Management Accounting Report: Oak Cash and Carry Business Analysis

This report provides a comprehensive overview of management accounting, focusing on the financial practices of Oak Cash and Carry, a small wholesale firm. It begins by defining management accounting and exploring the requirements of different management accounting systems, including cost accounting, job costing, inventory management, and price optimization systems. The report then details various management accounting reporting methods such as budget reports, accounts receivable reports, inventory management reports, and performance reports. Furthermore, the report delves into cost analysis techniques used to prepare income statements using marginal and absorption costs. It also examines the advantages and disadvantages of planning tools for budgetary control and discusses how organizations should adapt management accounting systems to respond to financial problems. The report concludes by emphasizing the importance of management accounting for effective decision-making, planning, and control within a business context, providing valuable insights into the financial operations and strategic planning of the firm.

Management Accounting

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
P1 Management accounting and requirements of different types of management accounting
systems........................................................................................................................................1
P2 Explain different methods used for management accounting reporting................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
P3 Calculate costs using appropriate techniques of cost analysis to prepare an income
statement using marginal and absorption costs. .........................................................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................9
P4 Advantages and disadvantages of different types of planning tools for budgetary control..9
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................11
P5 Compare how organisations should adapt management accounting systems to respond to
financial problems.....................................................................................................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Management accounting is a process to prepare reports and accounts to scale accurate
financial status of company. This is required to make day to day and short term decisions that are
beneficial to attain business goals. Every business has an objective and goal to gain profit against
investment. In beginning of a business firm's owner invest some amount that is known as capital.
There are various activities and operations that needs to be measured so that a final state of a
company can be analyzed in statistical form (Bodnar and Hopwood, 2012) . It is used to measure
the cost and operations of firm to prepare a internal management reports, records and accounts in
order to organization can analyze their actual status to achieve the goals. Oak Cash and Carry is
small firm which is working as a service provider in various fields such as tobacco, food,
beverages, cash & carry wholesale, grocery. The firm have between 20 to 49 employees at
present who are actively working for company. Hence, this report is consists of management
accounting and their importance along with their methods importance. It also covers cost
analysis techniques to prepare income statement, types of planning tools that are use for
budgetary control. Further it also comprises of financial problems with management accounting
system.
TASK 1
P1 Management accounting and requirements of different types of management accounting
systems.
Management accounting – It defines pattern to prepare and provide timely financial and
statistical information about business operations so managers can make daily accounts report that
helps them to achieve short term goal. As given in the scenario, it is a responsibility of
Management Accounting Officer that they notice every business activity which are conducting
within a business. For example, Oak cash and Carry is a wholesale company and in order to
run their business in an effective way they needs various sources like logistics services for
import and export (Macintosh and Quattrone, 2010) . Firm needs to spend money on carriage
inward and outward that needs to note in daily accounts books as an expense of organization.
Similarly, there are some various business operations that are counted as income of business like
purchased material such as machinery and other assets. These are recorded in accounts books
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that supports to business activities to attain objectives and goals. Through these organization can
take short term decisions to attain the targets of the firm.
The core purpose of Management accounting system is to develops reports on the basis
of company's financial information so that managers can take decisions and also establish
effective planning to run a business smoothly. These reports are confidential because it contains
organization's internal information regarding entire income and expenses that needs to measure
required changes so that firm can be operated in an appropriate manner (Liandet. al., 2012) .
Types of management accounting system - There are different types of management
accounting systems which also has distinct use for Oak cash and Carry and these are
mentioned below -
 Cost accounting system – It is a method which is used to analyse production cost through
assessing input costs of each stage. It includes cost of raw material, manufacturing,
testing, packaging etc. Cost accounting system is used to record individual cost of goods
and then it compares the results with output. For example, Oak Cash and Carry is
manufactures products then it will first measure production cost of products then it will
analyse actual result cost of goods.
