Report on the Impact of Obesity on Adult Well-being & Health

This research report investigates the impact of obesity on adult well-being, focusing on individuals aged 18 to 35. It highlights the increasing prevalence of obesity globally, particularly in the UK, and its associated health risks, including heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. The report explores various factors contributing to obesity, such as metabolic factors, diet, and physical activity levels, and their effects on physical, mental, and social well-being. The study uses questionnaire data to analyze the impact of obesity on adults, with findings indicating a higher percentage of female participants. The report concludes with recommendations for reducing and managing obesity to improve overall well-being. Desklib provides access to similar research reports and solved assignments for students.

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Chapter one: Introduction
1.1: Introduction
Obesity is defined as an excess of body fat. However, the obesity concept means more than body
fat deposition is associated with short and long-term adverse metabolic complication, as with
significant physical and psychological problems that must be all included in the same concept.
(Luis and all 2011)

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The broad use of the term obesity is sometimes equated with BMI levels; this is calculated as
weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Perfect BMI is 18.5to 24.9kg.
According to Nice the BMI are divided into different categories which are cited as follow:
• ABMI of 25-29.9kg is overweight.
• ABMI of 30-34.9kg is obese (Grade 1).
• ABMI of 35-39.9kg is obese ( Grade2)
• ABMI of 40kg is obese (Grade 3) at this stage weight can jeopardize Health and cause
serious health issue.
But in some cases there are few exception if the person is muscular, he or she will have
excessive weight in muscles and bone to support the muscles it may be possible for him
to have High BMI without an excess of fat. ( www.patient.co.uk).
There is not an exact figure of obesity because this can change within a year and month.
However, in 2008 more than 1.4billion adults and older were over were overweight. In addition
over 200 million men and nearly 300 million women were diagnosed with obesity. The
researchers 35% of adults age 20 years and were find overweight in 2008, 11 were obese.
Statistic has shown that 65% of the world population lived in counties were overweight and
obese.
( www.ease.org)

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1.2: Background
Why you have chosen this topic? How and who would be beneficial for from the findings?
I have chosen this topic because, majority of people around the world are suffering from the
disease, including UK. This epidemiology are become crucial health problem for our nation,
especially in this twenty-century. This become a common problem, the research find that around
one in every four adults and one in every five children aged 10 to 11 in the UK are affected.
However it assume that UK are the highest compared to Europe. Almost 20% of the population
are obese and the cost to the UK economy exceed 3 billion per year (Nuffieldtrust.org.uk , 2015),
Which put pressure on the government and Primary care.
Simons Stevens state that Obesity is the new smoking, “It is a slow-motion car crash in terms of
avoidable illness and rising health care costs (Nuffieldtrust.org.uk , 2015)”
In addition it’s the availability of unhealthy options that is part of the problem. "Our
environments are stuffed full of opportunities for eating. You go into a bookstore and they're
selling chocolate."
People are finding difficult to stick with the official health recommendations, only few seem to
cope with it, eating healthy is a choice that people need to make in order to remain healthy.
According Daily mail (14.10. 1pm) Obesity costs £2.6billion a year in NHS bills and indirect
losses to the economy. Other studies have shown that the percentage of overweight children in
Britain has virtually doubled in the last decade. Yet in 2007/2006 this has cost NHS 5, 1 billion
this include medication obesity medication, the increasing use of bariatric surgery and new
equipment to accommodate larger people. This is more than the £3.3 billion attributed to

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smoking-related ill health and £3.3 billion attributed to alcohol-related ill health.
http://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/
It is well known that being overweight or obese put people at risk of other diseases such as high
risk of heart Diseases, diabetes, high blood pressure and osteoarthritis. However it is a trigger of
several types of cancer.
Conducting this research will help family and children because, first Education start at home,
Parents needs to emphasis on their kids dietary intake in order to evade the diseases.
It will also raise awareness to overweight people in terms of losing weight. Nonetheless people
should eat to death but we should eat to remain healthy.
1.3: Research Aim
The aim of this study is to find out how obesity effect on well-being among adults
1.4: Research Objectives
To find out the impact of obesity among adults (age 18 to 35)
To find out how does obesity become a key barriers against the well-being?

