May 2021 NBNS3804: Nursing Theories and Models Assignment Report

This report provides an in-depth analysis of Virginia Henderson's Nursing Need Theory, a foundational model in nursing practice. The report begins with an introduction to nursing theories, defining their role in clinical decision-making and patient care. It then delves into Henderson's definition of nursing, emphasizing the nurse's role in assisting patients towards independence. The core of the report focuses on Henderson's 14 components of basic nursing care, detailing each element and its significance. The formulation and evolution of Henderson's theory are explored, highlighting her beliefs and values regarding nursing care. A case study of a stroke patient is presented to illustrate the practical application of Henderson's 14 elements. The report concludes by summarizing the key aspects of Henderson's theory and its enduring impact on modern nursing practices, underscoring the importance of patient-centered care and the nurse's role in promoting patient well-being and recovery. References from various scholarly sources support the discussion, providing evidence-based insights into the subject matter.

NURSING THEORIES AND
MODEL

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
Nursing theory........................................................................................................................3
Definition of nursing..............................................................................................................4
Henderson’s nursing care.......................................................................................................4
Formulation of nursing theory................................................................................................5
Henderson beliefs and values about the nursing
Henderson 14 elements applied on given case study
CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION
Nursing is defined as a profession which plays a vital role in the healthcare sectors by
providing and focus on the care of patient or individual. They are all also associated with the
families and communities to maintain or recover optimal health and provide quality of life. As
per this, then nurses maybe differentiate it from another healthcare provider by their approach to
patient care training and development and the practices which are associated with the nursing
care. Moreover, the nurse's practice used to specialize with the various authorities in which they
have a component which is essential in the healthcare sector by providing and taking care of
several patients. As per these, there are some of the theories and models are used to be discussed
to provide a brief introduction of nurses from the previous era to the modern days. Moreover, it
is also analysed that some of the theories are used to state the functional and situational manners
of the nurses in their previous years. However, nurses always play a vital role in the development
of societies and communities. As per this, they are also used to enhance the lifespan of the
patient by proper care and provide quality of health. The improvement of the patient and patient
will be monitored by nurses. In this report, the discussion is based on the various model and
theories which is related with the nursing and their approach with evidence-based data (Smith
and et. al., 2018).
MAIN BODY
Nursing theory
Nursing theories are defined as a simulation that is applied in the situation of clinical
aspect to provide care for the patient. This usually helps nurses to make effective clinical
decisions and approach towards the patient with their best care knowledge of nursing theories
and models are used in the proper circulatory basis on decision-making process the nursing
theory is usually helpful to explore the value and beliefs. The Henderson theory of nursing states
about various matters of nursing the formulation and the chief features of the theory are usually
related to personal values and beliefs. In this, the knowledge of nursing theory is helpful to the
nurses to create the informed decision-making skills and knowledge for patient care and they are
also adaptable for the future challenges which are happening in the life of nurses. This nursing
theory has a proper recommendation for the nurses to overcome those particular challenges and
deal with the inappropriate way. Nursing theory is defined as information of the fact that is

associated in an organized way. In this, they have certain principles and laws which are related to
the experience of nursing handles and usually considered the nursing theory because it defines
nursing and their roles and functions with the viable responsibilities. This is also state about the
basic needs of nursing care in this the nurses focused on patient care and provide essential help
to reach a level of independence and support (Cryer and et. al., 2021).
Definition of nursing
Henderson used to define the definition of nursing in 1955 which states the principles and
practice of nursing in their published book. As per this, some of the aspects and views regarding
the nursing used to state that nursing is a unique function of the nurses to assist and provide the
necessary element to the patient and the change their order from Sick to well. This is all drive-by
proper performance of those activities which is helpful in the contribution of health and the
recovery of the patient. Sometimes, the patient is not able to survive so in this case a peaceful
death is also so late added by the proper intervention and care of nurses. The nurses have their
specific knowledge and they have a proper is strength in it, will, or knowledge in such a way in
which they help the patient to gain independence from the illness or any kind of disease
(Isaksson and et. al., 2018).
Henderson’s nursing care
The nature of nursing which is stated by Henderson in their basic nursing care which state
about some of the component of basic nursing care which include the 14 elements such as breath
normally, eat and drink properly, eliminate the waste product from the body, maintain and create
the movement of desirable position raised and sleep properly, select suitable clothing dress and
undress. In this, the temperature of the body should be maintained within normal range by
adjusting the proper clothing and changing the environment at an inappropriate time, keep the
body clean and try to well groom and protect themself from any kind of infections, use to resist
from the dangers which are available in the environment and try to avoid injuring other.
Moreover, the worship according to the one's faith, work in such a way which provides a sense
of achievement, contribute in various form of recreation. Moreover, the last component of the
basic nursing care from Henderson is learned discover and used to satisfy the curiosity which is
generated in the normal development and health and use the facilities which are available in the
healthcare sector for the optimum health outcome (Watson and et. al., 2020).

