Literature Review: Obesity Causes, Complications and Treatments

This literature review provides a comprehensive overview of obesity, exploring its causes, health complications, and potential treatments. The review begins with an introduction defining obesity as an excessive accumulation of body fat, often linked to unhealthy eating habits and lack of physical activity. The main body delves into the causes of obesity, including metabolic syndromes, genetic factors, and lifestyle choices such as poor sleeping habits and consumption of junk food. It further examines the various complications and health issues associated with obesity, such as hypertension, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, digestive problems, and sleep apnea. The review also discusses different treatment options, including healthy eating plans, regular physical activity, weight management programs, and medical interventions like weight loss medications and surgical options. The conclusion emphasizes the severity of obesity, its impact on health, and the importance of a healthy diet and regular exercise as the primary methods of treatment. The review cites various sources to support its findings and provides a detailed analysis of the topic, making it a valuable resource for students and researchers interested in public health and obesity-related issues.

Literature review

Table of Contents
Literature Review Topic: Obesity ..................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Main Paragraphs..............................................................................................................................1
CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................3
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................4

Literature Review Topic: Obesity
INTRODUCTION
Obesity is basically a disorder which involves excessive body fat as a result of taking
more calories than burned by routine exercises and the daily normal activities that leads to
increases in the risk of health problems and issues (Wadden and Bray, 2018). Because of current
modern style and increasing craze of fast and junk foods the issues and problem of Obesity has
become more vital and common especially in kids and young people. Thus, selection of current
topic on Obesity is rationale and viable. The intensify of issues of obesity can be estimated from
the the health survey of England which had estimated that around 28.7% of adults in England are
suffering from Obesity issues along with 35.6% population that are overweight (Obesity
Statistics, 2019).
Main Paragraphs
Obesity is taken as a complex disorder and disease which involves accumulation of
excessive fat in body which increases risk of other disease and leads to many health problems
like diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure and sometime cancer also. As per the view point
of, Danielle Moores, 2020, obesity is defined as having a body mass index of 30 or more which
is associated with the higher risk of serious disease like heart diseases, type 2 diabetes or cancer.
Beside this, it has been evaluated that there are many other factors like age, ethnicity and muscle
mass which can also lead influence on BMI and body fat along with accumulation of excess fat,
bone mass and muscle which indication of distribution of fat.
Causes of Obesity
According to the view point of, Kris Gunnars, 2018, obesity is associated with several
conditions and reasons that is collectively called as metabolic syndrome. It has been seen that
obesity is taken as result of wrong eating behaviour and unhealthy lifestyle but they are not the
only reason and cause of obesity. There are many other reasons and causes of obesity which is
driven by many biological factors like hormones and genetics. Apart from this, not sleeping well
and bad sleeping habits can also leads to hormonal changes which makes an individual feel more
hungry and lead to craving for high calories food. But still regular intake of engineered junk
foods and habit of food addiction along with intake of liquid calories in form of soft drinks and
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inactivity and lack of routine exercise and daily activities to burn calories are common resason
and cause of obesity (Srivastava and Apovian, 2018).
Complication and health issues of Obesity
With respect to the information provided by D Segula, 2014, obesity that is taken as the
excess body fat has lead to many health problems and complication associated with many cp-
morbidities and non-communicable diseases lead by excess visceral fat. A discussion about main
complication and potential serious health problems lead by obesity are discussed and evaluated
below:
Hypertension- It has been evaluated on the basis of various studies and research that BMI
has positively and directly associated with the hypertension during young and midlife of an
individual. Thus, a risk of enhanced chances of issues and complication of hypertension get arose
with the weight gain.
Heart disease and strokes- Increased body mass and unhealthy living style along with
poor eating habits leads to issue of high bold pressures along with abnormal cholesterol level in
body which enhanced the chances and risk of heart diseases and strokes (Seravalle and Grassi,
2017).
Type 2 diabetes- Obesity and increase body fat affects the way in which body creates and
uses insulin which control blood sugar level. Thus, obesity lead to higher risk of insulin
resistance in body which results in form of diabetes.
Digestive problems and sleep apnea- The another complication lead by obesity is
associated with increases likelihood to develop gallbladder disease, heartburn and liver
problems. Beside this, people suffering obesity are also more prone to issues of sleep apnea
which is associated with serious disorder in breathing which repeatedly keeps on going stop and
start during sleep (Stefan, Häring, and Schulze, 2018).
Treatments to overcome Obesity
According to the view point Rachael Rettner, 2018, to have a healthy weight and to
achieve and adopt a healthier eating habits several treatments and precautions can be taken by an
individual. These treatments might include professional guidance in form of dietitian, exercise
physiologist, behavioural therapist along with obesity experts. Apart from this, the best way to
get rid of obesity and issues of overweight comprises of Healthy eating plan and regular physical
activity as healthy eating plan will keep a check on calories in take and resulted in fewer
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accumulation of calories and fat in body. Along with this, regular physical activity is also a
suitable way to burn out excess calories to reduce the risk of overweight and obesity. Apart from
this, taking part in weight management programmes is also a trained way to reduce weight and
risk of obesity through guidance of weight management specialists which is focused on lower
calorie diet and increased physical activity to stick and follow good habits (Velazquez, and
Apovian, 2018). Further, taking medical help in form of weight loss medicine and tools like
Electrical stimulation system, Gastric balloon system and Gastric emptying system as per the
instruction of doctors is also a viable treatment for issue of Obesity and overweight.
Thus, an analysis can be drawn that healthy diet and regular activities are the best
possible treatment for issues of obesity and overweight but still medical guidance and specialist
treatment could also be taken by individual to overcome this disorder associated with sacculation
of excess body fat.
CONCLUSION
With respect to above literature review a conclusion can be drawn that obesity has
become a vital issues that is associated with excess fat in body and lead to many health issues
and complication. It has been summarised that bad eating habits, genetic issues and lack of
proper sleep are some common reasons that lead to issue of overweight. The main complication
and health problems lead by obesity comprises of heart diseases and diabetes. At last, it has been
observed that healthy diet along with regular exercise is the best way to treat and overcome issue
of obesity.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Seravalle, G. and Grassi, G., 2017. Obesity and hypertension. Pharmacological research. 122.
pp.1-7.
Srivastava, G. and Apovian, C.M., 2018. Current pharmacotherapy for obesity. Nature Reviews
Endocrinology. 14(1). pp.12-24.
Stefan, N., Häring, H. U. and Schulze, M.B., 2018. Metabolically healthy obesity: the low-
hanging fruit in obesity treatment?. The lancet Diabetes & endocrinology. 6(3). pp.249-
258.
Velazquez, A. and Apovian, C.M., 2018. Updates on obesity pharmacotherapy. Annals of the
New York Academy of Sciences. 1411(1). pp.106-119.
Wadden, T.A. and Bray, G.A. eds., 2018. Handbook of obesity treatment. Guilford Publications.
Online:
D Segula. 2014. Complications of obesity in adults. [Online] Available Through:
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4062780/>
Danielle Moores. 2020. Obesity. [Online] Available Through:
<https://www.healthline.com/health/obesity>
Kris Gunnars. 10 Leading Causes of Weight Gain and Obesity. [Online] Available Through:
<https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/10-causes-of-weight-gain>
Obesity Statistics. 2019. [Online] Available Through:
<https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn03336/>
Rachael Rettner. 2018. Obesity: Causes, Complications & Treatments. [Online] Available
Through: <https://www.livescience.com/34787-obesity-high-bmi-causes-diabetes-
heart-disease.html>
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