 Job costing system – It is used to monitor expenses on manufacturing of the products and
services. The managers keep track of expenses through dividing all expenses in overhead,
direct material, and direct labor. So that managers can estimate actual cost of product and
access value of raw materials, labor hours and equipment can be control in an effective
way. This is used to analyse the total cost of goods and then it can be control according
to the customers requirements (Sisaye and Birnberg, 2010) . For illustration, Oak cash
and Carry use it to monitor total cost of a product throughout manufacturing phase and it
can be reimburse according to customers needs. When customer needs goods at that time
only it can manufacture the product that needs some expenses such a they needs to pay
the labors, raw materials, packaging charges, etc. The overall cost can be control
thorough identifying the customer needs and requirements. If there is no requirement of
production then firm can keep its money safe for other operations.
 Inventory management system – This is used to monitor available stocks within an
organization. Every department tracks their stored stuff whether they are company assets,
raw materials, supplies or finished goods. The core objective of inventory management
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system is that manager watches every supply order that are ready to shift to the vendor.
As Oak cash and Carry is a small firm and that are used to manage ordering and sales
supply chain because it gives a clear statistics about availability of products.
 Price optimization system – This is one of the crucial system for company because after
investing money on product. The firm needs to optimize price of finished goods that is
beneficial for firm and satisfactory for customers as well (Hoque, 2011) . For an example,
Oak cash and Carry is a wholesaler that provides finished goods to their clients and they
have spend money on production. These goods should have value for customer and in
order to provide products to customers they needs to measure total cost of product. So
that they can manage their investment and customer satisfaction level through identifying
their purchasing behavior and capacity. Thus, this price optimization system is used to
manage price according to customers and firm so that it can conduct business in an
appropriate manner.
All of these management accounting systems are required for different purpose such as
cost accounting is used to analyse actual cost of products. Job costing is require to monitor the
cost of goods that can be control according to the customer needs. It includes labor per hour cost,
equipment and machinery investment, etc. Inventory management system is used to watch stored
goods and products that are essential for Oak cash and Carry. Price optimization is used to
provide a price of a product that is profitable for firm and customer as well (Busco and Scapens,
2011) .
P2 Explain different methods used for management accounting reporting.
Management accounting reports are use for planning, regulating, decision making and
measuring performance. These reports are developing by various sections of an organization
throughout accounting and bookkeeping year. The major objective of developing these reports is
that crucial decisions depends on the accuracy and authenticity of these books. Manager
accounting officer of Oak cash and Carry analyses this information and then these reports are
use to gain valuable information.
Kinds of management accounting report - There are various management accounting
reports that are given below -
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 Budget report – This is used to analyse the performance of business organization.
Budget report is managed by every company whether that is a small or a large
organization. In a small firm budget is prepared as a whole whereas large organizations
develops department wise budget. Oak cash and Carry is small firm that needs to prepare
a whole budget that covers the source of earnings and expenditure. Firm's budget is based
on previous year if there is some issues in past year then it needs to estimate accurate
budget that can give a better output for current year (Granlund, 2011) .
 Accounts receivable reports – These reports are used to manage cash flow in a business.
For instance, if Oak cash and Carry sales their goods on credit to their customers. Then,
they manages a report to receive cash against the product but if credit limit exceeds for
30 days , 60 days and 90 day. Manager can find out problems in collection process that
needs improvement to run a business effectively. Accounts receivable reports plays a
crucial report to cater information about the customers dues that needs to be clear on
time. So that firm can conduct its business efficiently and in order to perform well the
business needs to change credit policies. The firm can also analyse these accounts
receivable reports periodically so that it can reduce credit issues that can impact on its
process if it monitored in the end of financial year (Faÿ, Introna and Puyou, 2010) .
 Inventory management report – It is valuable for such firms which produces physical
products, it is valuable for especially those which have less manufacturing risk factors.
This is used to support centralize data on inventory costs, labor, and other overheads that
includes production process, raw material to optimize machining. As Oak cash and Carry
is small business that maintains physical inventory to supply products in market then it is
beneficial and efficient for it. It consists of inventory waste, hourly labor cost and per
unit overhead costs. Management accounts officer can compare this with with other
assembly line of the organization so that they can identify areas of improvement.
 Performance report – These reports are created to scale performance of company and
employees as well. In the year ending, organizations prepares departmental performance
reports so that owners can analyse performance of each section with respect to company.
These reports will assists in to develop strategic decision that can aid to support for the
future growth. Oak cash and Carry can measure their performance in order to identify
company performance and it can also awards their employees for their working process.