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To make recommendation to reduce and manage obesity
1.5: Research Question
How does obesity has an impact on well-being among adults?
Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.1: Introduction
This research will talk more about obesity and overweight , which will overlook how this affect
human being and contribute to other illness , because this condition is the cause of an excessive
preventable ill health and premature mortality . However this is common in developed countries
it has been label among other diseases which reached epidemic proportion.
It is well known that this condition is weight gain reached the point of seriously threatening
health. Whereas some people are genetically more vulnerable than others, generally the
common cause of these diseases is an excess of energy intake over energy expenditure.
Moreover this has taken a lot of life around the world and especially in Europe where food
consumption are low-cost compared to other continent like Africa whereby some people suffer
of malnutrition and cannot afford to buy food.
2.2: The impact of obesity
Obesity and overweight can cause problem in social care and a string in economy
The studies shown that being obese or overweight enhance the risk of developing various serious
diseases, Such as heart disease, cancers and diabetic .The impact of obesity has a long-term
condition which can be tackled early in order to prevent it.

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In addition obesity can affect young people and Adult mentally ,Physically and Socially, also
can lead to several diseases cited as : Coronary Heart disease, high blood pressure , strokes ,
fertility problems , fatty liver disease( http:www.aihw.gov.au.)
Obesity can lessen life expectancy by up to 9 years because these conditions lead them to
numerous diseases. However those disease cited above can be prevented through healthy diet,
this condition put heaviness on joints and limbs which can make daily activities difficult.
Psychologically people with obesity can tend to suffer problems like depression, poor of life,
poor self-esteem, and body dissatisfaction.
It has been reported that obesity can cause issue in Social life this condition, those who suffer
from this condition are more likely to undergo prejudice and discrimination , the can find it
difficult to make friend and less luckily to pursue their dream and vision ,and to fulfil education.
www.morelife.co.uk.
It has commonly been assumed that they are many factors that contributed to obesity but in this
case I will focus on 3majors factors which are classified as follow: metabolic factors, diet, and
physical activity each biased by genetic traits.
Metabolic factor : an combination of metabolic traits occurring in the same individual with
frequencies greater than expected by chance ,and presumably reflecting a unifying underlying
pathophysiology . Traits that cluster include elevated glucose, triglyceride and blood pressure
levels, and cholesterol levels. Clustering most commonly occurs in the setting of obesity as well
as sedentary lifestyle. It is well known that type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease share

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many risk factors in common, and that their occurrence is probably linked to insulin resistance
and obesity ( Hansen and Bray, 2010).
It believed that metabolic factor as predictors of weight gain and obesity.
HU( 2008) carried the research which were focused on metabolic rate fat oxidation reflected by
respiration quotient and insulin sensitive , it confirm that low resting metabolic rate can trigger
weight gain It support the popular idea that metabolically efficient individuals are prone to
obesity in an energy abundant environment.
Diet : It never be easy for obese people to control their diet , we have to bear in mind that the
more we eat food which are high in macronutrient amount ( carbohydrate, protein ,and fat) we
are likely to gain weight .
One possible implication of this is that obese people tend to enjoy food instead of paying
attention on calories intake. As the put on weight gradually then after a period this weight gain
lead to obesity with high BMI. Moreover obesity is caused when our diet exceed in calorie intake
which can be the problem around the world. Although the calorie intake can be the trigger but
our diet quality also contribute to jeopardize our health and cause this problem.
Recent cases reported by Gillman and Poston.( 2012 ) also support the hypothesis that the effect
of popular diets designed to promote weight loss remain controversial , they stated clearly that
there is no magic diet or nutrient that offers weight control , dietary fat has long been
considered the main culprit behind obesity. But it can be argue that curbing carbohydrate intake
and decreasing glycemic food possibly will improve weight control.

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Physical activity is major driving force behind losing weight, physical activity has impact on
weight gaining less levels of physical activity predict higher body weight
In addition walking minimize the chance of gaining weight and people who walk less are likely
to gain weight, it has been prove that low level of exercising rise more risk of early death.
(George .2007) stated that children and adults who watch more television are more overweight.
About 100 calories of extra food energy are consumed for each hour of television viewing.
It believe that physical activity play a vital role on reducing weight , for the best result we need
to decrease our caloric intake by 250 and increase daily exercise.
Obesity
For the past century malnutrition was a major problem around the world in same arena lack of
food was common and people were extremely thin because of malnutrition there were exposed to
different diseases one those diseases are Tuberculosis.
Also where I come from in Africa being overweight was a symbol of being rich, people tend to
enjoy their overweight shapes rather thinking about disease and other health Issue this can
possibly cause.

