I added another dressing and immobilized the injured body part.
10. Discuss briefly how you accessed and participated (in collaboration and under the
supervision of Registered Nurse) in preparing drugs used during advanced
cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Write the name, action, and route of administration
of these drugs (write at least 2).
The onset of action of magnesium sulfate is immediately and lastly for thirty minutes
approximately, and its route is through intravenous infusion. The effect of epinephrine is fast but
it has a short period, and its path is through intramuscular injection.
11. Explain nursing care assistance provided to a patient with the compromised airway.
How you maintained clear airway of client and which devises you utilized to
monitor their health status.
The assistance provided was oxygen therapy in which an oxygen mask with a reservoir
bag and on oxygen flow rate of fifteen liters per every minute was used which would give a high
inspired fraction of oxygen. Client's airway was maintained through the use of a head-tilt chin-
lift technique to open the airway thereby lifting the tongue from the back of the throat. The
device used was oral airway devices which relieve soft tissue obstruction of the posterior airway
by displacement of the tongue and soft tissue anteriorly.
12. Briefly describe nursing care management you provided to a patient requiring NG
tube feed or requiring nutrition administered through an intravenous line (choose
one).

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Preparation of oral or enteral syringe, enteral tube connector along with water for a flush and
the flushing of enteral tubes was provided to check for tube patency and avert their clogging. The
flushing was before and after feeding, before, in-between and after medication and frequently in
between tube use.

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