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This is also beneficial to know the capabilities of company in details and it also recognize
facts that needs amendments. Hence, it plays a crucial role for firm to accurate measure
of business strategies that needs to attain mission of the organization (Dillard and
Roslender, 2011) .
These management accounting reports plays an important role to run a business in an
effective manner. As it support sin decision making process with analyzing details of each
section within an organization.
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M1
Management accounting system processes to prepare and provide timely financial and
statistical information to the management of a company so that their scheduled and short-term
managerial decisions can take place. MAS or management accounting system enables the
management to compare their accounts with original budgets or forecasting, resource
management, trend analysis, as well as highlight the area that requires attention due to variation
in debits and credits. MAS helps in record keeping, planning, control, and decision making. By
implementing MAS, Oak cash and carry can avail benefits of recording business transactions,
measuring results of financial changes, and formulating future expectations. The organisation
can also plan to collect cash, control stocks and expenses, ordinate and monitor performance and
gross margins. MAS provides smooth decision making for evaluation of market and product
profitability as well as efficiency of strategies and plan (Burritt, Schaltegger and Zvezdov, 2011)
.
D1
Management accounting systems is established to provide information, which can be
used by management to make efficient decisions. Manufacturing industries use this system for
costing and managing their manufacturing processes, whereas in hospitals these systems are used
to assist in insurance billing. Similarly management accounting reporting is a comprehensive
depiction of business performance financially. In Oak cash and carry, MAS processes to provide
relevant information of their financial situation to make fruitful decisions. And management
accounting reporting assist them in analysis their business performance. This report also provide
long term goals and objectives to the organisation (Parker, 2012).
TASK 2
P3 Calculate costs using appropriate techniques of cost analysis to prepare an income statement
using marginal and absorption costs.
Cost analysis can be define as a method to ascertain the cost of business operations
through fixed and variable assets. This estimated cost is used to analyse the production cost to
attain certain objectives and gaols of the organisation. The managers analyses input cost to gain
maximum production with availability of resources. Costing consists of several kinds of costs
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such as variable and fixed cost. There are various techniques that can be use to calculate cost
analysis to prepare income statement of Oak Cash and Carry. These techniques are given below -
Marginal costing – This refers to variable cost which consists of labor and material cost
a and in addition it also estimates fixed costs such as overheads and selling expenditure. In Oak
Cash and Carry marginal cost is equal to average cost. Marginal costing: it is said to be one of
the effective costing methods which will be used to determine total cost of production during an
accounting period of time. Most of the company used to analyses the overall of producing one
additional units. It happens to be determine as one of the reliable costing techniques that will be
taken into account during the time of manufacturing one extra unit. It includes only variable
cost in order to overall sales that used to calculate net profit for the company (Lukka and
Modell, 2010). The fixed cost is taken into account, while evaluating net income of an
organization. It is considered as one of the reliable method for effective decision making
regarding total profitability generated by the company.
Absorption costing – It is costing method to measure all expenses that are associated
with manufacturing of a particular products and it is also required for external reporting. There
are some direct costs that are included with it such as labor wages, raw materials and overhead
costs (utility costs which is used in producing goods). Absorption cost is comprises of anything
which requires direct cost in producing a goods.
Difference in marginal cost and absorption cost
Marginal Cost Absorption Cost
 It is a decision making technique to
ascertain total cost of production that is
known as marginal cost.
 In this, variable cost refers to product
cost while fixed cost is considered as
period cost.
 It is a technique to measure profitability
by profit volume and ratio.
 It determines cost of next unit.
 This focuses on contribution in
production cost.
 Allocation of total cost to cost centre is
use to analyse the sum of production
cost, is refers as absorption cost.
 On the other hand, both fixed and
variable cost is considered as product
cost.
 Profitability get impacted to inclusion
of fixed costs.
 On the other hand, absorption cost
determines cost of each unit (Carenzo
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and Turolla, 2010) .
 Whereas it shows forth and accuracy
and fair treatment of product cost.