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This is the main reason of untimely death among adult and children, people aimed to fill their
stomach with a lot of calories intake, cooking with a lot of oil they preferred to fry food than
grilled.
In the contrary in Western Europe Being overweight or obese represent poverty and health
professional consider it as a disease which they have trait in order to prevent other disease.
But now a day population around the world are facing a major issue which the try to resolve , it
believe that this problem is the tool of early death , more diseases related to it, the early the
tackle it, the less risk it will possibly cause. This issue is called Obesity.
It widely holds the view that the UK has greater levels of obesity and overweight people than
anywhere in Europe except For Iceland and Malta, likewise this is causing drawn back on
health values.
It believes that, 67% of men and 57% of women are both overweight or obese, around a quarter
of children are considered as overweight or obese – 26% of boys and 29%of girls
www.the guardia.com.
In the other hand the health problem linked with adult obesity are well described and include
type 2 diabetes , Hypertension, and coronary artery disease ,sleep apnea,
pulmonary ,Hypertension, cancers ,and reproductive and musculoskeletal disorders (Hansen et
al. 2010).
The recent research shows that the percentage of United Kingdom's adults who are obese has
increased by 50% in the last decade, and the prevalence of obesity in children continues to

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increase at alarming rate , it estimate two-third of adults are now overweight or obese and, of
these ,22percent of men and 23 percent of women are clinically obese. (Cooksey, 2006)
Chapter 3: Methodology
3.1: Theoretical perspectives
3.2 Research Design
Quantitative method is used in this study, the Quantitative aspect attempted to demonstrate the
phenomenon hygiene behaviors amongst Male College students whilst the qualitative aspect
attempted to explain why the behavior exists-vis-à-vis recommendations College students
believe make understanding about obesity (Nocella et al, 2006).
Qualitative research gathers information that is not in numerical form. For example, open-ended
questionnaires, unstructured observations and diary accounts, unstructured interviews.
Qualitative data is usually narrative data and as such is tougher to analyze than quantitative data
which analyses information in numerical terms (Nelson’s Evans, 2014).
Qualitative research is helpful researchers at the individual level, finding out, in depth, the ways
in which people think or feel. Examinations of qualitative data are tough and insist on the exact
explanation of participant responses (Ajayi, 2014). However, it was not employed due to the
difficulty to conduct an interview. The quantitative method is employed by using a close-ended
questionnaire. Quantitative is a method that is well defined in a way that creates hard facts and
statistics to lead to a consistent statistical result (marketingdonut.co.uk, 2014).
3.3 Data Collection Method

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I was conducted my research using the Quantitative method, 10 questionnaires were used in
total, they were closed-ended. The participants were 10 students in a College in Central London.
The purpose of using questionnaires was to gather data on how Male students engaged in
effective infection control measures (hand hygiene) during or after using the toilet. In short, how
well informed they are on risks of infection.
3.4 Sampling
The clustered technique is a method of selecting a random sample amongst a larger number of
people. The process of meticulous sampling usually involves first selecting a fixed starting point
in the larger population and then finding subsequent observations by using a continuous interval
between samples taken (business dictionary, 2014).
I will be used a sampling technique called “clustered” sample technique where each participant
in the study was given an equal chance of being selected. I went to several classes, computer
suite and administered 15 questionnaires to Male students who were found there. The sampling
was completed without any problem (rgs.org, 2014). My sources of data were 5 male students
per week over a three week period.
The sampling technique is a shortcut method for investigating a whole population. Data is
gathered on a small part of the whole parent population or sampling frame, and used to inform
what the whole picture is like. The primary concern in statistical sampling. The sample obtained
from the population must be representative of the same population. This can be accomplished by
using randomized statistical sampling techniques or probability samplings like cluster sampling
and stratified sampling (rgs.org, 2014).
3.5 Data Presentation and analysis

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Data analysis is the processes of methodically applying techniques to describe and to provide
shorten data (Watson 2014). Data presentation, in short, refers to the main characteristics of the
data set explained in an easily understandable manner, relating to the data and indicators
published (eqavet.eu, 2014). Data were analyzed using a descriptive analysis through a clear
application of writing; analyzing and joining information from various sources by which I
explained step by step how data will be done or how they have been evaluated (Area education
agency, 2014). Data will be presented and analyzed through Line graphs, Percentages and
Charts, Bar charts, Pie Charts, Tables. Furthermore, the qualitative data was partly coded and
allocated percentages for easy analysis.
3.6 Limitations
Limitations play a role in letting only a precise quantity of something (Business dictionary,
2014). My limitations were the materials needed to achieve my research, things like ink, papers,
and printer. It was challenging for me to get enough questionnaires to go round.
As this was my first research project, having little knowledge on the matter, also affected the
quality of my work.
3.7 Overcoming limitations
I will fortunate to have a family member who bought me a printer, ink and papers, because of
this I was able to print out my work whenever I wanted. Since I have now knowledge on the
matter, this made things easier for me to continue with my research.