Systematic Literature Review: Nutrition, Physical Activity & Diabetes

This literature review examines the impact of nutrition and physical activity on diabetes management and prevention. It explores the effects of high-protein diets, the role of dairy products, and the benefits of vegetarian diets in relation to type 2 diabetes. The review also delves into the significance of physical activity, specifically the 10,000-step goal, and its influence on blood sugar control and overall health. Studies discussed highlight the positive effects of exercise, including improved insulin sensitivity and reduced cardiovascular risks. The review synthesizes research findings from various sources to provide a comprehensive overview of lifestyle interventions and their impact on diabetes outcomes, emphasizing the importance of both dietary choices and regular physical activity in managing the condition and improving patient health.

Systematic
Literature Review

Table of Contents
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................3
Nutrition......................................................................................................................................3
Physical Activity.........................................................................................................................5
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

LITERATURE REVIEW
Nutrition
High protein diet and the risk of type 2 diabetes
The Author Fuller and et.al, (2015)presented the views over establishment of association
between egg consumption and risk of type of 2 diabetes mellitus. Eggs are rich source of protein
and micronutrients with a lower value of money with developing and identification of their role
in risk of developing type 2 diabetes. A study was conducted on the people consuming highest
and lowest category of eggs. This food item is one of the main source of dietary cholesterol
which is related to elevated plasma LDL cholesterol present at lower level. The higher
consumption of the egg is related with the risk on increasing mortality, coronary artery disease
(CVD) and stroke to the people with diabetic mellitus. But the meta analysis show that fact that
the consumption of egg which is a higher protein food article demonstrated the fact that
consuming egg and CVD among diabetic subjects have no consistent relation ship between them.
On the other hand Markova and et.al., (2017), presented the view points over the protein
dire and their relation to type 2 diabetics as the non-alcoholic fatty liver acid is associated with
higher risk of hepatic cardio vascular and metabolic diseases. The high protein diets are rich in
methionine and branched chain amino acid. This helps in reduction of the fatty liver acid but can
develop an insulin resistances which can directly be linked to the increased risk of type 2
diabetes. The effect of high protein diet either from the animal diet or form the plant diet have
significant role in reduction of the liver fat irrespective of the body irrespective of a person. The
patients with type 2 diabetes and with high rich protein diet have shown a remarkable effect on
the insulin resistance and hepatic necroinflammation. A person on the protein rich diet have a
direct effect of reduction of fatty acid from the lever and this recedes the effect of insulin
resistance in that person.
Tonstad and Clifton, (2017) stated that the epidemiological evidences prove that the
people who intake a higher protein diets from the vegetable and plant have a lower risk of
diabetes type 2. There is a direct link between the red or processed meat intakes with diabetes a,
metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. The protein present in the vegetarian dries are rich in
plausible mechanism support with the biological plausibility of epidemiology. The study
suggests that the consumption of red meat impairs the insulin sensitivity or increase the insulin
resistance in lacking. The lower risk of tyep 2 diabetes is directly related with by vegetarians and

with a totality of low body mass index. This shows the benefits of Welther diets from plants and
vegetables than consumed by omnivores. The inclination must be made to the vegetarian dies
reduce the risk of getting type 2 diabetes and those already suffering from this must exclude
taking red processed and unprocessed meat in their diet.
However, Díaz-López and et.al., (2016) presented as relation between the effects of diary
products and type 2 diabetes risk. The study presented the fact of type 2 diabetes and their
relation with the dairy product consumption by people which showed an inverse relationship.
With consuming more of the dairy products and yogurt no effects was seen in the type 2
diabetes. Moreover, the consumption of the products with high protein content was also seen
through increased intakes of whole grain biscuits, home-made pastries, chocolates but it is also
shows a lower risk of type 2 diabetes. A healthy dietary pattern including protein rich food items
are not inked with the diabetes. A high consumption of the dairy products particularly yogurt is
considered to be protective agent against type 2 diabetes among the people. There is inverse
relation in the type 2 diabetes and the protine rich dairy products.
Conversely, Malik and et.al., (2016) are of the view that dietary protein are essential
modulator of the glucose metabolism. There is a relationship between intake of protein, its types
and type 2 diabetes (T2D)risk. The study conducted investigation associated with animal and
plant protein with T2D working under the health care sector and who are heath care
professionals. The indicators which were considered are the body mass index with respective diet
of percentage of energy derived from total protein and animal protein showed an increased risk
of T2D. On the other hand the risk related with the consumption of animal protein have a
associated lower level of the risk of T2D. The intake of protein from the vegetables do not have
risk of T2D while the risk related of getting a T2D from more consumption of animal protine is
higher. Higher intake of animal protein was associated with an increased risk of T2D, while
higher intake of vegetable protein was associated with a modestly reduced risk.
However, Feinman and et.al., (2015) stated that the dietary plans are closely linked to the
type 2 diabetes and exactly with the protein intakes by the people in their diet. The protein in the
food helps the people in managing their diabetes in the least ways but still does a cure to this
disease. This helps in taking of the hunger speed up the with loss which assist in lowering the
blood sugar. The paring of the protein rich food items with the carbohydrate directly slows down
the rise of the blood sugar. Thus, provision an aid in controlling of the sugar level of the type 2