Income statement as per marginal costing
Amount
Sales value (35*600) 21000
less:
Cost of Production (6+5+2) -9100
closing stock (100*13) -1300
variable overheads -7800
Contribution 13200
less:
variable sales overheads (600*1) -600
fixed cost -2000
Admin & selling cost (700+600) -1300
-3900
Total 9300
Income statement as per absorption costing:
Amount
Sales value (35*600) 21000
less:
Cost of Production 9600
Gross Profit 11400
LESS:
Fixed and variable cost:
variable sales overheads (600*1) 600
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Admin & selling cost (700+600) 1300
Less: over absorbed fixed production overheads -100 -1800
Net profit 9600
M2
Management accounting techniques are planning and budgeting, project decision making,
measuring performance and revaluation of accounting. Where planning and budgeting consists of
analysis of weekly and monthly budget to forecast pricing and sell of products. Project decision
making is a step involves decision-making of relevant costing to gain benefits and margin on
products. Measuring performance is used to compare actual results with standard results planned
in budgeting phase.
Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan
Receipts £ £ £ £ £
Cash sales 250 350 255 380 450
Credit sale receipts from
debtors 320 150 100 120 220
Other income received 415 430 320 215 330
Total receipts (a) 985 930 675 715 1000
Payments
Purchases 215 260 290 330 415
Wages- Labour and
overheads 115 90 180 210 150
Fixed costs 200 200 200 200 200
Capital expenditure - Plant 650
Advertising 20 35 55 75 90
Total Payments (b) 1200 585 725 815 855
Surplus/Deficit (a) – (b) -215 345 -50 -100 145
D2
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From the above mention income statement it has been identified that , according to the
marginal costing income generated is 9300. whereas on the other hand, income statement as per
the absorption cost generate 9600. Difference between cost of the both is 300 occurring because
in absorption fixed cost is included. This is the main reason of difference in the amount of
income statement.;
TASK 3
P4 Advantages and disadvantages of different types of planning tools for budgetary control
Budget can be described as a financial plan which is build up for a particular period of time. It
basically include sales volume, revenues, resources quantities, costs or expenses, assets,
liabilities and cash flows. Moreover, it is very necessary to make an appropriate budget to
conduct different kinds of operations through spending desired funds to fulfill goals or objectives
of business successfully. In case of Oak & Cash Carry, they should make required budget to
manage overall available funds to various types of operational activities or procedures to
generate better outcomes and earn profits.
Budget control – This can be explained as a system of management control which
provide support to compare actual income and spending with the plan of the same. It helps to
determine differences between real expenses & earnings with planned cost and profits so that
required steps can be taken by selected firm in order to control overall budget of business.
Planning tools – In this part, several planning tools and techniques of budget are include
which can be utilized by give company (Soin and Collier, 2013) . These are described here with
their advantages and disadvantages -
Forecasting – This include to analyze previous data of making budget for particular
company and through following that along with fulfilling present requirements. Moreover, the
past information or trend of establishing budget will be considered as bench mark and to
complete current desires, an appropriate budget will organized. the desired budget will build up. Advantage – It is helpful to follow previous trend of company and support to predict
changes, flexibility & ambiguity.
 Disadvantage – This include judgmental approach and risk of false information may
possible which results into inappropriate plan.
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Contingency - This can be described as a budget which is made to deal with future
contingencies which may takes place and it will render help to complete forthcoming needs of
funds during execution. Advantage – It is suitable for dealing with emergency conditions of future to reduce
threats and gain desired outputs.
 Disadvantage – There is no chance of risk management due to lack of time and it is sure
that present budget is applicable or not.
Incremental budgeting- This budget is prepared for using the previous budget period or actual
performance basis with the more amounts added for new budget period. Under this, resources
allocation depends on allocation from past period.
Advantages
 Through this, managers of Oak cash and carry can operate their departments and
activities on continuous basis. If all the departments will be treated same then disputes will be avoided.
Disadvantages
 No incentives to minimize costs.
 Budget were set in original manner then resources may have modified.
Zero base budgeting
It refers to budgeting process that help in allocate the funding that depends on efficiency
as well as necessity of program as comparison to budget history. Under Zero base budgeting,
budgeters take review of each program and also expenditure at starting of every budget cycles
and justify each.
Advantages
 It is helpful in make improvement in operational efficiency through rigorous assumption
of challenges. It supports the cost minimization through neglecting automatic budget enhances.
Disadvantages
 If the potential saving are more uncertain then it is risky.
 Zero base budgeting can be disruptive to operations of company.