Formulation of nursing theory
Henderson's theory plays an important role in nursing because it used to create a
revolutionary aspect in the field of nursing and the development of this theory is usually called
the mother of modern nursing. According to the various researchers, this is well analyzed that the
development of Henderson definitions is initiated in 1920 when they used to work as a student of
nursing in the army school. They used to complete their education and clinical practice in such a
way that is helpful to influence and create the potential to make the historical evolution by
definitions. Moreover, Henderson helps the patient who is wounded during World War 1. As per
this, they used to realize that nursing has a proper scope for the future and this profession plays a
vital role by showing the importance of completing your quick response to was any injury by the
nursing procedures (Tompsett and et. al., 2017).
Moreover, Henderson is also used to follow some of the nursing experience in the
psychiatric field but they fail to provide any e evidence regarding the prevention of disease. In
pediatric care family support was not taken to complete the needs of the patient. However,
community health nursing is called a public health intervention in which the Henderson used to
experience various changes in the environmental factor which can disturb the resilience and the
well-being among the number of populations in which the lifestyle is also included. They used to
focus on the various aspects of education which is associated with the experience in nursing
teaching and research. They also used to provide the knowledge and influence the nursing
colleagues to define the proper role and appropriate function of the nursing in the future and their
responsibilities (Henderson and et. al., 2021).
The Henderson definitions are used to be so various aspects in other nursing theories such
as Orem self-care deficit theory and Orlando nursing process model. These all are beneficial
aspects in the development of nursing which play a proper contribution for the nursing
profession which help to build the development of theory throughout life and a proper nominal
base is also formulated due to the nursing theories which help to provide the education for the
future. In nursing professionals, this is a vital role performed by Henderson with their nursing
theories because it is appropriate in such a way that is helpful to educate the professionals who
are related to nursing care. In this, it usually provides proper functions and responsibility towards
the community and social group (Tomette and et. al., 2020).

Henderson beliefs and values about the nursing
Henderson's definitions of the nursing theories are estate about some of the 14 basic needs
of nursing care. In this, the used to define the various values and beliefs which can be
appropriate and play a functional role in the society. As per this, the believes and values about
nursing stated that if they believe that the functions of nurse perform is a primary to providing
relief to the patient. The nursing professionals are used to lack of knowledge, physical strength,
or willpower, then they do not perform well as per this they used to carry various norms and
ethics towards themselves to perform inappropriate manner to provide quality of health and
quality of care to the patient. They also used to provide prescribed therapy and self-management
to the patient, this function is complex but creative and this is only offered by nurses to us their
patient. In this, they contain various opportunities for the application of physical, biological, and
social sciences. Moreover, they used to produce various skills and innovative approaches
towards providing the treatment and therapy to the patient as per their standards and believes
about nursing include that they have proper responsibilities and roles to provide care for a
patient. This, used to maintain the patient balance in health and develop the knowledge and skill
in nursing by communicating and interacting with the number of populations they always used to
assist the families and societies with their knowledge and skills (Chang and et. al., 2020).
Henderson 14 elements applied on given case study
That is clear to everyone that stroke is common in the adults who is more than 65 year
old, this is the health condition due to which patient it along with his family face huge difficulties
and Healthcare issues. This is medical condition which develop due to the damage of brain by
the interruption blood supply (Willits, I., Keltie, K., and et. Al., 2021).They are the multiple
symptoms of stroke which are very e painful for the patient such as paralysis, waking, speaking
and understanding issues. In the current Healthcare practices there is the 68 year old patient with
medical condition of stroke who is managing by the team with in university. Patient is posing
multiple symptoms of Stroke due to which , patient is not able maintain his daily life activity,
facing huge difficulties and complexity in life style. In order to give him a complete care and to
make him recover from the stroke along with medical treatment another important intervention
related to his daily life activity management and improvement is very important. Which is the
basic responsibilities of nurses as given by the Henderson Theory in the form of 14 components.

Below is the brief illustration of 14 basis components of nursing and its application in context to
the patient difficulties ( Bernier, T.D., and et. Al., 2021).
Breath normally - Patient with stroke is not able to breathe properly so that is the responsibility
to help them breathe normally with the support of breathing exercises and pulmonary
physiotherapy and in context to the strong patient who is managing within university this
intervention is improving the quality of life ( Weir-McCall, J.R., 2018).
Eat and drink adequately – stork patient face the difficulty in eating food due to the
swallowing, patient is not able to feel food on mouth. As a nurse we are providing soft food item
to the patient such as messed potatoes, soup, cheese etc. We make sure that patient is having
enough fluid in diet to avid dehydration. Along with this patient is getting proper speech
therapy. This Cain help the patient to redevelop the eating ability.
Eliminate body waste – Stroke patient is having the complain of constipation, because weak
muscles , lack of liquid patient is not able to control their bowels ( Kintz, S., Hibbs, V., 2018).
So in context to the stork patient that is the responsibility of nurse to assets in body waste
elimination. In the university stroke patient is effectively supported by the guidance of healthy
elimination pattern.
Maintain desirable posture- Stork patient is having paralysis in half of the body along with
stiffness due to which hi is not able to move in his desirable posture. Patient muscles weakness
make him difficult to do his daily activities and body movement in context to which that is the
situation of Nursing care need. Mobility training, motor skills exercise, motion therapy,
constrain theory provided to the patient according to the 68 year age capacity in order to improve
muscle strength and coordination. And redevelopment of mobility abilities are in progress.
Sleep and rest-In the stroke patient sleeping disruption is the very common problem which has
to manage with best therapy and interventions in order to reduce the difficulties of recovery and
stress. Insomnia of patient is treated by the best prescription and changed night bedroom
activities along with the CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure).
Comfortable and desirable dressing- That abuse problem of stroke that patient cannot dress up
by their own and need support of other to wear comfortable dresses, in the case of given patients
scenario proper nursing care is provided to the patient including proper and comfortable
dressing.

