Annotated Bibliography: Exploring Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease

This annotated bibliography examines the significant relationship between obesity and cardiovascular disease, drawing on a variety of sources including reports from the Australian government, medical texts, and research articles. The bibliography explores how obesity contributes to various chronic conditions, including coronary artery disease, hypertension, and stroke, with data highlighting the prevalence and impact across different age groups and populations, such as the United States and China. The included sources discuss the mechanisms by which obesity increases cardiovascular risk, the impact of weight loss, and the importance of lifestyle modifications. The bibliography analyzes the limitations of each source, such as the use of cross-sectional study designs and the lack of detailed mechanisms, while still providing a comprehensive overview of the topic. This assignment, available on Desklib, offers a valuable resource for students studying the effects of obesity on heart health.

Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Annotated Bibliography
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

1ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Can obesity promote cardiovascular disease?
1) Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2017. ‘Impact of overweight
and obesity as a risk factor for chronic conditions’, Australian
Government. Reviewed on 05/05/2019, Retrieved from-
https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/f8618e51-c1c4-4dfb-85e0-
54ea19500c91/20700.pdf.aspx?inline=true
The report of Australian government discusses the association of obesity and
cardiovascular disease in Australia. In this report, it is described that obesity
can promote various chronic disease along with cardiovascular disease as in
Australia, cardiovascular disease contributes a major part to the overall disease
burden of the country. It is reported that, the overweight and obesity affect the
children of Australia and 1 out of 4 children in the country under the age
group of 5-17 years is considered to be obese. According to this report, in
2011, 38% of cardiovascular disease incidents was associated with problem of
obesity. Among the total disease burden, 27% of the overall cases was
associated with coronary artery disease and 9% of cases was associated with
stroke. Almost 7.5% of disease burden of cardiovascular disease is associated
with obesity among the adult population (Australian Institute of Health and
Welfare 2017). As this report sheds light on association of obesity and
hypertension in a detail manner with differentiation of various age group so
this report can be used to answer research this question. The data presented in
this report was extracted from the data of 2011 and those were not had relative

2ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
standard errors equal to or less than 25% and that can be pointed as one of the
limitations of this report.
2) Kyrou, I, Randeva, HS, Tsigos, C, Kaltsas, G & Weickert, MO 2018.
‘Clinical problems caused by obesity’, In Endotext [Internet]. MDText.
com, Inc..
The book of Kyrou et al. (2018), described the worldwide epidemic nature of
obesity and its relationship with other chronic diseases such as cardiovascular
disease, diabetes, metabolic disorders. It is estimated that, the by the end of
2025, the global prevalence of obesity will be 18% in case of men and 21% in
case of women. They also concluded that, with this high prevalence of
condition, incidents of cardiovascular disease (CVD) will also increase. The
authors suggested that, physicians should account obesity as a key factors of
CVD and in studies it is observed that, the weight-management is one of the
key reason that can prevent onset of CVD. In a survey, it was observed that,
almost 7% overall morbidity and mortality rate were associated with obesity
related cardiovascular disease and those diseases also enhancing the burden of
costs. In addition, it is reported that, obesity activates a few pro-inflammatory
signalling pathways that enhance CVD risk factors and also promotes
atherosclerosis and thrombosis ( Kim, Despres and Koh 2015). As the study
depicts direct relationship of obesity and cardiovascular disease, so it can be
related with the research question. However, the book depicts relationship
between obesity and various other disease and it can be pointed as limitation.

3ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
3) Wu, JL & Juan, CW, 2015, ‘Obesity and Heart Diseases, a Worsened
Epidemic in Recent Decades’, In Coronary Artery Disease-Assessment,
Surgery, Prevention. IntechOpen.
The book chapter by Wu and Juan (2015), described the relationship of
obesity and coronary artery disease that is one of the most common
cardiovascular diseases. The author described various reason of obesity and its
related pathophysiology in this chapter. In addition to this, different type of
obesity in terms of BMI are also described. The primary inflammatory factors
of obesity such as CRP is also mentioned in this chapter. The chapter depicted
that activation of sympathetic nervous system is associated with the obesity
related hypertension among patients. In addition to this, the book chapter also
mentioned that obesity can enhance the risk of heart failure among patients
with high BMI, an indicator of obesity. As, this chapter describes different
type of cardiovascular disease and their risk factors, so this can be useful for
this research question. There is no such limitations in this chapter.
4) Delaney , J, 2019, ‘Hypertension and Obesity: How Weight-loss Affects
Hypertension’, OAC, Reviewed on 05/05/2019,Retrieved from-
https://www.obesityaction.org/community/article-library/hypertension-
and-obesity-how-weight-loss-affects-hypertension/
The online source of OAC community related to cardiovascular diseases is
written by Jaymee Delaney. This article describes that the hypertension and
other cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease. In this online
article it is reported that, hypertension and obesity is closely related and
almost 58 to 65 million of adult population of US has the problem of

4ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
hypertension as a result of their obesity. The percentage of obesity in US is
almost 33.5 % and this enhanced burden of obesity is promoting the
cardiovascular disease like hypertension, coronary artery disease. It is also
reported that, cardiovascular disease such as hypertension also has serious
impact on the overall life expectancy, quality of life. Moreover, this article
also sheds light on the fact that reduction of body weight can and maintenance
of healthy life style can improve the condition of hypertension among the
patients. The author concluded that, the enhancing fruit and vegetable intake,
consumption of low-fat foods, increased physical activity will help to reduce
hypertension. As this online resource provides details regarding hypertension
and various other cardiovascular disease, so it can be said that it can be used to
answer the aforesaid research question. While discussing about the limitation,
it can be said that, lack of information regarding detail mechanism of
hypertension is one of the limitations of this resource.
5) Wang, SK, Ma, W., Wang, S, Yi, XR., Jia, HY & Xue, F 2014, ‘Obesity
and its relationship with hypertension among adults 50 years and older in
Jinan, China’. PLoS One, 9(12), p.e114424.
The study of Wang et al. (2014), identified the relationship of hypertension
and obesity among the older population ( age group of 50 years or older) of
Jinan, China. The authors tried to examine the association between
hypertension and obesity. In this study, a cross sectional study method was
used. Almost 1870 older people within the age group of 50 years or older was
recruited randomly from the 6 communities of Jinan as subject population of
this study. In order to compare the collected numerical data, student’s t-test

5ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
was used and χ2 test was executed to compare the categorical data. The study
result showed that there was a significant positive correlation among the
hypertension and obesity among the subject population with a p value of
<0.001 ( p<0.001). in addition this, the study also reported that, the
prevalence of hypertension among people with obesity was different in case of
male and female. As this study, discusses relationship of obesity and
hypertension, so it can be used for this question. The use of cross-sectional
design can be a limitation of this study as this design cannot explore the causes
of the aforesaid relationship.

6ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
References
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2017. ‘Impact of overweight and obesity as a risk
factor for chronic conditions’, Australian Government. Reviewed on 05/05/2019, Retrieved
from- https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/f8618e51-c1c4-4dfb-85e0-
54ea19500c91/20700.pdf.aspx?inline=true
Delaney , J, 2019, ‘Hypertension and Obesity: How Weight-loss Affects Hypertension’,
OAC, Reviewed on 05/05/2019,Retrieved from-
https://www.obesityaction.org/community/article-library/hypertension-and-obesity-how-
weight-loss-affects-hypertension/
Kyrou, I, Randeva, HS, Tsigos, C, Kaltsas, G & Weickert, MO 2018. ‘Clinical problems
caused by obesity’, In Endotext [Internet]. MDText. com, Inc..
Wang, SK, Ma, W., Wang, S, Yi, XR., Jia, HY & Xue, F 2014, ‘Obesity and its relationship
with hypertension among adults 50 years and older in Jinan, China’. PLoS One, 9(12),
p.e114424.
Wu, JL & Juan, CW, 2015, ‘Obesity and Heart Diseases, a Worsened Epidemic in Recent
Decades’, In Coronary Artery Disease-Assessment, Surgery, Prevention. IntechOpen.

7ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

8ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY