Report on Public Health Intervention: Obesity and Cultural Practices

This report delves into public health interventions in England, specifically addressing the issue of obesity among children. It begins with an executive summary highlighting the importance of public health interventions in improving health outcomes and quality of life. The report identifies and critically discusses four cultural practices in England that either support or impede obesity interventions, such as nutritional standards in schools, physical education programs, and breastfeeding rates. It explains qualitative and quantitative evaluation methods for assessing the intervention's effectiveness and examines the ethical considerations that arise from the delivery of such interventions. The report also discusses how the effectiveness and efficiency of the interventions are determined, providing a comprehensive overview of the challenges and strategies involved in addressing obesity through public health initiatives.

Public
Health

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Public health intervention refers to the involvement which nurture those particular behaviours
and habits that helps in improving physical, emotion and mental health. It can be operated in
NGOs( non profit organisation), health departments of governments and so on. Public health
intervention deals with issues of obesity, consumption of alcohol and tobacco and infectious
diseases like HIV, cold and cough etc. It plays essential role in health development and
productiveness of society which in turn improves standard of living, reduce health suffering and
salvage of money. One of the major issue in England is Obesity and for it their government and
peoples are taking initiative so that they can avoid respective situation. Along with this there are
several cultural practice or interventions which are develop by government and society which
helps as well as hinder respective issues. There are also several ethical consideration which is
develop and adopted by service users in order to conduct practices in effective manner. This can
be evaluate through various method of qualitative and quantitative which help in adopting proper
data and information. Through which government as well as society adopt proper outcome of
adopting interventions in order to avoid obesity.

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
Identify and critically discuss four cultural practices in England that could be a help and a
hindrance to the intervention..................................................................................................4
Explain how a qualitative and quantitative evaluation could be carried out for this intervention
................................................................................................................................................9
Evaluate the ethical consideration that could arise from the delivery of this intervention. .12
Discuss how the effectiveness and efficiency of the intervention will be determined.........14
REFRENCES.................................................................................................................................17

INTRODUCTION
Public Health refers to science as well as art of preventing from disease, sustain life and
support individual health according to arranged efforts and informed selection of organization,
communities, society, individual and many more. Public health is defined as interdisciplinary
sectors which include biostatistics, health service management, epidemiological and so on
related to respective aspects. Its main aim is to provide or improve life quality by preventing
through diseases which include mental as well as physical health (Buurman and et.al., 2012).
There is various subfield of public health such as community health, behavioural health, public
policy, mental health, environmental health, occupational safety and many more. The effective
team members considered in public health are public health nurses, medical assistant,
biostatistician, medical microbiologists and many more.
The respective project is based on public health intervention refers to efforts as well as
policies which are develop in order to improve and maintain mental or physical health. It is taken
care by various departments of government health organisation and non-government
organisation. This report is based on obesity among children and topics which are covered in this
report are cultural practices in England which help and hindrance, qualitative and quantitative
analysis for conducting interventions. Along with this it will include ethical consideration which
may occur from delivery of interventions as well as it explains effectiveness and efficiency of
interventions.
MAIN BODY
Identify and critically discuss four cultural practices in England that could be a help and a
hindrance to the intervention
Obesity refers to medical condition when there is excess of body fat is assembled at an
extend and that have negative impact on health of human being. Obesity cause various impact
such as type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, other diseases, cardiovascular diseases,
particular type of cancer, depression and many more. It will occur due to several reasons such as
excessive intake of food and drink, less physical activities and genetic condition (Ferrera and
Rhodes, 2013). There are also some primarily reasons of obesity such as endocrine disorders,
medications, genes, mental disorder and many more. It can be controlled by ways like societal
changes, diet, exercise, personal choices, surgery, medications and many other.

