SWE 4201: Exploring Object-Oriented Concepts in Programming

This document provides a detailed explanation of object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts. It begins by contrasting procedural programming with OOP, highlighting the limitations of the former and the advantages of the latter, such as improved modularity and maintainability. The document then defines key OOP terms like objects and classes, explaining their roles and relationships. Numerous examples are provided to illustrate how to identify classes, their properties (attributes), and behaviors (methods) within different problem scenarios, including examples related to university programs, electronic equipment, and shapes. The document also includes examples of class and object diagrams and explains how to translate real-world scenarios into object-oriented designs. The content is structured to provide a clear understanding of OOP principles, making it a useful resource for students studying software engineering or related fields.

Object Oriented Concepts
SWE 4201
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Agenda
• Programming
• Procedural programming
• Object oriented programming.
• Features of OOP
• OOP concepts (Object and Class)

Programming
• Programming is the craft of transforming requirements into
something that computer can execute.

Procedural programming
• Programmer implements requirement by breaking down them to
small steps (functional decomposition).
• Programmer creates the “recipe” that computer can understand and
execute.

Procedural programming …..
• What’s wrong with procedural programming language?
• When requirements change
• It hard to implement new feature that were not planned in the beginning.
• Code blocks gets bigger and bigger.
• Changes in code introduce many bugs.
• Code gets hard to maintain.

Worst thing is that
Requirement
always change

Object oriented programming
• Break down requirements into objects with responsibilities, not into
functional steps.
• Embraces change of requirements.
• By minimizing changes in code.
• Lets you think about object hierarchies and interactions instead of
program control flow.
• A completely different programming paradigm.

Why OOPS?
• To modularize software development, just like any other engineering
discipline.
• To make software projects more manageable and predictable.
• For better maintainability, since software maintenance costs were
more than the development costs.
• For more re-use code and prevent ‘reinvention of wheel’** every
time.
**reinventing the wheel is a phrase that means to duplicate a basic method that has already previously
been created or optimized by others

Features of OOP
• Emphasis on data rather on procedure.
• Programs are divided into what are known as “objects”.
• Functions that operate on data of an object are tied together in a data
structure.
• Object may communicate with each other through functions.
• New data and functions can be added easily whenever necessary.

Object
• Anything that we see in real life is an object.
Ex: Car, Man, Pencil
• Sometimes immaterial things can also be objects.
Ex: Project, Process, Ghost
• In a class based object-oriented programming, object is an instance
of a class that is created dynamically.
• When an object is instantiated, it is allocated with a block of
memory and configured as per the blueprint provided by the class
underlying the object.
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Class
• Classes are about defining an object. It consists of attributes and
behaviors.
• Simply, Class is a blueprint of an object or template for an object.
• We can consider a Class as a new data type.
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Object and Class
• Class is a template for an object and an object is an instance of a
class
• Class is just a logical framework, object is the physical reality.
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