Comprehensive Literature Review: Obesity, Causes, and Interventions

This literature review examines the multifaceted issue of obesity, defining it as a complex disease involving excessive body fat and its associated health risks such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. It highlights the increasing prevalence of obesity, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, attributing it to factors like sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy diets rich in fast food and sugary beverages, and genetic predispositions. The review discusses various diagnostic methods, including BMI, and explores the social and economic factors contributing to obesity, such as limited access to healthy food options and the influence of social circles. It also addresses the impact of obesity across different age groups, its association with other diseases, and its detrimental effects on overall quality of life. The review concludes by emphasizing the importance of lifestyle interventions, including regular exercise, balanced diets, and stress management, as crucial steps in preventing and managing obesity to improve health and well-being.

Literature Review
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Contents
Contents...........................................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................1
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................3
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................5
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INTRODUCTION
Literature review is the search and evaluation of previously published works in relation to
specific topic. This is important for students and individual to develop their understanding about
particular topic and aspects that used to manage all functions and activities (Ballini, Scacco,
Boccellino, Santacroce, and Arrigoni, 2020). LR can be defined as process of conducting
evaluation by collecting information and making right decision. For current research Obesity that
means overweight which is serious problem now a day. I have chosen this topic because of my
own personal experience in obesity at the age of 15-18 where I faced many problems and health
issues. It has seen that people are becoming unhealthy and abnormal due to excessive fat that
create risk of health. The report highlights on possible factors and aspects that relates to current
topic.
MAIN BODY
According to Malik, and et.al., 2021, Obesity is the complex diseases that happens to
people by involving an excessive amount of body fat. It is a medical problem that create the risk
of other diseases and health problems like as heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure and
certain cancers.
It has seen that people is becoming busier in their daily life and having junk or fast food
where ever they go that directly affected their health as gain fat. This is major issue that happen
to every second person in all ages of people. This is important for each person to understand how
it arises and what diets should be follow to live health and lower weight.
Symptoms
As per Persky, and et.al., 2021, Obesity is frequently diagnosed using the body mass
index (BMI). To find your BMI, multiply your weight in pounds by 703, divide by your height in
inches, and then divide by your height in inches again. Alternatively, multiply your weight in
kilogrammes by your height in metres squared.
BMI Weight status
Below 18.5 Underweight
18.5-24.9 Normal
25.0-29.9 Overweight
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In Pandemic time
According to Poon, Little, Sit, and Wong, 2020, The statistics of doctors states cases of
obesity have been increased since last two years due to Covid-19. As pandemic occurred in
whole world where people were spending their days by eating unhealthy and fast food which has
created the issue of excessive fat or obesity. This also affected their normal life and create the
issues in their further life.
Reason / Causes
As per view point of Almandoz, and et.al., 2020, Obesity is caused by genetic, metabolic,
and hormonal impacts on body weight. When people consume more calories than they expend
via normal daily activity and exercise, this occurs. All of these are stored by the human body,
which converts extra calories into fat. This is generally causes by eating too much and walking
too little. If an individual is consuming high amount of energy and sugars, then created the issue
of high weight. Sometimes, it arises due to genetic or taking stress in their daily life. This
directly affected the health of people and many times medication also develop the issue of
obesity that increasing more.
Related diseases
Obesity is a big problem for people in our generation, as it is linked to a variety of
ailments, including diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and some types of cancer. Antidepressants,
anti-seizure drugs, diabetic meds, antipsychotic medications, steroids, and beta blockers are
some of the pharmaceuticals that patients take. This directly affected the human being as their
death also. This is important for individual to take seriously such issues and started to work on it
by doing some regular activities and reducing diets.
Social and economic issue
As per Tartof, and et.al., 2020, Economic and social factor is also connected to obesity
as not cooking healthy food and not walking regularly might be created the obesity issue in
changing environment. It has seen that people spend time with may influence their weight that
develop obesity has having friends or relative with excessive fat.
Affected population
Obesity could be arising in any of age, even in children. As lifestyle of people is
changing along with hormonal changes can create risk of obesity in any age. Generally, lower
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muscle mass leads to a decrease in metabolism. These changes also reduce calorie needs and can
make it harder to keep off excess weight.
Population
It has stated by doctors that Obesity is big issue that is arises in all generation due to
excessive eating, changing hormones, taking stress, not to sleep properly, eating unhealthy and
junk food, and others that directly impacts on their quality of life.
Lifestyle choices
Unhealthy diet – A diet in which people getting high calories, getting lacking amount of
fruits, having full fast food, beverages and not doing regular exercise that brings changes in their
lifestyle such as wait gaining.
Liquid calories – Due to changing life style of people drinking more alcohol and soft
drinks that also contributes in weight gain.
Inactivity- If someone has a sedentary lifestyle, they may consume more calories per day
than they expend through exercise and daily activities.
Quality of life
Obesity can reduce the overall quality of life in human being by creating different
diseases. If people is avoiding the physical activities and having unhealthy food then would
create more issues.
Other weight-related issues that may affect your quality of life include:
Depression
Disability
Shame and guilt
Social isolation
Lower work achievement
Intervention
To stop obesity and burning fat there is need to focus on daily life. If people is taking
right steps and controlling their all activities such as excessive eating, junk and fast food, doing
regular exercise, proper consultation with doctor and others work out regularly then such
diseases could be preventing and provide the good life. The people should not take over
medications as it also creates the fat.
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CONCLUSION
From the above Literature review it can be concluded that excessive fat issue is running
rapidly in people that impacts on their quality of life. To reduce the issue there is need to focus
proper exercise, reducing to eat fast food, and feeling happy by ignoring stress that could help to
keep healthy and safe.
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REFERENCES
Tartof, S. Y., and et.al., 2020. Obesity and mortality among patients diagnosed with COVID-19:
results from an integrated health care organization. Annals of internal
medicine, 173(10). pp.773-781.
Ballini, A., Scacco, S., Boccellino, M., Santacroce, L. and Arrigoni, R., 2020. Microbiota and
obesity: where are we now?. Biology, 9(12), p.415.
Malik, P., and et.al., 2021. Obesity a predictor of outcomes of COVID‐19 hospitalized patients—
a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of medical virology, 93(2), pp.1188-
1193.
Persky, S., and et.al., 2021. Investigating the efficacy of genetic, environmental, and
multifactorial risk information when communicating obesity risk to parents of young
children. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 55(8), pp.720-733.
Almandoz, J. P., and et.al., 2020. Impact of COVID‐19 stay‐at‐home orders on weight‐related
behaviours among patients with obesity. Clinical obesity, 10(5), p.e12386.
Poon, E. T. C., Little, J. P., Sit, C. H. P. and Wong, S. H. S., 2020. The effect of low-volume
high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic health and psychological responses
in overweight/obese middle-aged men. Journal of Sports Sciences. 38(17). pp.1997-
2004.
Tartof, and et.al., 2020 Ballini, Scacco, Boccellino, Santacroce, and Arrigoni, 2020 Malik, and
et.al., 2021 Persky, and et.al., 2021 Almandoz, and et.al., 2020 Poon, Little, Sit, and Wong,
2020
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