According to report or study it is analysis that in England women are more suffering from
obesity in comparison to men. In England there are various rules, regulations and policies are
developed by government bodies in order to obesity interventions in effective manner. But at
some point of time it will get hindered by various cultural practices. So in order to avoid or stop
obesity at respective place, government develop programmes and policies in which they aware
children and their patents about negative impact of obesity. The major intervention which can be
taken in order to avoid obesity among children are school can fix their standard protein
according to per day. Along with this, they must also fix calories of fast food as well as they can
also involve students in physical activities. Some of the major cultural practices which help as
well as hindered intervention of obesity are given below:-
Cultural practices helping intervention:-
 Nutritional Standards and Requirements for School Food
The respective legislation is developed by government of England in year 2007.
According to this each and every school of respective place need to maintain particular level of
nutrition in order to improve as well as maintain proper health of students or children. The
respective legislation is focuses on maintaining minimum nutritions level through various food
groups then later it is refined which include nutrient standard which are applicable to school.
Along with this it will be maintained by local authority of education in England (Forrest and
Murie, 2014). The major function of these authority is to inspect that each and every school of
their area ensure that children are following the standard of food. Moreover, impact of respective
legislation is checked as well as published by Children's Food Trust of England.
In order to maintain this in various school’s management has develop chart or routine
related to food as well as drinks of students which parents need to follow. Along with this it will
also include guidelines or rules for those school which provide meals to students and according
to it they need to offer some particular fruits and vegetables at their school meal. It is also
necessary for parents and school to provide at least two fruit and vegetables every day which
must be full of proteins. For same they may serve fish, meat, fruit juice, healthy drink and many
more (Ganelli and Tervala, 2016). Through Respective legislation it is analyse that there is
improvement in nutritions level, quality of fruits, vegetables and drinks which are offered at
schools. It will also help schools as well as parents to control obesity in their children. This is so

because when students eat proper meal which are full of nutrition and proteins then it will
reduces the chances of obesity problem among the young generation.
 Physical Education and Sport for Young People and children:
The respective legislation is develop by government of England in year 2007. According
to this each and every school of respective place need to maintain particular level of nutritions in
order to improve as well as maintain proper health of students or children. In starting this
legislation is focuses on maintaining minimum nutritions level through various food groups then
later it is refined which include nutrient standard which are applicable to school (Giulietti, 2014).
Along with this it will be maintained by local authority of education in England. The major
function of these authority is to inspect that each and every school of their area and ensure that
children are following the standard of food. Moreover, impact of respective legislation is
checked as well as published by Children's Food Trust of England.
In order to maintain this various school develop chart or routine related to food as well as
drinks of students which parents need to follow. Along with this it will also include guidelines or
rules for those school which provide meals to students and according to it they need to offer
some particular fruits and vegetables at their school meal. It is also necessary for parents and
school to provide at least two fruit and vegetables every day which must be full of portions. In
which they may serve fish, meat, fruit juice, healthy drink and many more. Through this
legislation it is analyse that there is improvement in nutritions quality of fruits, vegetables and
drinks which are offered at schools. This will also help schools as well as parents to control
obesity in their children. This is so because when students eat proper meal which are full of
nutritions and proteins then it will very less changes of increasing fat in body.
 Physical Education and Sport for Young People and children:
This legislation is develop by government bodies of England in year 2003. In order to
conduct physical activities primary school get funds of £ 150 million is given every year in 2013-
2014 as well as in 2014- 2015 (The evolution of policy and actions to tackle obesity in England,
2019). Through this they are able to improve as well as maintain health of students in effective
manner and it will also help students or children in avoiding obesity. The government bodies also
develop rules that it is necessary for schools to engage there students in physical activities
approx 3 hours in a week. With such step the young generation will be protected against the
major health issue of obesity. After some time legal bodies redefine duration of physical