diabetes patients. The diets with higher protein have an increased risk of getting cancer and heart
disease. But this deist lead to loss weight and lowering the intakes of carbohydrates. The facts
show that when protein is consumed at higher level the use of glucose is increased and it acts a
fuel or stores as a fat.
Physical Activity
10000 steps to improve diabetes
In the view of Sigal, (2018), walking for health brings the host a lot of benefits and if a
person meet the goal of waling 10000 steps in one 5 or more days of a week that person gets a
recommended amount of moderate intensity of physical activity. To take 10000 steps in day
reduces various health risk. With getting this type of moderate level of exercise the risk of type
of 2 diabetes reduces by 50%. Exercise is a key to control the level of blood sugar and helps in
managing the type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes people who exercise for about 150 minutes per week
tend to lose 7% of their body weight and lower the chances of developing full body blown
diabetes. For this the best exercises is walking and 1000 steps is the best remedial action
available to control a type 2 diabetes as this it is low impact and is likely to occur less injury to
joints and ligaments.
On the other hand Chasan-Taber, (2015) is of the view that the two group of people when
placed on different plans to control diabetes have distinguished result. One group on diet plan
and another on diet and exercise plan with instruction of walking 10000 steps daily. On all of
them a glucose clamp procedure at an insulin infusion rate 40 mU · m−2 · min−1 was performed
before and after the training plan. The results reflected that for the group with diet plans showed
loss significant level of body weight but this was even more in the group with plan of diet and
exercise. The glucose infusion rate and Metabolic clearance rate in the group 1 did not show an
improvisation rather the group 2 both increased from 17.21 ± 1.11 to 26.09 ± 1.11μmol·kg−1·
min−1 and from 3.0 ± 0.3 to 5.3 ± 0.4 ml·kg−1· min−1. This shows that there s a significant
effect on the health of people on the plan of diet and exercise. Exercise is considered to be an
effective treatment of diabetes with improvement of insulin sensitivity.
However, Anderson and et.al., (2016), have an opinion that the main reason for type 1
diabetes among the people is due to the lack of physical activity. The less amount of physical
exercise have a direct impact on the vesicular health of people and faces challenges related with
carotid and aortic intima media thickness. This result is increasing the cardio vascular risk. There