Maintain normal body temperature- High body temperature is related to stroke severity. The
patient body temperature is keep changing according to its impact and in order to prevent any
severe issues that is important to manage body temperature by keep monitoring and giving the
proper care such as plenty of fluid, rest and appropriate medication, make patient wear
lightweight clothing.
Maintain body hygiene- Stroke patient is not able to maintain their hygiene due to the various
disabilities of body movement. So in context to maintaining proper hygiene of the patient
nursing care is provided related to bath, washing hair, saving, perineal care. All these care is
provided to the patient in order to prevent the further more infections and disease.
Avoid injury and risk- that is the responsibility of nursing staff to make sure that patient I will
not get any injury by analysing any hazardous substance within the care environment. In context
to patient care University environment is maintain with the proper risk assessment.
Communicate- Communicating with the patient is very important role of the nurses to make
sure that patient get informed about their treatment and get options to make the choice for the
specific care procedure or treatment. Along with this patient is getting best emotional support
with the effective nursing care communication.
Worship According to the one's faith- In order to maintain the positive emotions and mental
health that is important to support the patient values rituals and respect them ( Henderson, L.,
2021). In context to respecting patient religion and value nursing staff always make sure that they
work according to the patient's requirements and believes.
Participate in various recreation- In the long term care procedure of stroke patient and
rehabilitation, that is important role of nurses to make sure that patient is getting involved in
recreational activities and along with this nurses also have to involve in that for reducing the
stress and develop positivity.
Learn and Discover- Patient is getting best health care education in order make him care for
himself along with this nurses are keep monitoring the patient to understand their needs and
process of improvement which can be further use to set effective interventions.
CONCLUSION

From the above study and evaluation it has been concluded that nursing care is the
important field of Healthcare which involves the well trained nurses in the care practices of
patient, in order give complete care for patients recovery and reach the independence.
Henderson's theory is providing the brief illustration of nurses roles and responsibilities. It
explains the basic need of nursing care. According to this nursing theory it has been analysed
that there are 14 components of basic nursing care, such as breath normally, eat and drinking,
elements body waste, movement, sleep and rest, dressing, body temperature, hygiene, risk
management, communication and emotional support, worship, accomplishment, participate,
learn and discover. These are some common function of nurses in context to every disease
treatment and patient care.
REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Smith and et. al., 2018. Shaping a valued learning journey: student satisfaction with learning in
undergraduate nursing programs, a grounded theory study. Nurse education today, 64,
pp.175-179.
Cryer and et. al., 2021. Pawsitive Connections: The role of Pet Support Programs and pets on the
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Watson and et. al., 2020. The shared project: a novel approach to engaging African American
men to address lung cancer disparities. American Journal of Men's Health, 14(5),
p.1557988320958934.
Henderson and et. al., 2021. Perceived Self-Efficacy and Resourcefulness of Student Veterans
with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Higher Education (Doctoral dissertation,
Regent University).
Chang and et. al., 2020. Directions of the 100 most cited nursing student education research: A
bibliometric and co-citation network analysis. Nurse Education Today, p.104645.
Tomette and et. al., 2020. Parental Stress as a Child With Diabetes Transitions From
Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood. Journal of Patient Experience, 7(3), pp.365-371.
Tompsett and et. al., 2017. Self-efficacy and outcomes: Validating a measure comparing social
work students’ perceived and assessed ability in core pre-placement skills. British
Journal of Social Work, 47(8), pp.2384-2405.
Isaksson and et. al., 2018. Coping with stigma and discrimination: evidence from mental health
service users in England. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, 27(6), pp.577-588.

Willits, I., Keltie, K., and et. Al., 2021. Left atrial appendage occlusion in the UK: prospective
registry and data linkage to Hospital Episode Statistics. European Heart Journal-Quality of Care
and Clinical Outcomes.
Bernier, T.D., and et. Al., 2021. Treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage-associated delayed
cerebral ischemia with milrinone: a review and proposal. Journal of Neurosurgical
Anesthesiology, 33(3), pp.195-202.
Weir-McCall, J.R., 2018. Systemic arteriosclerosis is associated with left ventricular remodeling
but not atherosclerosis: a TASCFORCE study. Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic
Resonance, 20(1), pp.1-11.
Kintz, S., Hibbs, V., 2018. Discourse-based treatment in mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of
communication disorders, 76, pp.47-59.
Henderson, L., 2021. HEALTH AND FITNESS. Editora Bibliomundi.