activities i.e. now it increased to five hours per week. This is so because now a day eating habit
of children is influenced by junk foods and drinks.
Along with this, according to National Association of State Board of Education time
duration decided of Physical activities at school is depend upon their class and age. Such as for
elementary student’s duration of sports is approx. 150 minutes per week as well as for middle
and high school students it is near by 225 minutes per week. In order to maintain this legislation
or programmes many schools organized several sports activities on monthly basis. The physical
workout helps children's in reducing chance of obesity which may impact on their health in
negative manner (Grut and Kvam, 2013). The respective country government also develop some
clubs such as change 4 lives in which school as well as college students can participate in order
to perform physical activities. Through physical activities an individual is able to marinating the
body weight as well as also help in improving insulin sensitivity which help in reducing chance
of several diseases such as diabetes, depression and so on.
Cultural practices that hindrance different interventions:-
 England has low rates of breastfeeding:
Obesity condition of a child is interrelated to breastfeeding because proper breastfeeding prevent
child from fatness. The breastfeeding rate at United Kingdom is lowest as compare to Europe
and many other states. According to research 76 % mothers conduct breastfeeding to their babies
after discharged from hospital in United Kingdom. But this figure decrease to 42% when baby
become 6 weeks old. As compare to this Australia 84 % mother do breastfeeding and they
continue for a long period of time. In England breastfeeding rate is decreasing day by day such
as in year 2014- 2015 rate is 43.8 % which get decreased to 43.1 % in 2015- 2016 (Breastfeeding
rate declines in England as advice goes unheeded, 2019). Due to which more children are
suffering from obesity at respective place. The breastfeeding help in reducing or ignoring obesity
because that milk contains several bacteria in its digestive tracts that help children in preventing
from obesity. So it is essential for mothers to feed their child at least three months for which they
also get maternity leaves. Through breastfeeding child also get help in deciding that how much
they want to eat and when they have to eat it.
 English climate:
Climate of England is cold and there is interrelation between cold climate and obesity. It also
seems that seasonal emotional disorder as well as affiliated depression are most common in

northern climate which leads to splurge eating which directly and indirectly leads to obesity
condition. At winter time traditional diet of England people include comfort food and drinks
which leads to increase in body fat. Such as hot and filling foods products like fish, chips, cakes,
chocolate, sticky toffee puddling, sweet food and many more. This will contain high rate or ratio
of sugar, fat etc. which will lead to obesity. Along with this, in winter people of England like
more to watch television and because of their continuous sitting and eating it leads to gain more
weight in no time (Handler and Sosin, 2013). Moreover, at the time of winter and monsoon
physical activities as well as exercise of peoples get reduce which further leads to obesity
situation. It is also consider as behaviour of people that they want to eat some hot and fried food
product when there is change in climate as well as at the time of winter people get more lazy as
compare to other time. This will lead to chance of obesity that may cause various diseases such
as type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, other diseases, cardiovascular diseases, particular
type of cancer and many more.
 Children eat school dinners
In England most of the students conduct their lunch and dinner at school canteen. So that it
can be ensure children are taking proper healthy meal. In year 1906 government bodies develop
regulation that every school must maintain their food and drinks standard. But according to
change in time school are also proving snack food and drinks which contain high fat, sugar, salt
and many more. Due to which there is enhancement in obesity among school students. Along
with this in order to serve food at low price various school use cheap raw material and process
which will directly impact on their health condition. This may also cause various diseases like
type 2 diabetes, other diseases, obstructive sleep apnea, , cardiovascular diseases, and many
others. Along with this in today's time children's are more attracted towards chips as well as fast
junk food like burger, pizza, pasta, noodles and so on which will directly impact on their health
as well as leads to obesity..
These cultural practices at England which help and hindered obesity at children's as well
as young peoples in order to avoid obesity. There are various rules and regulations which are
develop by a government in order to prevent children from obesity situation such as food
standard at school, physical activities duration and many more (Johnson, 2014). On the other
hand, there are several cultural practices of England which seems as hinderer for obesity
situation. Such as environment condition of England is cold in which peoples are more likely to