M3
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MAS has different planning tools like Industry analysis, stakeholder evaluation,
competitive assessment, strategy development and preparation of action plan and much more.
Where industrial analysis includes eternal business analysis and favourable conditions. Stake
holder's evaluation refers to categorization of stakeholders by their role, influence level, strength
and risk. Competitive assessment predict the position of an organisation as compare4d to
competitors in their customers perception. Where as strategy development refers to plan for
strengthen the organisational position as well as growth. This strategy includes potential
opportunities, stakeholder relationships, and service needs. Action plan of a organisation is
identifying a framework to reduce risk, leverage strength, reduces uncertainty, and generate
sales. It also determine team members who will execute this plan (Fullerton, Kennedy and
Widener, 2014).
D3
Management accounting tools like industry analysis, competitive and stakeholder
evaluation, strategy development, etc. helps in solving financial problems of an organisation as
it analysis whole internal and external business environment. This help to predict the
opportunities and threat for an organisation in present and future time, which helps in taking
proper decision making and steps to improve or overcome the situation. Management accounting
system help to attain goals and achievements as well as business growth. This tool assist in
developing strategies and plan of action and their implementation process. This method also
suggest in planning budget to implement in the action plan. In Oak cash and carry, management
accounting tools plays a specific role in planning, decision-making, budgeting, controlling, and
forecasting. This technique is beneficial for the company as it reduces workload and pressure of
company by forecasting and giving actual facts and figures to them as well as long term vision to
the company (Scapens and Bromwich, 2010) .
TASK 4
P5 Compare how organisations should adapt management accounting systems to respond to
financial problems.
A business can face several financial problems that can be reduce or overcome by
management accounting system. There are numerous of issues which is faced finance
department while managing organizational funds which are discussed as follows-
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There are some tools that can solve financial issues within Oak cash and Carry. Essentially
money related solidness is one of the real part of each business whether it’s a major or private
venture. Administration bookkeeping assist the organizations with dealing budgetary troubles.
Each business ought to have solid reinforcement to the extent budgetary security is concerned).
Oak Cash and Carry Ltd is likewise managing monetary issues. Following are the kinds of
money related issues:
Late Payments from customers on general premise: As this a major issue for organizations, if
business does not get installment on time from customers, then pivot of cash in business gets
moderate. Oak Cash and Carry confronted same issues as firm is getting late instalments from
the customers on general premise, which turned out as money related issue for them.
Deals development: This is an essential issue, numerous business has this as they have
insufficient deals as indicated by their size of business. As though business does not have deals,
at that point they will have no income and as final product, business will experience the ill
effects of budgetary issues. As Oak Cash and Carry likewise confronted indistinguishable issues
and announced from money related issues (Chiarini, 2012) .
Key performance Indicator - It is measurable value that demonstrate the way to
achieve business objectives. Oak cash and Carry can use this to KPI evaluate their success in
order to reach towards target. It may focus on high – level performance of the organisation
whereas low level KPI may focus on process or employees in departments like sales, marketing,
call centre, etc.
Oak cash and carry can use KPI for to measure the performance of their employees such
as call centre that collaborate with customers so
Benchmarking – it is quality measuring tool use in an organisation such as policies,
products, programs, strategies and so on. Along with this assist in comparison with standard
measurements as well as similar measurement of its peer. Moreover, there are mainly three
objectives of benchmarking in the company such as for identifying what and where improvement
is needed, to determine how other enterprise achieve their high performance level and using this
information for improving performance. Thus, by the implementation of benchmarking in the
respective enterprise they can make proper strategies as well can measure its performance (What
Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using a Static Budget. 2017).
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CONCLUSION
The above report has concluded that management accounting can be described as a
procedure to analyze business costs and operations to prepare internal financial report, records,
& account. It is helpful for managers to make more effective as well as efficient decision to
attaining goals or objectives of business. This involve actual needs of management accounting
along with different types of relevant systems which are helpful to manage funds of given
company. It include to make an appropriate income statement through analyzing cost including
marginal as well as average which facilitate to fulfill desires of business. Moreover, budget
control is described along with different types of it planning tools such as forecasting and
contingency through advantages & disadvantages. The comparative discussion is given below
about adopting of management accounting systems in organization to solve their financial
problems.
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