Obesity Associated Systemic Inflammation: Omega-3 Fatty Acid Treatment

Desklib provides past papers and solved assignments. This report explores obesity, inflammation, and omega-3 treatment.

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OBESITY ASSOCIATED SYSTEMIC INFLAMMMATION
OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID TREATMENT
OVERVIEW
Obesity refers to the increased amount of body fat due to access
accumulation and this is measured by means of increased Body Mass
Index. Since 1993 the obesity prevalence in UK has increased by 26%. 26
people every 1000 people in UK are obese that makes obesity as one of
major health concern in the region. Obesity not only promoted other
comorbidities but also because severe health issues that is life
threatening and are responsible for reducing the life expectancy for the
individual (Flint and Cummins., 2016).
Chronic systemic inflammation is the condition characterized by
increase in pro inflammatory cytokines from immune related cells in the
body that results in fatigue, generalized body inflammation, fever, sores,
rashes, abdominal pain and chest pain. The cause of systemic
inflammation is determined to be various factors but obesity is also
associated with prevalence of systemic inflammation.
ADIPOSE TISSUE INFLAMMATION IN
OBESITY
Inflammation is the body process characterized by ordered sequence of
events that maintain issue and organ homeostasis. The Inflammation that
initiates due to obesity mainly encircles around the inflammation of
adipose issues. As a result the organs involved in metabolism are actively
suffering due to the cytokine release and low grade inflammation.
Systemic inflammation due to obesity is moreover connected with the
interlinking factor of obesity to the metabolic disorders. Obesity is held
responsible for the infiltration of the immune cells in the adipose tissue
that causes systemic inflammation (Pahlavani et al., 2017).
REFERENCES
Haghiac, M., Yang, X.H., Presley, L., Smith, S., Dettelback, S., Minium, J.,
Belury, M.A., Catalano, P.M. and Hauguel-de Mouzon, S., 2015. Dietary
omega-3 fatty acid supplementation reduces inflammation in obese pregnant
women: a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial. PloS one, 10(9),
p.e0137309.
Pahlavani, M., Ramalho, T., Koboziev, I., LeMieux, M.J., Jayarathne, S.,
Ramalingam, L., Filgueiras, L.R. and Moustaid-Moussa, N., 2017. Adipose
tissue inflammation in insulin resistance: review of mechanisms mediating
anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Journal of
Investigative Medicine, 65(7), pp.1021-1027.
Flint, E. and Cummins, S., 2016. Active commuting and obesity in mid-life:
cross-sectional, observational evidence from UK Biobank. The lancet Diabetes
& endocrinology, 4(5), pp.420-435.
Goisis, A., Sacker, A. and Kelly, Y., 2015. Why are poorer children at higher risk
of obesity and overweight? A UK cohort study. The European Journal of Public
Health, 26(1), pp.7-13.
Singer, K. and Lumeng, C.N., 2017. The initiation of metabolic inflammation in
childhood obesity. The Journal of clinical investigation, 127(1), pp.65-73.
Mandviwala, T., Khalid, U. and Deswal, A., 2016. Obesity and cardiovascular
disease: a risk factor or a risk marker?. Current atherosclerosis reports, 18(5),
p.21.
Wang, Y. and Huang, F., 2015. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and
inflammation in obesity: local effect and systemic benefit. BioMed research
international, 2015.
RISK ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEMIC
INFLAMMATION SECONDARY TO OBESITY
As seen obesity presents various health issues and related risks and chronic
low grade systemic inflammation is presented as one of the risk factors
associated with it. The pathogenesis behind this condition is increase in
cytokine related immune pathways and inflammatory signaling pathways. It
is due to increased accumulation of body fat in adipose tissues that later
cause systemic responses. Locally or systemically inflamed adipose tissues
provide profound impact on the organs and are responsible for the risk
towards other conditions. The increased level of interleukin 6 causes liver
cells to secrete C reactive proteins. It is also seen that other disease may
direct the inflammatory process due to obesity like cardiovascular disease,
diabetes and renal disorders (Goisis et al., 2015).
Hence it is evident that all of this mechanism are interrelated as the obesity
is prevalent the inflammatory mechanism enhances and gives rise to
increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.
RISK FACTORS FOR
OBESITY
Genetics
Unhealthy eating habits
Lack of physical activity
Physical disability
MOST AT RISK GROUPS
Age more than 60 years
Caucasians and American
Indians
Low socioeconomic group
African American living in
south
(Mandviwala et al., 2016)

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OBESITY ASSOCIATED SYSTEMIC INFLAMMMATION
OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID TREATMENT
OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID IN TREATMENTOF
OBESITY ASSOCIATED SYSTEMIC
INFLAMMATION
Fatty acids are usually beneficial for human body among those omega
3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is the potent substances with immune
modulatory activities. The mechanism of action of omega 3 PUFA
depends on the eicosanoids made by it and the amount of it secreted
during its action. It is considered that omega 3 PUFA is well introduced
as anti-inflammatory modulator in various diseases and obesity
(Haghiac et al., 2015). It is seen that even during normal metabolism
the omega 3 PUFA suppresses the pro inflammatory expression and
decreases the cytokine release that is responsible for inflammation. So
omega 3 can be used to reset thee hemostasis of general body adipose
tissues (Wang and Huang., 2015). Globally in contemporary society
omega 3 is considered as a potential element that can prevent, or
treat obesity and complications like systemic inflammation related to
obesity (Wang and Huang., 2015). The two basic mechanism described
are reduced inflammatory mediator secretion and reduced
macrophages migration into o the adipose tissue sites. Not only this
helps in reducing the inflammation but it reduced the body fat by
working on adipocytes proliferation, increased fatty acid oxidation, and
inhibiting hepatic lipo genesis. The overall alteration occurring in
adipose tissue due to these effects derived by omega 3 results in final
benefits to the human physiology.
According to Haghiac et al (2015), omega 3 fatty acids exert potent
anti-inflammatory effects in human cells and tissues. The study aimed
at providing evidence for this claim by using a randomized control trial
including obese pregnant females. The sample and the control was
selected and the results indicated that the females treated with omega
3 were showing reduced plasma concentration and reduced secretion
of pro inflammatory cell mediators that is cytokines. Also the cytokines
and adipose tissue concentration was reduced by omega 3 PUFA. It
was concluded that the supplementation of pregnant obese female by
omega 3 resulted in reduced inflammatory cell mediation and
inflammation systemically with effects on adipose tissue in body.
RECOMMENDATIONS
 Spread awareness regarding systemic
inflammation due to obesity.
 Educate families especially including
pregnant ladies and elderly who are at
risk of systemic inflammation due to
obesity (Singer and Lumeng., 2017).
 Participate in daily physical activity to
reduce the prevalence of obesity and
increase the metabolism of human
body.
 Promote health by promoting lifestyle
changes and healthy eating habits.
 Improve physical activity scenario for
children.
 Promote quit smoking and quit alcohol
campaigns.
 Recommend healthy dose of omega 3 in
regular diet for its basic benefits.
CONCLUSION
Obesity is rising at an alarming age and
is becoming a global issue with
increasing trend of unhealthy dietary
habits and lack of physical activity.
Systemic inflammation is presented as
common condition caused due to
obesity and to reduce the prevalence
of systemic obesity the prevalence of
obesity has to be reduced. The report
also highlights the use of Omega 3
fatty acid as a beneficial dietary
supplement that can treat systemic
inflammation and obesity and should
be included in regular diet of the
obese individual.