eat fry and hot food like chips, chocolate, fish and so on. These all products contain high amount
of sugar, salt and fat which leads to obesity situation. Along with this at the time of winter
peoples feel lazy due to which there is also reduction in their physical activities. So in order to
avoid or reduce obesity situation government body of England develop various clubs like
change 4 life where students and young people participate for conducting physical activities.
Explain how a qualitative and quantitative evaluation could be carried out for this intervention
Public health intervention is a collective efforts of individuals in order to promote
specific behaviour that can aid in improve physical and mental health (Ronald, Kadi and
Lennartz, 2015). Intervention can be categorized in two different groups as Preventive and
Therapeutic. In terms of Obesity, preventative intervention can be accumulated for the getting
positive results in effective manner. Obesity intervention among population have been limited
concern thus, it impacts negatively on the children, youngsters and old age people. For the
effective prevention it is required to spread appropriate information among population about the
solution of obesity issues through calories restriction, diet, physical activities and so on. For
analysing effectiveness of these interventions, two different method of evaluation can be carried
out as:
 Qualitative method: This approach is based on theoretical analysis of gathered
information that assist in providing thoughts, opinions and dive deeper into problem to
identify specific solution (Sleeman, 2018). In terms of obesity intervention, it could be
used to analysing Dietary recommendation for children and requirement of physical
activities in their routine lifestyle.
 Quantitative method: This method of research is used to identifying information in
numerical form that transformed data into statistic format. Quantitative research is
basically aid in determining the impact of high calories food on the individual who are
having issue of obesity.
Evaluation of qualitative and quantitative measures:
The qualitative measure that could be evaluated for this intervention could be carried out
through survey and secondary methods of data collection. As per this analysis it has been
suggested that required calories for Toddlers are 1000-1400 per day, for preschooler 1200-2000
and for school-age children 1600-2500 calories (What is the Recommended Caloric Intake for
Children, 2019). As, in the routine lifestyle of children it is hard maintain this sum of calories in

proper manner. Therefore, it is required for them to get involved in physical activities that assist
them in the reduction of excessive fat easily.
Quantitative measures of could be evaluated through statistical data that will be denoting
major causes of obesity. Interview method will be more effective for this analysis that
determining realistic information for this intervention (Taylor, 2016). The issue of obesity arise
due to excessive intake of fast food by children. Main reason behind this redundancy of fast food
outlets in many areas of a specific location changes lifestyle of individuals now a days.

As per the above graph it has been analysed that density of fast food outlets in England
ranging higher over the total population there. This impact negatively on children as they intake
high calories food regularly. Thus, it is required to prevent from such issues
Tools for data evaluation:
In order to evaluating information in qualitative and quantitative manner, questionnaire
would be used for obesity intervention. The questionnaire approach will be more appropriate for
both practices as:
Quantitative Research:
Question 1: What are types of public intervention in regards to preventing issue of obesity?
a) Low calories food
b) Physical health activities
c) Avoid sedentary behaviour
d) Intake green leafy vegetables & fruits
Question 2: What are the main standards of obesity public intervention on food producing
organisations of England must be related with:
Illustration 1: Density of fast food outlets
Sources: Public health matters, 2019.

a) Food processing
b) Food manufacturing
c) Food packaging
d) All of the above
Question 3: Who will take initiative to promote physical health activities among children ?
a) Parents
b) School
c) Government
Question 4: Does low calories food will affect on sales of food producing companies of
England?
a) Agree
b) Disagree
Qualitative research
Theme 1: Importance of low calories food and physical health activities
Question 1: What are the importance of low calories food and physical health activities in
reduction of obesity issue among children in England”.
Answer:
Theme 2: Benefits and drawbacks of low calories food and physical health activities
Questions 2: What are drawbacks of high calories food and less physical health activities for
individual ?
Answer
Evaluate the ethical consideration that could arise from the delivery of this intervention
There are various ethical terms which are essential to adopt in health care sector in order
to conduct as well as provide effective interventions to peoples. These consideration must be
adopted for various terms such as planning, delivering, monitoring and evaluation. This is so
because through it health care provider able to conduct its practices in effective way and in legal