is a direct relation ship between the level of exercise and type 1 diabetes among the people
specifically the younger ones. The exercises level control the triglycerides, increase the HDL
cholesterol, boold pressure and cardio vascular risk. The exercise need to more than moderate
and close to the rages of intensive physical exercise. For this taking 10000 steps may not be
enough as this can not be accomplished on daily basis. To indulge in physical work our is more
suited to control the health risks.
As per the view of Castres and et.al., (2017), the life style intervention which involves
exercise and a healthy diabetes on the people with higher risk of health problems have found to
be fruitful and reduce the progression of type 2 diabetes by 50%. This control has given a quite a
guideline to formulate potential strategies for the people with a risk of gestational diabetes
mellitus (GDM). The intervention in the life of people with high health risk have shows the
result of improvising the risk factors related with diabetes of the people with a history of GDM.
A well-designed controlled randomized trials are needed to assess the effects of lifestyle
interventions on preventing subsequent progression to type 2 diabetes among people with GDM.
10000 steps can prove to be a great source of intervening this situation to control the risk of
diabetes to the people with GDM. This can control the ramrod life structure and give a direction
to the people to walk 10000 steps daily to lead a healthy and risk free life.
Conversely, Yuenyongchaiwat, (2016), explained that diabetes is that medical condition
which effects the blood sugar of a person and causes many other serious health problems. There
is no cure for a person who suffers from diabetes but it can go to remission. There are many
methods from which it can be controlled with medical help and lifestyle change. One of the
method suggested to control the blood sugar level is walking. The new mantra of the current time
is 10000 steps to take in a day. When a person walks which is the moderate level of exercise the
body uses the energy in the form of glucose. For the people with the type 2 diabetes the sugar
level are too high and exercise is an effective manner to control it by using it in efficient manner.
With regular taking 10000 steps on a daily basis a person can control the extensive level of blood
sugar in a time frame of just 2-3 month. With controlling the level of blood sugar a person can
also lead a healthy and happy life with lesser stress and improved moods and better sleep.
However, Schoeppe and et.al., (2016), stated that people with diabetes are more prone to
the risk of cardio vascular disease with a rate of 2-4% higher as compared to those who do not
have diabetes. Walking is the best remedy to control the blood pressure and lowering the blood

sugar of a person which is directly improves the heart and other physical condition of the
individual. There is a direct relationship between the blood sugar level of a person to other health
issuers. A controlled level of sugar in blood ensures a healthy heart and this can be achieved
through walking as a person with diabetes prone to get fatigue at a faster level than the people
with on such condition. It is regardless that a person is burning calories whenever they move, and
walking can help you reach your weight management goals. Just remember, a person need to
burn more calories than consumed in order to lose weight, and it is just as important as exercise
to do so. Walking is a great tool for helping maintain weight loss, too.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Anderson, J., and et.al., 2016. An extra 1,000 steps per day relates to improved cardiovascular
health in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes care. 39(8). pp.e108-e109.
Castres, I and et.al., 2017. Impact of a walking program of 10,000 steps per day and dietary
counseling on health-related quality of life, energy expenditure and anthropometric
parameters in obese subjects. Journal of endocrinological investigation. 40(2). pp.135-141.
Chasan-Taber, L., 2015. Lifestyle interventions to reduce risk of diabetes among women with
prior gestational diabetes mellitus. Best practice & research Clinical obstetrics &
gynaecology, 29(1), pp.110-122.
Díaz-López, A. and et.al., 2016. Dairy product consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in an
elderly Spanish Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk. European journal of
nutrition. 55(1). pp.349-360.
Feinman, R. D and et.al., 2015. Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes
management: critical review and evidence base. Nutrition.31(1). pp.1-13
Fuller, N. R and et.al, 2015. The effect of a high-egg diet on cardiovascular risk factors in
people with type 2 diabetes: the Diabetes and Egg (DIABEGG) study—a 3-mo
randomized controlled trial. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 101(4). pp.705-
713.
Malik, V. S and et.al., 2016. Dietary protein intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in US men and
women. American journal of epidemiology. 183(8). pp.715-728.
Markova, M and et.al., 2017. Isocaloric diets high in animal or plant protein reduce liver fat and
inflammation in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Gastroenterology. 152(3). pp.571-585.
Schoeppe, S and et.al., 2016. Efficacy of interventions that use apps to improve diet, physical
activity and sedentary behaviour: a systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral
Nutrition and Physical Activity. 13(1). p.127.
Sigal, R. J., 2018. Diabetes Canada clinical practice guidelines: What’s new in the physical
activity chapter. Diabetes.
Tonstad, S. and Clifton, P., 2017. Vegetarian Diets and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes.
In Vegetarian and Plant-Based Diets in Health and Disease Prevention (pp. 355-367).
Academic Press.

Yuenyongchaiwat, K., 2016. Effects of 10,000 steps a day on physical and mental health in
overweight participants in a community setting: a preliminary study. Brazilian journal of
physical therapy, (AHEAD), pp.0-0.